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A-Level PE > PAPER 1 - The Muscular System > Flashcards

PAPER 1 - The Muscular System Flashcards

1
Q

Define ISOTONIC CONTRACTION

A
  • muscle changes length, producing movement
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2
Q

Define CONCENTRIC CONTRACTION w/ example

A
  • muscle shortens, producing tension
  • e.g. bicep curl (upwards)
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3
Q

Define ECCENTRIC CONTRACTION w/example

A
  • muscle lengthens producing tension
  • e.g. bicep curl (downwards)
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4
Q

Define ISOMETRIC CONTRACTION w/example

A
  • muscle contracts, but no change in movement/length
  • e.g. holding a plank
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5
Q

What are FIXATORS ?

A
  • muscle that STABILISES one body part while another one moves
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6
Q

Define FLEXION

A

decreasing the angle between bones + joint

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7
Q

Define EXTENSION

A
  • increasing the angle between bone + joint
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8
Q

Define LATERAL

A
  • towards the outside
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9
Q

Define MEDIAL

A

towards the middle

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10
Q

Define POSTERIOR

A

towards the back

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11
Q

Define ANTERIOR

A

towards the front

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12
Q

What movement occurs at the WRIST ?

A
  • flexion
  • extension
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13
Q

What movement occurs at the ELBOW ?

A
  • flexion
  • extension
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14
Q

What movement occurs at SHOULDER ?

A
  • flexion + extension
  • adduction + abduction
  • medial rotation + lateral rotation
  • horizontal flexion + extension
  • circumduction
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15
Q

What movement occurs at the HIP ?

A
  • flexion
  • extension
  • adduction
  • abduction
  • medial rotation
  • lateral rotation
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16
Q

What movement occurs at the KNEE ?

A
  • flexion
  • extension
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17
Q

What movement occurs at the ANKLE ?

A
  • plantar flexion
  • dorsi flexion
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18
Q

What are the three muscle types ?

A
  • slow oxidative (type 1)
  • fast oxidative (type 2)
  • fast glycolytic (type 2b)
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19
Q

What are SO muscle fibres designed to do?
give example

A
  • Energy for sub max. aerobic work
  • Low contractile force
  • Individual fibres recover quickly
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20
Q

What are FOG muscle fibres designed to do ?

A
  • produce large amounts of force quickly
  • can resist fatigue
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21
Q

What are FG muscle fibres designed to do ?

A
  • Last 2-10s of contraction where max effort is needed quickly
  • Accompanied by eccentric muscle fibre damage, causing DOMS
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22
Q

Function of a MOTOR NEURON

A

transmits NERVE IMPULSEs to a group of MUSCLE FIBRES

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23
Q

What is a NEUROTRANSMITTER ?

A
  • carries ELECTRICAL IMPULSES across SYNAPTIC CLEFT to MUSCLE FIBRE
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24
Q

Define AEROBIC

A

exercise in the presence of oxygen
low intensity
long-duration

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25
Q

Define ANAEROBIC

A

high intensity
short-duration
exercise without the presence of oxygen

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26
Q

Define FATIGUE

A
  • SUBJECTIVE feeling of tiredness w/a GRADUAL ONSET
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27
Q

Define ELASTICITY

A

ABILITY of an object/material to return to its normal shape after being stretched or compressed

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28
Q

What is a motor neuron?

A
  • Carry signals from CNS to effectors
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29
Q

What is a Neurotransmitter? w/example

A
  • transmits an impulse from nerve cell to nerve cell, muscle, organ, or tissue.
  • ACH
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30
Q

What are the 3 hamstring muscles?

A

Biceps femoris
Semimembranosus
Semitendinosus

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31
Q

What are the 4 quadricep muscles?

A

Rectus femoris
Vastus lateralis
Vastus medialis
Vastus intermedius

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32
Q

5 functions of the skeleton

A
  • Support
  • Protection
  • Movement
  • RBC production
  • Mineral Store
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33
Q

What is an agonist?

A
  • Produces a movement
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34
Q

What is an antagonist?

