Pancreas And Liver 1 Flashcards
Pancreas
A digestive and endocrine gland
Exocrine and endocrine function
Pancreas exocrine function
Secretion alkaline pancreatic juice rich in digestive enzymes
Endocrine function pancreas
Secrete glucagon, insulin and somatostatin
Acute pancreatitis
Acute inflammatory process of the pancreas
Chronic pancreatitis
A continuous, prolonged, inflammatory and fibrosing process of the pancreas
Other pancreatic dysfunction
Cancer of the pancreas
Hyperinsulism
Cystic fibrosis of the pancreas
Pancreatic drugs
Supplemental pancreatic enzymes
Functions of the gallbladder
Stores and concentrates bile between meals
Releases bile into the small intestine to aid in emulsification of fats
Disorders of the gallbladder
Cholecystitis
Cholelithiasis
Gallbladder cancer
Cholecystitis
Yes Acute inflammation, usually associated with cholelithiasis
Cholelithiasis
Gallstones
Cholecystitis pathophysiology
Acute inflammation most commonly associated with obstruction
Extensive burns or recent surgery
Bacterial infection
Cholecystitis signs
Right upper quadrant Nausea and vomiting Fever Obstructive jaundice Dark amber urine
Cholecystitis collaborative care
Conservative therapy
Pain control
Control of infection
Maintenance of fluid and electrolyte balance
Nasogastric tube and decompression for n and v
Anticholinergics (
Conservative therapy
Pain control
Control of infection
Maintenance of fluid and electrolyte balance
Nasogastric tube and decompression for n and v
Anticholinergics (
Pain control( analgesia)
Control of infection ( antibiotics)
Maintenance of fluid and electrolyte imbalance ( iv therapy)
Anticholinergics ( decreases secretion)
Cholelithiasis patho physiology
Gallstones
Actual cause unknown
May be caused by infection
Imbalance of bile salts, cholesterol and calcium
Stones may migrate from gallbladder to cystic duct
Cholelithiasis signs
Stones in ducts (spasm)( biliary colic) Total obstruction (dark urine clay coloured stools, bleeding, intolerance to fatty foods Depends on whether stones are mobile or stationary or obstruction present
Medical management (cholelithiasis)
Medication- methyl tertiary butyl ether
Lithotripsy - ultrasound shock wave therapy
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiogpancreatography (ercp)
Surgical management cholecystectomy
Surgical removal of the gallbladder
Open and laparoscopic
Laparoscopic cholecystectomy: nursing management
Nursing interventions: Relieve pain Improve respiratory status Early mobilisation Wound care Promote skin care and biliary drainage Nutrition education Discharge planning
Liver
Largest gland of the body
Chemical factory
Chemical products used in metabolism
Receives nutrient-rich blood supply
Removes waste products from blood supply and secretes them bile
Bile stored gallbladder until it is used for digestion and enters the intestine
Flow of secretion to the intestine
Canaliculi ( small bile ducts) Hepatic duct Cystic duct Common bile duct Sphincter of Oddi
Physiology: important metabolic functions of the liver
Metabolises proteins, carbohydrates, and fats
Synthesises blood proteins
Detoxifies alcohol and other toxins
Produces bile and eliminates bilirubin from body
Stores mineral and fat-soluble vitamins
Glucose metabolism and glycogen storage
Phagocytosis of foreign cells add damaged blood cells
Liver patient assessment
Health history
Diagnostic test
Physical examination
Symptoms of liver disease
Health history
Exposure to hepatotoxin
Alcohol and drug use
Lifestyle behaviours
Family history
Physical examination
Skin inspection
Abdominal assessment
Liver palpation
Diagnostic test
Liver function test
Liver biopsy
Ultrasound, ct, mri
Laparoscopy
Hepatic dysfunction
Jaundice Hepatitis Cirrhosis Liver abscess Liver cancer
Jaundice
Yellow or green-tinged body tissue; sclera and skin due to increased serum bilirubin levels
Types of jaundice
Haemolytic Hepatocellular Obstructive Hereditary hyperbiliribinemia Neonatal jaundice
