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A-Level PE > PAPER 1 - Cardiovascular & Respiratory System > Flashcards

PAPER 1 - Cardiovascular & Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Describe PULMONARY CIRCUIT

A
  • P.Arteries
  • Lungs
  • P.Veins
  • Back to heart

Deoxygenated

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2
Q

Descibe the SYSTEMIC CIRCUIT

A
  • Aorta
  • Body
  • Vena cava
  • Back to heart

Oxygenated

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3
Q

Define MYOGENIC

A
  • heart’s capacity generate its own electrical impulse
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4
Q

Where is the heart’s impulse transmitted through?

A

cardiac muscle to stimulate contraction

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5
Q

Define DIASTOLE

A

RELAXATION of cardiac muscle where blood is ejected into aorta + p.artery

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6
Q

Define SYSTOLE

A
  • CONTRACTION of cardiac muscle where blood is ejected into aorta + p.artery
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7
Q

Define HEART RATE w/ typical resting values.

A

no. of times the heart beats per minute
T - 50
U - 70-72

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8
Q

Define STROKE VOLUME w/ typical resting values

A

the volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle per beat
T - 100ml
U - 70ml

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9
Q

Define CARDIAC OUTPUT w/typical resting values

A

the volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle per minute.
T+U - 5l/min

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10
Q

Define bradycardia

A

HR below 60bpm

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11
Q

What is the pathway of blood on RHS? (VAVVVA)

A

Vena cava
right Atrium
tricuspid Valve
right Ventricle
semilunar Valves
pulmonary Artery
Lungs

Deoxygenated

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12
Q

What is the equation for cardiac output ?

A

HR x SV = Q

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13
Q

Describe the CARDIAC CYCLE

A
  1. Atrio-Ventricular Diastole
  2. Atrial Systole
  3. Ventricular Systole
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14
Q

Describe the process of the CONDUCTION SYSTEM
(SABBP)

A

SA Node
AV Node
Bundle of HIS
Bundle of branches
Purkinje Fibres

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15
Q

Describe Stage 1 of the conduction system + cardiac cycle

Diastole

A
  • Atria + Ventricles relax
  • No impulse
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16
Q

Describe Stage 2 of the conduction system + cardiac cycle

Atrial Systole

A
  • Atria contract
  • Impulse from SA to AV Node
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17
Q

Describe Stage 3 of the conduction system + Cardiac cycle

Ventricular Systole

A
  • Blood forced from ventricles to aorta + P.Artery
  • Impulse from Bundle of His –> Purkinje Fibres
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18
Q

function of SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

A
  • responsible for increasing HR via accelerator nerve
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19
Q

Define PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

A

system responsible for decreasing HR via vagus nerve

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20
Q

Function of MEDULLA OBLONGATA

A

control autonomic functions

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21
Q

Define CCC and its location

A

Cardiac Contol Centre
Medulla Oblongata

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22
Q

Define HORMONAL

A

containing a hormone/hormones

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23
Q

Define VENOUS RETURN

A
  • return of the blood to the right atria
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24
Q

Functions of ADRENALINE + NORADRENALINE

A
  • secreted from adrenal glands
  • Increase HR + SV
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25
Q

Define FIRING RATE

A
  • amount of neurons firing at a given time
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26
Q

What are the 5 components in VENOUS RETURN ?

A
  • pocket valves
  • smooth muscle
  • gravity
  • muscle pump
  • respiratory pump
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27
Q

What is the RCC ?

A

Respiratory Control Centre

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28
Q

What are the 2 centres in the RCC ?

A
  • expiratory centre
  • inspiratory centre
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29
Q

What nerve is linked with the EC and where does it go to ?

A

INTERCOSTAL NERVE - external intercostal muscles

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30
Q

What nerve is linked with the IC and where does it go to ?

A

PHRENIC NERVE - diaphragm

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31
Q

What are the 3 components of the VASCULAR SHUNT ?

A
  • vasoconstriction
  • vasodialation
  • pre-capillary sphinter
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32
Q

What is VASOCONSTRICTION ?

A
  • Widening of arteries, arterioles, + pre-capillary sphincters
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33
Q

What is VASODILATION ?

A

when the lumen gets bigger - increasing blood flow

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34
Q

How does temperature link to venous return ?

