PAPER 1 - Cardiovascular & Respiratory System Flashcards
Describe PULMONARY CIRCUIT
- P.Arteries
- Lungs
- P.Veins
- Back to heart
Deoxygenated
Descibe the SYSTEMIC CIRCUIT
- Aorta
- Body
- Vena cava
- Back to heart
Oxygenated
Define MYOGENIC
- heart’s capacity generate its own electrical impulse
Where is the heart’s impulse transmitted through?
cardiac muscle to stimulate contraction
Define DIASTOLE
RELAXATION of cardiac muscle where blood is ejected into aorta + p.artery
Define SYSTOLE
- CONTRACTION of cardiac muscle where blood is ejected into aorta + p.artery
Define HEART RATE w/ typical resting values.
no. of times the heart beats per minute
T - 50
U - 70-72
Define STROKE VOLUME w/ typical resting values
the volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle per beat
T - 100ml
U - 70ml
Define CARDIAC OUTPUT w/typical resting values
the volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle per minute.
T+U - 5l/min
Define bradycardia
HR below 60bpm
What is the pathway of blood on RHS? (VAVVVA)
Vena cava
right Atrium
tricuspid Valve
right Ventricle
semilunar Valves
pulmonary Artery
Lungs
Deoxygenated
What is the equation for cardiac output ?
HR x SV = Q
Describe the CARDIAC CYCLE
- Atrio-Ventricular Diastole
- Atrial Systole
- Ventricular Systole
Describe the process of the CONDUCTION SYSTEM
(SABBP)
SA Node
AV Node
Bundle of HIS
Bundle of branches
Purkinje Fibres
Describe Stage 1 of the conduction system + cardiac cycle
Diastole
- Atria + Ventricles relax
- No impulse
Describe Stage 2 of the conduction system + cardiac cycle
Atrial Systole
- Atria contract
- Impulse from SA to AV Node
Describe Stage 3 of the conduction system + Cardiac cycle
Ventricular Systole
- Blood forced from ventricles to aorta + P.Artery
- Impulse from Bundle of His –> Purkinje Fibres
function of SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
- responsible for increasing HR via accelerator nerve
Define PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
system responsible for decreasing HR via vagus nerve
Function of MEDULLA OBLONGATA
control autonomic functions
Define CCC and its location
Cardiac Contol Centre
Medulla Oblongata
Define HORMONAL
containing a hormone/hormones
Define VENOUS RETURN
- return of the blood to the right atria
Functions of ADRENALINE + NORADRENALINE
- secreted from adrenal glands
- Increase HR + SV
Define FIRING RATE
- amount of neurons firing at a given time
What are the 5 components in VENOUS RETURN ?
- pocket valves
- smooth muscle
- gravity
- muscle pump
- respiratory pump
What is the RCC ?
Respiratory Control Centre
What are the 2 centres in the RCC ?
- expiratory centre
- inspiratory centre
What nerve is linked with the EC and where does it go to ?
INTERCOSTAL NERVE - external intercostal muscles
What nerve is linked with the IC and where does it go to ?
PHRENIC NERVE - diaphragm
What are the 3 components of the VASCULAR SHUNT ?
- vasoconstriction
- vasodialation
- pre-capillary sphinter
What is VASOCONSTRICTION ?
- Widening of arteries, arterioles, + pre-capillary sphincters
What is VASODILATION ?
when the lumen gets bigger - increasing blood flow
How does temperature link to venous return ?
temp. increases - viscosity decrease - SV + Q increase = VR increase
What is PARTIAL PRESSURE ?
- concentration of gas in a space
What is DIFFUSION GRADIENT ?
difference between high + low pressure
Larger gradient = more diffusion
What is DIFFUSION ?
movement of gas from an area of high to low pressure
What are the 2 “features” at the EXTERNAL SITE ?
alveoli and capillary
What are the 2 “features” of the INTERNAL SITE ?
muscle fibre and capillary
What is a partially permeable membrane ?
a membrane that is one cell thick
After the external site, where does the blood go ?
LA
LV
AORTA
MUSCLE
How many oxygen dissociate from the haemoglobin at the internal site ?
2
How many CO2 diffuse out of the muscle fibre ?
an equal amount to partial pressure
HR : SM + M : UNTRAINED
- SM - 100 - 130bpm
- M - 220 - Age
HEART RATE : SM + M : TRAINED
- SM - 95 - 120bpm
- M - 220 - Age
STROKE VOLUME : SM + M : UNTRAINED
- 100 - 120 ml
STROKE VOLUME : SM + M : TRAINED
- 160 - 200 ml
CARDIAC OUTPUT : SM + M : UNTRAINED
- SM - 10 - 15 l/min
- M - 20 - 30 l/min
BREATHING FRQUENCY : MAX : T+U
U - 40 - 50 br/m
T - 50 - 60 br/m
TIDAL VOLUME : MAX : T+U
- U - 2.5 - 3 l
- T - 3 - 3.5 l
MINUTE VENTILATION : MAX : T+U
- T - 160 - 210 l/min
- U - 100 - 150 l/min
Effects of Heat on the CV System (2)
decreased stroke volume
decreased venous return
% of blood at rest
80-85% other organs
15-20% muscles
% of blood during exercise
20% other organs
80% working muscles
% of blood during exercise
20% other organs
80% working muscles
Function of Sympathetic + Parasympathetic Nerves in the blood
Allow arterioles to vasoconstrict/dilate
2 main functions of the respiratory system
- Pulmonary ventilation
- Gaseous Exchange
Pathway of air through through lungs
- Mouth/Nose
- Trachea
- Bronchi
- Bronchioles
- Alveoli
- RBCs
Breathing Frequency w/typical resting values
- no. of inspirations/expirations per min.
