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A-Level PE > PAPER 1 - Biomechanics > Flashcards

PAPER 1 - Biomechanics Flashcards

1
Q

Define Newton’s First law of motion : INERTIA

A

body continues in a STATE OF REST/UNIFORM VELOCITY unless acted upon by an EXTERNAL/UNBALANCED FORCE

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2
Q

Define Newton’s Second law of motion : ACCELERATION

A
  • body’s RATE OF CHANGE in MOMENTUM = k(SIZE + Direction of FORCE applied)
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3
Q

Define Newton’s Third law of motion : REACTION

A
  • every ACTION FORCE applied to a body has an EQUAL + OPPOSITE reaction force
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4
Q

What is the equation for VELOCITY ?

Units

A

displacement / time taken

m/s

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5
Q

What is the equation for MOMENTUM ?

Units?

A
  • mass x velocity

kgm/s

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6
Q

What is the equation for ACCELERATION ?

Units?

A

acceleration = (final velocity - initial velocity) / time taken

m/s^2

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7
Q

What is the equation for FORCE ?

Units?

A

force = mass x acceleration

Newtons

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8
Q

Define FORCE

A

a PUSH or PULL that ALTERS a body’s state of motion

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9
Q

Define INERTIA

A

RESISTANCE of a body to CHANGE its state of motion, at rest or while moving

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10
Q

Define VELOCITY

A

the RATE OF CHANGE in DISPLACEMENT

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11
Q

Define MOMENTUM

A

the QUANTITY of MOTION possessed by a moving body

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12
Q

Define ACCELERATION

A

the RATE OF CHANGE in VELOCITY

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13
Q

Define WEIGHT

A

GRAVITATIONAL PULL that the earth exerts on a body

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14
Q

Define REACTION

A
  • EQUAL+OPPOSITE FORCE in exerted by a body in response to action force placed upon it
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15
Q

Define FRICTION

A
  • Force that OPPOSES the motion of TWO SURFACES in contact
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16
Q

Define AIR RESISTANCE

A

a force that OPPOSES that MOTION through the air

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17
Q

What are LIMB KINEMATICS ?

A
  • study of movement in relation to TIME AND SPACE
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18
Q

What are FORCE PLATES ?

A
  • measure ground reaction forces
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19
Q

What are the functions of WIND TUNNELS ?

A
  • test aerodynamic efficiency
  • measure air resistance
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20
Q

Define LINE OF GRAVITY

A

imaginary line that extends from CoM to the FLOOR

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21
Q

What is a FIRST CLASS lever ?

A

effort - fulcrum - load

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22
Q

What is a SECOND CLASS lever ?

A

effort - load - fulcrum

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23
Q

What is a THIRD CLASS lever ?

A

load - effort - fulcrum

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24
Q

What is the EFFORT ARM ?

A

distance from FULCRUM to EFFORT

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25
Q

What is the LOAD ARM ?

A

distance from LOAD to FULCRUM

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26
Q

What is MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE ?
Which lever acts at one?

A
  • EA > LA
  • 2nd class
  • Large Load w/small effort
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27
Q

What is MECHANICAL DISADVANTAGE ?
Which lever acts as one?

A
  • LA > EA
  • small load w/large effort
  • Third Class
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28
Q

What is an INTERNAL FORCE ?

A
  • Force generated by the CONTRACTION of SKELETAL MUSCLE
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29
Q

What is an EXTERNAL FORCE ?

A

comes from OUTSIDE the body and acts upon it

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30
Q

What are the 4 examples of EXTERNAL FORCES ?

A
  • weight
  • reaction
  • friction
  • air resistance
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31
Q

What are the 5 effects of FORCE ?

A
  • create motion
  • accelerate a body
  • decelerate a body
  • changing direction
  • changing shape
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32
Q

how does force CREATE MOTION ?

A
  • football will remain at rest on the penalty spot until a force is applied to it
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33
Q

how does force ACCELERATE A BODY ?

A

the greater the force applied by the foot on the ball, the greater it accelerates towards the goal

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34
Q

how does force DECELERATE A BODY ?

A
  • force of the foot on the ball = force of the ball on the foot
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35
Q

how does force CHANGE THE DIRECTION OF A BODY ?