A

temp. increases - viscosity decrease - SV + Q increase = VR increase

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35
Q

What is PARTIAL PRESSURE ?

A
  • concentration of gas in a space
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36
Q

What is DIFFUSION GRADIENT ?

A

difference between high + low pressure

Larger gradient = more diffusion

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37
Q

What is DIFFUSION ?

A

movement of gas from an area of high to low pressure

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38
Q

What are the 2 “features” at the EXTERNAL SITE ?

A

alveoli and capillary

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39
Q

What are the 2 “features” of the INTERNAL SITE ?

A

muscle fibre and capillary

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40
Q

What is a partially permeable membrane ?

A

a membrane that is one cell thick

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41
Q

After the external site, where does the blood go ?

A

LA
LV
AORTA
MUSCLE

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42
Q

How many oxygen dissociate from the haemoglobin at the internal site ?

A

2

43
Q

How many CO2 diffuse out of the muscle fibre ?

A

an equal amount to partial pressure

44
Q

HR : SM + M : UNTRAINED

A
  • SM - 100 - 130bpm
  • M - 220 - Age
45
Q

HEART RATE : SM + M : TRAINED

A
  • SM - 95 - 120bpm
  • M - 220 - Age
46
Q

STROKE VOLUME : SM + M : UNTRAINED

A
  • 100 - 120 ml
47
Q

STROKE VOLUME : SM + M : TRAINED

A
  • 160 - 200 ml
48
Q

CARDIAC OUTPUT : SM + M : UNTRAINED

A
  • SM - 10 - 15 l/min
  • M - 20 - 30 l/min
49
Q

BREATHING FRQUENCY : MAX : T+U

A

U - 40 - 50 br/m
T - 50 - 60 br/m

50
Q

TIDAL VOLUME : MAX : T+U

A
  • U - 2.5 - 3 l
  • T - 3 - 3.5 l
51
Q

MINUTE VENTILATION : MAX : T+U

A
  • T - 160 - 210 l/min
  • U - 100 - 150 l/min
52
Q

Effects of Heat on the CV System (2)

A

decreased stroke volume
decreased venous return

53
Q

% of blood at rest

A

80-85% other organs
15-20% muscles

54
Q

% of blood during exercise

A

20% other organs
80% working muscles

55
Q

% of blood during exercise

A

20% other organs
80% working muscles

56
Q

Function of Sympathetic + Parasympathetic Nerves in the blood

A

Allow arterioles to vasoconstrict/dilate

57
Q

2 main functions of the respiratory system

A
  • Pulmonary ventilation
  • Gaseous Exchange
58
Q

Pathway of air through through lungs

A
  • Mouth/Nose
  • Trachea
  • Bronchi
  • Bronchioles
  • Alveoli
  • RBCs
59
Q

Breathing Frequency w/typical resting values

A
  • no. of inspirations/expirations per min.
    T - 11-12 br/m
    U - 12-15 br/m
60
Q

Define Tidal Volume w/ typical resting values

A
  • vol. of air inspired/expired per breath
  • T+U - 0.5l
61
Q

Minute Ventilation w/typical resting values

A

Vol. of air inspired/expired per min.
T - 5.5 - 6 l/min
U - 6 7.5 l/min

62
Q

Role of arterioles

A
  • Carry O2 blood from arteries to capillary bed
  • Vasoconstrict/Dilate to regulate blood flow
63
Q

Role + location of the VCC?

A
  • reponsible for Q distribution in medulla oblongata
64
Q

What is the Vasomotor Tone?

A
  • Partial state of smooth muscle constriction in arterial walls
65
Q

Vasomotor Control + what does it detect?

A

Chemoreceptors - Chemical changes in CO2 + LA
Baroreceptors - Pressure changes on arterial walls

66
Q

What does info recieved from VCC lead to?