A
  • Opposes produced movement
35
Q

Define Joint

A
  • where two or more bones articulate to create movement
36
Q

5 features of a synovial joint

A
  • Ligament
  • Synovial fluid
  • Articular Cartilage
  • Joint Capsule
  • Bursa
37
Q

Movements at the Sagittal plane

A
  • Flexion + Extension
  • Plantar + Dorsi Flexion
38
Q

Movements at the Frontal plane

A
  • Abduction + Adduction
39
Q

Movements at the Transverse Plane

A
  • Horizontal Flexion + Extension
  • Rotation
40
Q

2 ball + socket joints

A
  • Shoulder
  • Hip
41
Q

3 hinge joints

A
  • Elbow
  • Knee
  • Ankle
42
Q

Only Condyloid Joint

A
  • Wrists
43
Q

Movements at ball + socket joint

A
  • Flexion + Extension
  • Abduction + Adduction
  • Horizontal Flexion + Extension
  • Medial + Lateral Rotation
44
Q

Movements at hinge joint

A
  • Flexion + Extension
  • Plantar + Dorsi Flexion
45
Q

Movements at condyloid joint

A
  • Flexion + Extension
  • Abduction + Adduction
46
Q

Articulating bones at shoulder

A
  • Humerus + Scapula
47
Q

Articulating bones at Elbow

A
  • Humerus
  • Radius
  • Ulna
48
Q

Articulating bones at wrist

A
  • Radius
  • Ulna
  • Carpals
49
Q

Articulating bones at hip

A
  • Femur
  • Pelvic Girdle
50
Q

Articulating bones at knee

A
  • Femur
  • Tibia
51
Q

Articulating bones at ankle

A
  • Tibia
  • Fibula
  • Talus
52
Q

Agonist + Antagonist during wrist flexion

A
  • Ag.- Wrist Flexors
  • Ant.- Wrist Extensors
53
Q

Agonist + Antagonist during Elbow flexion

A
  • Ag. - Bicep Brachii
  • Ant. - Tricep Brachii.
54
Q

Agonist + Antagonist during Shoulder flexion

A
  • Ag. - Anterior Deltoid
  • Ant. - Posterior Deltoid
55
Q

Agonist + Antagonist during hip flexion

A
  • Ag. - Iliopsoas
  • Ant. - Gluteus Maximus
56
Q

Agonist + Antagonist during knee flexion

A
  • Ag. - Bicep Femoris… (Hamstring Group)
  • Ant. - Rectus Femoris… (Quad Group)
57
Q

Agonist + Antagonist during dorsi flexion

A
  • Ag. - Tibialis Anterior
  • Ant. - Gastrocnemius + Soleus
58
Q

2 types of isotonic contraction

A
  • Eccentric
  • Concentric
59
Q

Define Action Potential

A
  • +ve electrical charge conducting nerve impulses down a motor neuron into muscle fibres
60
Q

Stage 1 of Muscular Contraction

A
  • Nerve Impulse initiated in motor neuron cell body
61
Q

Stage 2 of Muscular Contraction

A
  • NI conducted down axon of motor neuron by AP to synaptic cleft
62
Q

Stage 3 of Muscular Contraction

A
  • Neurotransmitter ACH secreted into synaptic cleft to conduct NI across gap
63
Q

Stage 4 of Muscular Contraction

A
  • electrical charge above threshold = muscle fibre contracts
64
Q

Stage 5 of Muscular Contraction

A
  • All or none Law = complete contraction/none at all
65
Q

Define DOMS

A
  • Pain + Stiffness in muscles associated w/eccentric contraction
66
Q

Example of SO fibre in sport

A

Endurance Athletes - Marathons

67
Q

Example of FOG fibres in sport

A

High Intensity Athletes - 800 - 1500m

68
Q

Example of FG fibres in sport

A

Explosive athletes - 100m sprint

69
Q

Fatigue Resistance + Aerobic Capacity of SO

A
  • High
70
Q

Fatigue Resistance + Aerobic Capacity of FOG

A

Moderate

71
Q

Fatigue Resistance + Aerobic Capacity of FG

A

Low

72
Q

Mitochondria + Myoglobin Density of SO

A

High

73
Q

Mitochondria + Myoglobin Density of FOG

A

Moderate

74
Q

Mitochondria + Myoglobin Density of FG

A

Low

75
Q

2 structural characteristics

A
  • Mitochondria Density
  • Myoglobin Density
76
Q

2 functional characteristics

A
  • Fatigue Resistance
  • Aerobic Capacity
77
Q

What is a ligament?

A
  • Tough band of slightly elastic connective tissue
78
Q

Function of a ligament

A
  • Connect bone to bone + stabilise joints during movement
79
Q

Pocket Valves

A
  • Prevent backflow of blood
80
Q

Muscular Pump

A
  • squeeze on veins + push blood back to heart
81
Q

Gravity

A
  • aids in moving blood from upper body back to heart
82
Q

Smooth Muscle

A
  • venoconstricts to push blood back to heart
83
Q

Respiratory Pump

A
  • Returns blood from thoracic cavity + abdomen back to heart

A-Level PE (25 decks)

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