PA SIR JHAYMAR on-going Flashcards
Consider this scenario: Assuming you already have your Ph.D. in Psychology and your name is Dr. Dimagiba. One day, a 6-year-old boy named Charles was referred to your testing institution for a comprehensive assessment of intelligence and personality because the referral source suspected that the child might be experiencing symptoms of DMDD and academic challenges. The child and his mother came to the testing room on assessment day. You greeted his mother using a warm voice. You said, “Good morning, Ms. De Castro, are you ready for the assessment of your child?” She said, “Good morning, Dr. Dimagiba. Yes, we are ready for the assessment.” Afterward, you and Charles entered the small room where the assessment happened. Before the assessment, you said with a warm, friendly, and interested tone of voice, “Hi Charles, I am Dr. Dimagiba. I will be your doctor today, but I am not the type of doctor you come to when you are sick, like with a stomachache or headache, but I’m the doctor who likes to get to know kids better. So, what I’m going to do today is find out more about you. I will also be your partner today; we will have to work hard together, but I think it will be fun, too.” After introducing yourself to the child and having a short conversation with him, you administered the first unstructured measures, such as the Draw- A-Person Test and the Children’s Apperception test. After the unstructured tasks, you administered structured tasks such as CBCL, WRAT, and SB-5. Considering this scenario, is there any step done in the assessment that is not ideal?
A. Yes. For a child client, assessing the intellectual and personality in just a day is inappropriate.
B. Yes. For a child client, it is not ideal to greet the child with a friendly voice.
C. Yes. For a child client, it is not ideal to introduce yourself as a “Dr.”.
D. Yes. For a child client, starting with unstructured tasks before the structured tasks is not ideal.
E. None. All steps that happened in the scenario are ideal.
D. Yes. For a child client, starting with unstructured tasks before the structured tasks is not ideal.
for a child client, It is important to start in structured tasks because it is easier for the child to understand structured tasks and what the demand of the task is, because if you start with unstructured, the child will think that all he or she needs to do is draw and tell a story the whole assessment.
If 2 out of 3 structured task is done then the child started to throw tanturms, its okay to proceed to unstructed task already.
C. Yes. For a child client, it is not ideal to introduce yourself as a “Dr.”. —> it is ideal to introduce yourself as a doctor to a child all the time, especially if you will conduct a time/task constrained test, because if the child perceives you as a playmate, it will have an affect to the results.
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The Basics of Building Rapport with the Child
* The child is often not the one seeking an evaluation but is usually referred by some significant adult who feels that the child needs testing.
* It is expected that the motivation for the evaluation on the part of the child is often low
* Usually, this Low Motivation is because it has been explicitly told, that the assessment is prompted by problems either in home or school.
* Begin the assessment tasks quickly –> child realize that the procedure will not be as bad as they imagined.
* Rapport can always be developed further (Continuous): The reverse is also possible. Although it is certainly true that once it is well established, rapport can withstand a lot of stress, it nevertheless can be damaged or even destroyed at any time if continuing attention is not paid to maintaining it.
*
Jhaymar investigated psychometricians’ psychological assessment competencies (PAC). He differentiated the level of PAC between novices (working for 5 years and below), experts (6 years to 15 years), and veterans (16 years and above). Upon checking the normality of the data, it was shown that novices had skw=0.24 and kur=- 0.05. While experts have skw=-1.12, kur=2.08, and veterans have skw=-1.86, kur=3.72. Upon checking the homogeneity of variances, all groups mentioned have significant (<.05) Levene’s test. Therefore, he used Welch’s test to determine the differences and Tukey’s test for post-hoc analysis. Is there a mistake in his analysis?
A. Yes, there is an error in his analysis. Skewness and kurtosis are inappropriate for his study because these cannot test normality.
B. Yes, Levene’s test is not required in his study.
C. Yes, Welch’s test is inappropriate in his study.
D. Yes, Tukey’s test is inappropriate in his study.
E. No mistake in Jhaymar’s analysis.
D. Yes, Tukey’s test is inappropriate in his study.
If the result of your analysis is between the following, then it is approximately normal data.
Skewness = -2 to +2
Kurtosis = -7 to +7
.
Normality of Data ————- Levene’s Test
Normal —————————– Insignificant (> .05) = Parametric (Anova)
Not Normal ———————– Insignificant (> .05) = Kruskal-Wallis (Nonparametric)
Normal —————————— Significant (< .05) = Welch’s Test
Not Normal ———————— Significant (< .05) = Kruskal-Wallis (Nonparametric)
Anova, Kruskal, and Welch’s test will only tell you that there are differences in your groups but it will not determine which of the group/s are different.
Post-Hoc Analysis - is used only when you have 3 or more groups; it is used to determine which of the group/s are different.