A
  • ±sympathetic simulation = ±blood flow to an area
67
Q

Define Sub-Maximal Intensity

A
  • Low-Moderate intensity within aerobic capacity
68
Q

2 factors increasing SV

A
  • VR
  • Frank-Starling mechanism
69
Q

Define Maximal Intensity

A
  • High intensity above aerobic capacity inducing fatigue
70
Q

Define Maximal Intensity

A
  • High intensity above aerobic capacity, inducing fatigue
71
Q

3 components of neural control in CCC + what they detect

A
  • Proprioreceptors - increased movement
  • Chemoreceptors - decreased blood pH due to LA + CO2
  • Baroreceptors - increased blood pressure
72
Q

2 Components of intrinsic controlin CCC w/effect on body - CCC

A
  • Temperature - changes affect blood viscosity
  • VR - changes affect SV
73
Q

2 factors of hormonal control and their function - VCC

A

Adrenaline + Noradrenaline - Increase SV + HR

74
Q

Main component of chemical control in RCC + what does it detect

A
  • Chemoreceptors - Changes in CO2 + blood acidity
75
Q

Neural control in RCC + what they detect

A
  • Thermoreceptors - Increase in blood temp.
  • Proprioreceptors - Motor activity in muscles + joints
  • Baroreceptors - State of lung inflation
76
Q

Role of the IC

A
  • Stimulates inspiratory muscles to contract at rest + during exercise
77
Q

Role of the EC

A
  • stimulates additional expiratory muscles during exercise
78
Q

2 nerves causing the rhythmic cycle of breathing

A
  • intercostal nerve
  • phrenic nerve
79
Q

What does the Oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve show?

A

relationship between pO2 + % of saturated hb

80
Q

Define Dissociation

A
  • Release of O2 from hb for GE
81
Q

Movement of gases during external respiration at rest

A
  • pO2 - High in A to low in CB
  • CO2 - High in CB to low in A
82
Q

Movement of gases during Internal Respiration at rest

A
  • pO2 - High in CB to low in MC
  • pCO2 - High in MC to low in CB
83
Q

Movement of gases during External Respiration at exercise

A
  • pO2 - High in A to lower in CB
  • pCO2 - High in CB to lower in A
84
Q

Movement of gases during Internal Respiration at exercise

A
  • pO2 - High in CB blood to lower in MC
  • pCO2 - High in MC to lower in CB
85
Q

How is O2 transported in the body?

A
  • 97% hb
  • 3% blood plasma
86
Q

How is CO2 transported in the body?

A
  • 70% carbonic acid
  • 23% hb
  • 7% blood plasma
87
Q

What does the Bohr Shift show?

A
  • Move in O2hb curve to the right causing acidic bloodstream
88
Q

3 Effects of the Bohr Shift

A
  • Increased Blood + Muscle Temp.
  • Increased pCO2
  • Higher Lactic + Carbonic Acid prod.
89
Q

1 impact of bohr shift on performance

A
  • Higher Vol. of O2 = quicker diffusion = more aerobic energy
90
Q

What is the only Passive process during the mechanics of breathing?

A
  • Expiration at rest
91
Q

2 features of inspiration at rest

A
  • Ext. Intercostals contract
  • Diaphragm contracts + flattens

Both increase chest size

92
Q

Inspiration during exercise

A
  • Same as at rest
  • SCM lifts sternum
  • Scalene + pectoralis minor contract
93
Q

Effect of inspiration during exercise

A
  • Thoracic cavity vol. increases
  • Air enters lungs quicker due to lower pressure
94
Q

Expiration at rest

A
  • Ext. Intercostals relax
  • Diaphragm relaxes + bulges up

Reduces Chest Cavity

95
Q

Expiration during exercise

A
  • Same as at rest
  • Int. Intercostals + Rectus Abdominus contract
96
Q

Effect of Expiration during exercise

A
  • Thoracic cavity vol. decreases
  • Air forced out quickly due to higher pressure
97
Q

Venoconstriction

A

Narrowing of veins + venules

98
Q

Venodialtion

A
  • Widening of veins + venules
99
Q

Pathway of Blood on LHS (VAVVVA)

A
  • pulmonary Vein
  • L.Atrium
  • bicuspid Valve
  • L.Ventricle
  • semilunar Valve
  • Aorta
  • Body

Oxygenated

100
Q

Equation for Minute Ventilation

A

VE = TV x f

101
Q

Define Vascular Schunt Mechanism

A
  • Redistribution of Q from rest to exercise, increasing blood flow
102
Q

VSM at rest

A
  • Arterioles to organs vasodilate
  • PCS to capillary beds vasodilate

Increased blood flow

103
Q

VSM during exercise

A
  • Arterioles to organs vasoconstrict
  • PCS to capillary beds vasoconstrict

decreased blood flow

A-Level PE (25 decks)

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