Cancer 1 Flashcards
Cancer
A large group of disease that has
Abnormal cell proliferation
Ubcontrolled growth abd cell division that forms tumour
Cells evade normal cell death
Ability to invade tissue and other areas of the body
Where cancer begins
Proto-oncogenes
Tumour suppressor genes
Proto-oncogenes
Normally promote cell growth
Abnormal dysfunction:
Begin to function as oncogenes
Tumour suppressor genes
Normally suppresses cell growth
Abnormal dysfunction
Loose their tumour suppressive action
Carcinogenesis
A mutation occurs in the cell’s dna following exposure to carcinogen. This may be inherited
Proliferation of altered cells
The tumours growth rate and invasiveness increases forming its own blood supply
The tumour metastasize and travel to distant site, lungs, bone
How does tumour spread
Haemopoietic system
Lymphatic system
Direct invasion
Haemopoietic system
Primary tumour rapidly grows and develop its own blood supplt
Lymphatic system
Detached cells invade lymph nodes and blood vessel to travel to distant site
Direct system
Tumour cells detach and invade surrounding cells
Risk factors for cell mutation
Non preventable Age Race Demographics Family history
Preventable Altered hormone Exposure to carcinogens and viruses Obesity Lifestyle
Cancer symptoms
Unexplained pain changes in bowel habits Blood in urine Persistent cough Recurrent infection Fatigue Unexplained weightloss Fever
Diagnosis history physical examination and pathology
Tumour marker and
Diagnosis radiology
Xray
Ct scan
Magnetic resonance imaging
Diagnosis nuclear medicine
Pet scan
Positron emission tomography
Small injection of a radioactive glucose fluid in give IV
Diagnosis endoscopy
Colonoscopy s bowel ca Bronchoscopy: lung ca Gastroscopy oesophageal ca Ercp pancreatic ca Laparoscopy ovarian ca
Nursing role in diagnostic testing
Explain procedure Prepare equipment Take specimen Check pathology Shaving Fasting Organize ward activity Pre med Positioning Monitor pre/during/post
Types of cancer
Oncology
Haematology
Oncology
Occur in organs; breast m, prostate, skin
Haematology
Occur in blood and lymph
Staging of cancer
The extent of disease is determined by assessing
Tumour: size and invasion
Nodal: involvement size number and location
Metastasis: evidence
Primary prevention
Avoid carcinogens Healthy lifestyle Vaccinations Occupational safety Genetic screening
Secondsry prevention
Identification of individual at high risk
Eqrly detection of cancers by screening
Tertiary prevention
Managing both the cancer and treatment related side effects
Rehabilitation after cancer treatment
Prevention of disease recurrence
