PAPER 1 - The Muscular System Flashcards
Define ISOTONIC CONTRACTION
- muscle changes length, producing movement
Define CONCENTRIC CONTRACTION w/ example
- muscle shortens, producing tension
- e.g. bicep curl (upwards)
Define ECCENTRIC CONTRACTION w/example
- muscle lengthens producing tension
- e.g. bicep curl (downwards)
Define ISOMETRIC CONTRACTION w/example
- muscle contracts, but no change in movement/length
- e.g. holding a plank
What are FIXATORS ?
- muscle that STABILISES one body part while another one moves
Define FLEXION
decreasing the angle between bones + joint
Define EXTENSION
- increasing the angle between bone + joint
Define LATERAL
- towards the outside
Define MEDIAL
towards the middle
Define POSTERIOR
towards the back
Define ANTERIOR
towards the front
What movement occurs at the WRIST ?
- flexion
- extension
What movement occurs at the ELBOW ?
- flexion
- extension
What movement occurs at SHOULDER ?
- flexion + extension
- adduction + abduction
- medial rotation + lateral rotation
- horizontal flexion + extension
- circumduction
What movement occurs at the HIP ?
- flexion
- extension
- adduction
- abduction
- medial rotation
- lateral rotation
What movement occurs at the KNEE ?
- flexion
- extension
What movement occurs at the ANKLE ?
- plantar flexion
- dorsi flexion
What are the three muscle types ?
- slow oxidative (type 1)
- fast oxidative (type 2)
- fast glycolytic (type 2b)
What are SO muscle fibres designed to do?
give example
- Energy for sub max. aerobic work
- Low contractile force
- Individual fibres recover quickly
What are FOG muscle fibres designed to do ?
- produce large amounts of force quickly
- can resist fatigue
What are FG muscle fibres designed to do ?
- Last 2-10s of contraction where max effort is needed quickly
- Accompanied by eccentric muscle fibre damage, causing DOMS
Function of a MOTOR NEURON
transmits NERVE IMPULSEs to a group of MUSCLE FIBRES
What is a NEUROTRANSMITTER ?
- carries ELECTRICAL IMPULSES across SYNAPTIC CLEFT to MUSCLE FIBRE
Define AEROBIC
exercise in the presence of oxygen
low intensity
long-duration
Define ANAEROBIC
high intensity
short-duration
exercise without the presence of oxygen
Define FATIGUE
- SUBJECTIVE feeling of tiredness w/a GRADUAL ONSET
Define ELASTICITY
ABILITY of an object/material to return to its normal shape after being stretched or compressed
What is a motor neuron?
- Carry signals from CNS to effectors
What is a Neurotransmitter? w/example
- transmits an impulse from nerve cell to nerve cell, muscle, organ, or tissue.
- ACH
What are the 3 hamstring muscles?
Biceps femoris
Semimembranosus
Semitendinosus
What are the 4 quadricep muscles?
Rectus femoris
Vastus lateralis
Vastus medialis
Vastus intermedius
5 functions of the skeleton
- Support
- Protection
- Movement
- RBC production
- Mineral Store
What is an agonist?
- Produces a movement