A

as the goalkeeper dives to save a high corner shot, he will apply force from his HANDS to the BALL, changing it’s direction pushing it AWAY from the goal

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36
Q

how does force CHANGE THE SHAPE OF A BODY ?

A
  • force of the ball coming into contact with NET will change the shape of the net.
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37
Q

What is NET FORCE ? (resultant force)

A

sum of all the forces acting on a body - when all individual forces are considered

Resultant Force

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38
Q

What happens when the net force is 0?

A
  • No change in motion as all forces are balanced
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39
Q

Define BALANCED FORCES

A

two or more forces acting on a body that are EQUAL IN SIZE and OPPOSITE IN DIRECTION

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40
Q

What are UNBALANCED FORCES ?

A

two or more forces UNEQUAL IN SIZE + OPPOSITE IN DIRECTION

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41
Q

What are the 2 VERTICAL FORCES ?

A
  • weight
  • reaction
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42
Q

equation for WEIGHT ?

Units?

A

mass x acceleration due to gravity

N

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43
Q

What are the 2 HORIZONTAL FORCES ?

A

friction
air resistance

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44
Q

How does VELOCITY affect air resistance ?

A

increased velocity of cyclist = increased air resistance

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45
Q

How does SHAPE affect air resistance of a cyclist ?

A

tear-drop helmet = decreased air resistance

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46
Q

What is STREAMLINING ?

A

SMOOTH AIR FLOW created around an AERODYNAMIC shape to minimise air resistance

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47
Q

How does FRONTAL CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA affect air resistance ?

A

low crouched position of downhill skier = decreases air resistance

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48
Q

How does SMOOTHNESS OF SURFACE affect air resistance ?

A

smooth lycra suits = decreased air resistance

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49
Q

What is DIRECT FORCE ?

A
  • force applied through CoM resulting in LINEAR MOTION
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50
Q

What is DISTANCE ? w/units

A
  • total length covered from start to finish (m)
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51
Q

What is DISPLACEMENT ?

(units)

A
  • shortest straight-line route from start to finish (m)
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52
Q

What is SPEED ?

units

A

the rate of change in DISTANCE

m/s

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53
Q

What is a DISTANCE/TIME graph ?

A
  • DISTANCE travelled plotted AGAINST TIME taken
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54
Q

What is a SPEED/TIME graph ?

A
  • SPEED OF MOTION plotted AGAINST the TIME taken
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55
Q

What is VELOCITY/TIME graph ?

A
  • VELOCITY OF MOTION plotted against the TIME taken
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56
Q

What is ANGULAR MOTION ?

A
  • movement of a body/body part in a CIRCULAR PATH about an AXIS OF ROTATION
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57
Q

What is an ECCENTRIC FORCE ?

A

a force applied OUTSIDE the CoM, resulting in ANGULAR MOTION

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58
Q

What is TORQUE ?

A

a MEASURE of the TURNING force applied to a body

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59
Q

What is a sporting example of linear motion ?

A

skeleton bob at top speed

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60
Q

What is a sporting example of angular motion ?

A

somersault, gymnastics

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61
Q

Where does the LONGITUDINAL AXIS run ?

A

from top to bottom of the body

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62
Q

Where does the TRANSVERSE AXIS run ?

A

from side to side

63
Q

Where does the FRONTAL AXIS run ?

A

from front to back of the body

64
Q

What sport skill occurs in the longitudinal axis ?

A
  • full twist on trampoline
65
Q

What sport skill occurs in the transverse axis ?

A

somersault on trampoline

66
Q

What sport skill occurs in the frontal axis ?

A

cartwheel in gymnastics

67
Q

What is ANGULAR VELOCITY ?

w/units

A

the rate of change in ANGULAR DISPLACEMENT

(radians per second)

68
Q

What is MOMENT OF INERTIA ?

units

A
  • RESISTANCE of a body to change its state of ANGULAR MOTION

kgm^2

69
Q

How do you calculate moment of inertia ?

