PAPER 1 - Energy for Exercise Flashcards
Define Energy
w/units
The ability to perform work
Joules (J)
Define Work
w/units
- force applied to a body to move it over a distance
Joules (J)
Equation for Work
Work = Force X Distance
Power
units + equation
Rate at which work is done - Watts (W)
Power = Work/time
What is an EXOTHERMIC REACTION ?
a chemical reaction that releases energy
What is an ENDOTHERMIC REACTION ?
a chemical reaction which absorbs energy
Define Coupled Reaction
Continual breakdown + resynthesis of ATP
What is ATP broken down into
ADP + P + Energy
What is ATPase ?
an ENZYME which catalyses the BREAKDOWN of ATP
What happens when ADP increases and ATP decreases?
Creatine Kinase is released
What are the 3 energy systems ?
- ATP-PC system
- LA system
- aerobic system
What is ANAEROBIC GLYCOLYSIS ?
the partial breakdown of glucose into PYRUVIC ACID
ATP-PC SYSTEM : TYPE OF REACTION
anaerobic
ATP-PC SYSTEM : SITE
sarcoplasm
ATP-PC SYSTEM : FUEL
PC stores
ATP-PC SYSTEM : ENZYMES
creatine kinase
ATP-PC SYSTEM : ATP YIELD
1 ATP
ATP-PC SYSTEM : STAGES + Controlling Enzyme
- PC –> P + C + energy - EXO.
- ADP + P + Energy –> ATP - ENDO.
- Creatine Kinase
ATP-PC SYSTEM : BY-PRODUCTS
none
ATP-PC SYSTEM : INTENSITY + DURATION
very high intensity
8-10s
Advantages of ATP-PC
- PC readily available + quickly resynthesised
- No fatiguing by-products
Disadvantages of ATP-PC
- Only 1 ATP resynthesised
- Limited PC store
LA SYSTEM : TYPE OF REACTION
can be both
LA SYSTEM : SITE
sarcoplasm
LA SYSTEM : FUEL
glycogen / glucose
LA SYSTEM : ENZYME
GP, PFK and LDH
LA SYSTEM : YIELD
2 ATP
LA SYSTEM : STAGES
Glycogen
GP
Glucose
PFK - 2ATP
Pyruvic
LDH
Lactic
LA SYSTEM : BY-PRODUCTS
lactic acid
LA SYSTEM : INTENSITY
high intensity
10s - 3min
Advantages of LA System
- Fewer reactions than aerobic = quicker supply
- Resynthesises 2 ATP = more than PC System
Disadvantages of LA System
- Slower than PC system
- LA stimulates pain receptors
What happens during Aerobic Glycolysis? w/Site of Reaction
- Same as LA till pyruvic + CoA = Acetyl CoA + Oxoloacetic Acid = Citric Acid
- Mitochondria
What happens in the KREB’S CYCLE ?
Stage 2 - 2 ATP
- Hydrogen oxidised and released as H2O
- CO2 lost to surroundings
What happens in the ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN (ETC) ?
Stage 3 - 34 ATP
NADH = 30
FADH = 4
Aerobic System - ATP Yield
38 ATP
Aerobic System - Type of Reaction
Aerobic
Aerobic System - Fuel
Glucose + FFAs
Aerobic System - Sites of reaction
1 - Mitochondria
2 - Matrix
3 - Cristae
Aerobic System - Controlling Enzymes
PFK + CoA
Aerobic System - By Products
CO2 + H2O
Aerobic System - Intensity + Duration
- Low-Moderate
- 3mins+
Advantages of Aerobic System
- Large glycogen + FFA Stores
- No fatiguing by products
Disadvantages of Aerobic System
- Slowest Rate of ATP resynthesis
- Requires greater O2 supply - 15% more for FFAs
Why is oxygen available in the Aerobic System?
Intensity is low
What is INTERMITTENT EXERCISE ?
Alternating intensity between:
- work : relief intervals during interval training
- breaks of play during games
What are WORK : RELIEF PERIODS ?
the VOLUME of RELIEF in relation to the VOLUME of WORK PERFORMED
What are the other factors that affect interplay of energy systems ?
- position of the player
- tactics + strategies
- level of competition
- structure of the game
How does enzyme activity delay OBLA?
Increases ATP-PC System Efficiency
How does buffering capacity delay OBLA?
Increased LA Tolerance
How does mitochondria density delay OBLA?
Increased use of O2
Define Threshold
- Point where energy production moves from one system to another
6 Factors affecting energy system used
- Intensity + Duration
- Thresholds
- O2 transport
- Fuel Available
- Enzyme Activation Level
- Fitness Levels
How do intensity + duration affect energy systems?
High Intensity, Short Duration = ATP/PC + LA
Low Intensity, Long Duration = Aerobic System
How do thresholds affect energy systems?
Very High = ATP/PC
High = LA
Low/Moderate = Aerobic
How does O2 Supply affect energy systems?
- below demand = Aerobic Threshold
- LA system breaks glucose down anaerobically to resynthesise
How does fuel availability affect energy systems
- PC stores depleted by high intensity exercise
- Conserve by Pacing + restoring during recovery w/aerobic energy
How does enzyme activation level affect energy systems
- ATP/PC - Increased ADP + Decreased ATP = CK
- LA - Decreased PC = PFK
- Aerobic - Increased adrenaline + decreased insulin = PFK
How do fitness levels affect energy systems?
- FFA’s used earlier + glycogen stores conserved
- Delayed OBLA = increased Aerobic threshold
4 Factors affecting interplay of energy systems during intermittent exercise
- intensity of exercise
- duration of exercise
- recovery periods
- fitness levels
how recovery periods affect energy systems during intermittent exercise?
- Timeouts + breaks aid recovery
- Allow rehydration + glycogen replacement
Define Energy Continuum
- Relative Contribution of each energy system, dependant on intensity + duration