Post-Hoc Analysis:
Anova = Tukey
Welch’s = Games-Howell
Kruskal -Wallis = Dunn’s
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A. Yes, there is an error in his analysis. Skewness and kurtosis are inappropriate for his study because these cannot test normality. —> This can be used to test normality.
B. Yes, Levene’s test is not required in his study. —> This is required when comparing 2 or more different groups.
**Levene’s Test **–> test of homogeneity, it will test if the variance of different groups are similar or homogenous; it is used to test the similarity of the data. It is okay if there is no Levene’s test ang Correlation and Regression.
- If significant (< .05) ang Levene’s Test = not automatically non-parametric; we will use welch’s
- If** insignificant (> .05)** ang Levene’s Test = we will use parametric.
- You will only use Kruskal–Wallis (Nonparametric), if the data is not normal or if the issue is normality.
C. Yes, Welch’s test is inappropriate in his study. —>** This is appropriate when levene’s test is significant**
D. Yes, Tukey’s test is inappropriate in his study. —> Games-Howell post hoc analysis is appropriate
As a clinical practitioner, you must check the inventory and
list all available tests in the clinic. Your supervisor said you must
hide all obsolete tests in a secured cabinet. You know that both MMPI-2-RF and MMPI-3 exist in your clinic, and you know that MMPI-2-RF is still being utilized more than MMPI-3. You also know that MMPI-2-RF was published in 2008, and MMPI-3 was published in 2020. Which of the following is the best way to decide if MMPI-2-RF is already obsolete?
A. To make it more documented, create a survey list asking other clinicians and practitioners in your area which is more utilized between the two in their practice. In that case, the survey results will help you decide if MMPI-2-RF is obsolete or not.
B. Examine the items of both tests. Extract a sample of items from both tests, compare them based on their relevance, and pilot-test it among 30 clinical samples for reliability and validity analysis. The results of the analysis will help you decide whether MMPI-2-RF is obsolete or not.
C. To ensure the pieces of evidence, you can use recent reviews or meta-analyses of research findings published in refereed journal articles. These journal articles summarize the status of the assessment test technique.
D. Do nothing. It does not matter if MMPI-2-RF is obsolete because both tests can assess psychopathology, and if the answer sheets of MMPI-3 are unavailable, the MMPI-2-RF materials can be used.
C. To ensure the pieces of evidence, you can use recent reviews or meta-analyses of research findings published in refereed journal articles. These journal articles summarize the status of the assessment test technique.
- Not because there is a new version of test, it does not mean that obsolete na yung lumang test or past versions.
- You need to be evidence-based when deciding if a test is obsolete.
- Meta-analyses will show the collected studies regarding the psychometric properties of a certain test.
In MCMI IV, the potential issues of an individual with this personality style may irritate others because of their persistent high-spirited behavior and frequent unpredictable changes in their mood and behavior. Another issue is that a person with this personality style may be easily bored and unlikely to follow through on their plans.
A. 1 – Schizoid
B. 2A – Avoidant
C. 5 – Narcissistic
D. 4A – Histrionic
E. None of the above.
E. None of the above. (4B - Turbulent)
Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-IV (MCMI IV) —> measures personality disorder, it can also measure other syndrome.
This is what MCMI contains:
* 12 - Clinical personality styles
* 3 - Severe personality styles
* 7 - Clinical syndrome
* 3 - Severe clinical syndrome
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MCMI Base Rare (BR) Scores
Base Rate — Interpretation/Interpretative Benchmarks
75-84 ——— Abnormal Type
—————— Abnormal trait level, more define dysfunction possible
85+ ———— Clinical disorder
—————— Clinical disorder range, likely at an impairing level
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MCMI-IV 12 Personality Styles and Potential Issues
- 1 Schizoid - prefer to do things by themselves and do not show their feeling; have little desire for close relationships and have few close friends. They also experience little pleasure or pain from life.
- 2A Avoidant - desire but fearful of personal relations; They are vigilant and always on guard to avoid rejections from others. Self-conscious and tense in social situations.
- 2B Melancholic - pervasively sad and guilty and blame themselves when anything goes wrong; They worry constantly and perceive themselves as worthless.
- 3 Dependent- agreeable and submissive and try to please others even when they dislike them; Fear others’ anger or rejection, if they disagree with them and allow others to make their decisions for them.
- 4A Histrionic - show their feelings quickly and easily. Sociable and outgoing, like to flirt, and are looking to make new friends; constant search of signs of acceptance and approval from others
- 4B Turbulent - persistent high-spirited behavior and frequent unpredictable changes in their mood and behavior; easily bored and unlikely to follow through on their plans.
- 5 Narcissistic - think that they are special and superior individuals who deserve special attention from other people, who envy their abilities; members of their family believe that they are selfish and that they think only of themselves.