A

sum(mass x distribution of mass from axis of rotation)

70
Q

What is ANGULAR MOMENTUM ?

units

A
  • QUANTITY of ANGULAR MOTION possessed by a body

kgm^2/s

71
Q

4 types of spin on an object

A

Topspin
Backspin
Sidespin Hook
Sidespin Slice

72
Q

Topspin w/effect on a projectile

A
  • Eccentric force applied above COM
  • Shortens flight path of projectile
73
Q

Backspin w/effect on a projectile

A
  • Eccentric force applied below CoM
  • Lengthens flight path of a projectile
74
Q

Sidespin Hook w/effect on projectile

A
  • Eccentric Force applied right of COM
  • deviates flight path to the left
75
Q

Sidespin Slice w/effect on projectile

A
  • Eccentric Force applied left of COM
  • deviates flight path to the right
76
Q

Equation for Force

Units

A

Mass X Acceleration

N

77
Q

Equation for Momentum

Units

A

Mass X Velocity

Kg

78
Q

Equation for Acceleration

Units

A

(Final Velocity - Initial Velocity)/time taken

m/s^2

79
Q

Equation for Weight

Units

A

Mass X Gravitational field strength

N

80
Q

4 factors impacting magnitude of air resistance/drag on a body or object

A
  • velocity
  • frontal cross-sectional area
  • streamlining + shape
  • surface characteristics.
81
Q

Equation for Angular Momentum

A

Moment of Inertia X Angular Velocity

82
Q

Object with a parabolic flight path

83
Q

Object with a non-parabolic flight path

A

badminton shuttle

84
Q

what happens when a net force is present?

A
  • Change in motion as forces are unbalanced
85
Q

What are external forces split into?

A
  • horizontal / vertical
86
Q

4 factors affecting friction

A
  • Roughness of ground surface
  • Roughness of contact surface
  • Temperature
  • Size of normal reaction
87
Q

Example of roughness of ground surface affecting friction?

A
  • Athletes run on rough, rubberised tracks
88
Q

Example of roughness of the contact surface affecting friction

A
  • Athletes wear spiked shoes
89
Q

Example of temperature affecting friction

A
  • F1 drivers have warm-up lap to increase tyre temp.
90
Q

Example of normal reaction size affecting friction

A

Shot putters have high mass = high equal + opposite reaction force

91
Q

Origin + Direction of Weight Arrow

A
  • From CoM extending vertically downwards
92
Q

Origin + Direction of Reaction Arrow

A
  • From point of contact extending vertically upwards
93
Q

Origin + Direction of Friction Arrow

A
  • From point of contact extending horizontally in same direction as motion
94
Q

Origin + Direction of Air Resistance

A

From CoM extending horizontally against the direction of motion

95
Q

Define Centre of Mass

A
  • point at which an object/body is balanced in all directions
96
Q

4 Factors affecting stability

A
  • Mass of body
  • Height of CoM
  • Size of base of support
  • Line of Gravity
97
Q

How does mass affect stability?

A
  • Greater mass = greater inertia
  • E.G. Sumo wrestler
98
Q

How does height of CoM affect stability?

A
  • lower CoM = greater stability
99
Q

How does size of base of support affect stability?

A
  • More points of contact = wider base of suport + stability
100
Q

How does line of gravity affect stability?

A
  • More central = more stability
101
Q

Example of when stability is maximised

A
  • Sprinter preparing in blocks
102
Q

Example of when stability is minimised

A
  • Sprinter falling forwards when gun is fired
103
Q

2 main functions of lever systems

A
  • generate muscular effort to overcome a given load
  • increase speed of given movement
104
Q

Example of First Class Lever

A
  • Extension of neck during header in football
105
Q

Example of Second Class Lever

A
  • Ball of foot in high jump take off
106
Q

Example of third class lever

A
  • Flexion of elbow during bicep curl
107
Q

Define Limb Kinematics

A
  • Study of movement in relation to time + space
108
Q

Define Force Plates

A
  • Measure ground reaction forces in lab conditions
109
Q

Define Wind Tunnels

A
  • Steel fame buildings w/wide fans
  • produce artificial wind
110
Q

1 use of Limb Kinematics

A
  • 3D analysis evaluates
  • Movement Efficiency
111
Q

1 use of Force plates

A

Assess size + direction of forces acting on athlete

112
Q

1 use of wind tunnels

A
  • F1 cars tested for aerodynamic efficiency
113
Q

1 way of optimising performance with limb kinematics

A
  • data produced improves performance
114
Q

1 way of optimising performance with force plates

A
  • Balance rehab + physiotherapy
115
Q

1 way of optimising performance using wind tunnels

A
  • Improving air flow around objects
116
Q

Equation for speed w/units

A

Distance/time taken - m/s

117
Q

Define Linear Motion

A
  • Movement of a body in a straight/curved line, where all parts move in same direction, distance + time
118
Q

