Hepatitis

Question 1

Hepatitis and type

Answer 1

Inflammation of the liver
Non viral hepatitis
Acute hepatitis

Question 2

Non-viral hepatitis

Answer 2

Caused by drugs, alcohol, chemicals, or autoimmune liver disease

Question 3

Acute viral hepatitis

Answer 3

A systematic viral infection that causes necrosis and inflammation of liver cells with characteristic symptoms and cellular and biochemical changes
Types A,B,C,D,E,G
All types but each vary in incubation period, mode of transmission and prognosis

Question 4

Hep a transmission and prevention

Answer 4

Faecal-oral route

Prevention: vaccination, standard precautions, hand washing, food hygiene, safe water, sanitation

Question 5

Hep B

Answer 5

Per cutaneous and permucosal exposure to blood or blood products, sexual contact, illicit drug use, perinatal transmission (to infant)

Prevention: vaccination, standard precautions, screening for blood and blood products needle less systems/ safety needles

Question 6

Hepatitis c

Answer 6

Per cutaneous / permucosal exposure to blood or blood products, sexual contact, illicit iv drug use

Prevent: standard precautions, screening of blood and blood products

Question 7

Hep e

Answer 7

Faecal oral - route

Question 8

Hep d

Answer 8

Same with hep b (hbv)

Question 9

Hepatitis signs

Answer 9

Clinical manifestation
No symptoms during incubation period

During acute phase symptoms may include : anorexia, nausea, fatigue, occasional vomiting, jaundice, dark urine, light stools, abdominal discomfort

Question 10

Possible complications for
Hep b
C
D

Answer 10

B- chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, liver cancer
C- chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, liver cancer
D- chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, fulminant hep(acute liver failure

Question 11

Ascites

Answer 11

Accumulation of serous fluid in the peritoneal or abdominal cavity

Question 12

Ascites signs

Answer 12

Abdominal distension, weight gain, dehydration, weight gain, dehydration, decrease in urinary output

Question 13

Ascites assessment

Answer 13

Abdominal girth/ weight daily, monitor potential fluid and electrolyte imbalance

Question 14

Ascite treatment

Answer 14

Sodium restriction, diuretics

Question 15

Portal hypertension

Answer 15

Obstruction blood flow through the liver results in increased pressure throughout the portal venous system

Question 16

Can lead to portal (hypertension )

Answer 16

Ascites

Oesophageal varices

Question 17

Oesophageal and gastric varices

Answer 17

Oesophageal- distended veins in submucosa of the oesophagus
Gastric varices - distended veins in upper portion of the stomach
Enlarged and swollen due to portal hypertension
Rupture of blood vessels can slow or sudden bleeding

Question 18

Excessive blood loss is life threatening

Answer 18

Serious complication of cirrhosis

Question 19

Signs of oesophageal and gastric varices

Answer 19

Haematemesis, melaena, general deterioration, shock

Question 20

Oesophageal and gastric varices

Detection

Answer 20

Patient with cirrhosis should undergo screening endoscopy every 2 years

Question 21

Hepatic encephalopathy and coma

Answer 21

Neurophyschiatric signs: terminal complications
Failure of liver to metabolise and detoxify nitrogenous substances
Results in accumulation of ammonia and other toxic metabolites in the blood

Question 22

Hepatoc coma

Answer 22

Most advanced stage of hepatic encephalopathy

Signs: mental changes, motor disturbances, asterixis, constructional apraxia

Question 23

Hepatic encephalopathy and coma management

Answer 23

Focus on the reduction of ammonia formation consist mainly of protein restriction and reduction of ammonia formation in the intestine- lactulose and neomycin

Question 24

Cirrhosis of the liver interventions

Answer 24

Rest
Nutritional therapy
Prevent and treat complications
Acute interventions for bleeding, hepatic encephalopathy