T - 11-12 br/m
U - 12-15 br/m
Define Tidal Volume w/ typical resting values
- vol. of air inspired/expired per breath
- T+U - 0.5l
Minute Ventilation w/typical resting values
Vol. of air inspired/expired per min.
T - 5.5 - 6 l/min
U - 6 7.5 l/min
Role of arterioles
- Carry O2 blood from arteries to capillary bed
- Vasoconstrict/Dilate to regulate blood flow
Role + location of the VCC?
- reponsible for Q distribution in medulla oblongata
What is the Vasomotor Tone?
- Partial state of smooth muscle constriction in arterial walls
Vasomotor Control + what does it detect?
Chemoreceptors - Chemical changes in CO2 + LA
Baroreceptors - Pressure changes on arterial walls
What does info recieved from VCC lead to?
- ±sympathetic simulation = ±blood flow to an area
Define Sub-Maximal Intensity
- Low-Moderate intensity within aerobic capacity
2 factors increasing SV
- VR
- Frank-Starling mechanism
Define Maximal Intensity
- High intensity above aerobic capacity inducing fatigue
Define Maximal Intensity
- High intensity above aerobic capacity, inducing fatigue
3 components of neural control in CCC + what they detect
- Proprioreceptors - increased movement
- Chemoreceptors - decreased blood pH due to LA + CO2
- Baroreceptors - increased blood pressure
2 Components of intrinsic controlin CCC w/effect on body - CCC
- Temperature - changes affect blood viscosity
- VR - changes affect SV
2 factors of hormonal control and their function - VCC
Adrenaline + Noradrenaline - Increase SV + HR
Main component of chemical control in RCC + what does it detect
- Chemoreceptors - Changes in CO2 + blood acidity
Neural control in RCC + what they detect
- Thermoreceptors - Increase in blood temp.
- Proprioreceptors - Motor activity in muscles + joints
- Baroreceptors - State of lung inflation
Role of the IC
- Stimulates inspiratory muscles to contract at rest + during exercise
Role of the EC
- stimulates additional expiratory muscles during exercise
2 nerves causing the rhythmic cycle of breathing
- intercostal nerve
- phrenic nerve
What does the Oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve show?
relationship between pO2 + % of saturated hb
Define Dissociation
- Release of O2 from hb for GE
Movement of gases during external respiration at rest
- pO2 - High in A to low in CB
- CO2 - High in CB to low in A
Movement of gases during Internal Respiration at rest
- pO2 - High in CB to low in MC
- pCO2 - High in MC to low in CB
Movement of gases during External Respiration at exercise
- pO2 - High in A to lower in CB
- pCO2 - High in CB to lower in A
Movement of gases during Internal Respiration at exercise
- pO2 - High in CB blood to lower in MC
- pCO2 - High in MC to lower in CB
How is O2 transported in the body?
- 97% hb
- 3% blood plasma
How is CO2 transported in the body?
- 70% carbonic acid
- 23% hb
- 7% blood plasma
What does the Bohr Shift show?
- Move in O2hb curve to the right causing acidic bloodstream
3 Effects of the Bohr Shift
- Increased Blood + Muscle Temp.
- Increased pCO2
- Higher Lactic + Carbonic Acid prod.
1 impact of bohr shift on performance
- Higher Vol. of O2 = quicker diffusion = more aerobic energy
What is the only Passive process during the mechanics of breathing?
- Expiration at rest
2 features of inspiration at rest
- Ext. Intercostals contract
- Diaphragm contracts + flattens
Both increase chest size
Inspiration during exercise
- Same as at rest
- SCM lifts sternum
- Scalene + pectoralis minor contract
Effect of inspiration during exercise
- Thoracic cavity vol. increases
- Air enters lungs quicker due to lower pressure
Expiration at rest
- Ext. Intercostals relax
- Diaphragm relaxes + bulges up
Reduces Chest Cavity
Expiration during exercise
- Same as at rest
- Int. Intercostals + Rectus Abdominus contract
Effect of Expiration during exercise
- Thoracic cavity vol. decreases
- Air forced out quickly due to higher pressure
Venoconstriction
Narrowing of veins + venules
Venodialtion
- Widening of veins + venules
Pathway of Blood on LHS (VAVVVA)
- pulmonary Vein
- L.Atrium
- bicuspid Valve
- L.Ventricle
- semilunar Valve
- Aorta
- Body
Oxygenated
Equation for Minute Ventilation
VE = TV x f
Define Vascular Schunt Mechanism
- Redistribution of Q from rest to exercise, increasing blood flow
VSM at rest
- Arterioles to organs vasodilate
- PCS to capillary beds vasodilate
Increased blood flow
VSM during exercise
- Arterioles to organs vasoconstrict
- PCS to capillary beds vasoconstrict
decreased blood flow