Define Gradient

A

Slope of a graph at a particular moment in time

119
Q

Equation for Angular Momentum

A

MI x Angular Velocity

120
Q

2 factors affecting the size of the MOI of a rotating body

A
  • mass of the body
  • distribution of mass from axis of rotation
121
Q

How does the mass of the body affect MOI

A

Greater mass = Greater MOI

122
Q

How does distribution of mass affect MI

A
  • Further mass from axis of rotation = greater MI
123
Q

What happens if MOI is high?

A
  • High resistance to rotation
  • Low AV
  • Slower rate of spin
124
Q

What happens if MOI is low?

A
  • Low resistance to rotation
  • High AV
  • Faster rate of spin
125
Q

Define Conservation of Angular Momentum

A
  • remains constant unless an external eccentric force/torque is applied
126
Q

Which one of Newtons laws does angular momentum relate to + what does it state

A
  • 1st law - rotating body will continue to turn about its axis of rotation
127
Q

What happens during take-off + landing phase of a triple axel jump in ice skating

A
  • Distribution of mass is away from longitudinal axis
  • MOI is high
  • AV is low
128
Q

What happens during flight phase of the triple axel jump in ice skating

A
  • Distribution of mass is close to longitudinal axis
  • MOI is low
  • AV is high
129
Q

Define Drag

A
  • Force that opposes the direction of motion of a body through water
130
Q

4 factors affecting horizontal distance travelled by a projectile

A
  • Speed of release
  • Angle of release
  • Height of release
  • Aerodynamic factors
131
Q

How does speed of release affect the horizontal distance of a projectile and which law does it link to?

A
  • greater outgoing speed = greater distance
  • 2nd Law
132
Q

How does angle of release affect horizontal distance of a projectile

A
  • 45 degrees optimises horizontal distance
133
Q

How does height of release affect horizontal distance of a projectile

A
  • Release height>landing height = <45 degrees
  • release height< landing height = >45 degrees
  • release height = landing height = 45 degrees
134
Q

Which 2 aerodynamic forces affect the horizontal height of a projectile?

A
  • Bernoulli Force
  • Magnus Force
135
Q

Define Parabolic Flight path

A
  • Symmectrical flight path about its highest point caused by AR on a projectile
136
Q

Define Non-Parabolic Flight Path

A
  • Asymmetrical flight path about its highest point caused by AR on a projectile
137
Q

Define Aerofoil

A
  • Streamlined shape w/curved upper surface + flat lower surface adding lift to a body
138
Q

Define Lift Force

A
  • Additional force created by a pressure gradient, increasing the time a projectile hangs in air
139
Q

Define Angle of Attack

A
  • optimises lift force of a projectile due to bernoulli principle
140
Q

Define Magnus Force

A
  • Force created by pressure gradient acting on a spinning body moving through the air
141
Q

Example of an object that creates an upwards lift force

142
Q

Example of an object that creates a downwards lift force

A
  • F1 Racecar at high speeds around corners
143
Q

How is spin created?

A

Applying an external force outside CoM

144
Q

Effect of topspin rotation on magnus force

A
  • Downwards MF = shortened flight path
145
Q

Effect of magnus force on backspin rotation

A
  • MF Upwards = lengthens flight path
146
Q

Effect of sidespin rotation on Magnus Force

A
  • MF to right + left = slice/hook
147
Q

What happens above an aerofoil?

A
  • Air velocity + distance increases, pressure decreases
148
Q

What happens below an inverted aerofoil?

A
  • Air velocity + distance increases
  • pressure decreases
149
Q

What happens below an aerofoil?

A
  • Air velocity + distance decreases, pressure increases
150
Q

What happens above an inverted aerofoil?

A
  • Air velocity + distance decreases, pressure increases
151
Q

What is common between the bernoulli lift force and magnus force?

A
  • Air always opposes the direction of motion
152
Q

How is linear motion created

A
  • Direct force applied through CoM
153
Q

How is Angular Motion created?

A
  • Eccentric force applied outside the CoM
154
Q

Balanced forces

A
  • Forces that are equal in size + opposite in direction

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