- 6A Antisocial - do what they want without worrying about what others might think, and punishment never stops them from doing something they want to do; They are irresponsible and impulsive.
- 6B Sadistic - often criticize others who annoy them and are rough and mean to keep people in line; often say cruel things just to make others unhappy. Get personal pleasure and satisfaction in way that humiliate others. Believe that is it important to place strict controls on others.
- 7 Compulsive - their compulsiveness and perfectionism derive form a conflict between anger towards others and the fear of social disapproval; their works is well planned and organized, and they keep close track of their money.
- 8A Negativistic- often cross and grouchy and likely to feel angry about and resist what others want them to do; believe that other people often blame them for things that they did not do. They have bad luck in life and believe that most successful people are either lucky or dishonest.
- 8B Masochistic- often mistreated by their friends, and they seem to create situations in which they get hurt or feel rejected; They believe that they do not deserve the good things that happen to them and believe that they deserve to be shamed and humiliated.
Which of the following is not considered a severe personality style based on MCMI-IV?
A. Anti-social
B. Schizotypal
C. Borderline
D. Paranoid
A. Anti-social
MCMI-IV - 3 Severe Personality Styles and Potential Issues
S - Schizotypal- having strange thoughts that they cannot get rid of and when alone, often feel the presence of someone who cannot be seen; They are concerned that people they do not know might harm them, and they do not understand why some people smile at them.
C - Borderline - frequently feel as though there is nothing inside them, as though they are empty or hollow; moods and feelings toward others change from day to day and often swing from loving them to hating them. They may do something desperate to keep a perosn they love from abandoning them.
P - Paranoid- never forgive an insult or forget an embarrassment that someone has caused them; They are always watching out for people who want to cheat them and try to see who can and cannot be trusted. They take great care to keep their life a private matter so that no one can take advantage of them.
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If its a test, you need to give it all to the client but if its a battery, you can extract
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There are comobordities between personality styles
Cluster A. always comorbids with Schizophrenia Spectrum
Cluster B always comorbids with Mood disorders (Depression and Bipolar)
Cluster C always comorbids with Anxiety Disorders
Which of the following is not considered a severe clinical syndrome based on MCMI-IV?
A. Schizophrenic spectrum
B. Major depression
C. Delusional
D. Post-traumatic stress disorder
D. Post-traumatic stress disorder
Post-traumatic stress disorder is considered as Clinical Syndrome not Severe Clinical Syndrome
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MCMI-IV 7 Clinical Syndromes and Potential Issues
A - Generalized Anxiety- certain thoughts and events from their past come back again and again in their mind; They repeat certain behaviors to reduce anxiety and to keep bad things frm happening.
H - Somatic Response - weak and tired a great deal of the time and worn out for no special reason; Lost the ability to feel sensations in parts of their body and have difficulty in keeping their balance when walking.
N - Bipolar Spectrum - feel excited and cheerful at many times for no special reason; They have bad periods when they been so cheerful and have used up so much energy that they fell into a low mood.
D - Persistent Depression - feel like a failure and guilty because they cannot do things right anymore; They are quite blue, discouraged, and sad, and cannot snap out of it.
B - Alcohol Use - have an alcohol problem and a great deal of trouble trying to control their impulse to drink to excess; Drinking alcohol helps them when they are feeling down.
T - Drug Use - have taken drugs in the past that have gotten them into trouble and caused them to miss work and to get into arguments with their family; There have been times when they could not get through the day without street drugs.
R - Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder - have a very upsetting experience from their past that keeps coming back to haunt their thoughts and causes nightmares; Feel terrified and have flashbacks of some traumatic experience that happened to them in the past.
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MCMI-IV 3 Severe Clinical Syndromes and Potential Issues
SS - Schizophrenic Spectrum- They feel as though they are losing touch with the real world; They often hear things so well that it bothers them.
CC - Major Depression - Feel terribly depressed and sad for no reason that they cant figure out; They have completely lost their appetite and have trouble sleeping most nights.
PP - Delusional- Believe that people have been spying on them for years and trying to make them think that they are crazy; They believe that they are being plotted against. Someone has been trying to control their minds.
Projection dynamics is a facet scale under __________ scale in MCMI-IV.
A. Avoidant
B. Antisocial
C. Histrionic
D. Dependent
E. None of the above
E. None of the above (Paranoid)
Projection Dynamics - a belief that other people are talking about them, thinking that iniiba ng ibang tao yung storya about them.
Inverted architecture is a facet scale under ____________ scale in MCMI-IV.
A. Compulsive
B. Negativistic
C. Antisocial
D. Masochistic
E. None of the above
D. Masochistic
The following statements are accurate about the scoring of MCMI-IV, except
A. Raw scores are transformed into BR scores.
B. For personality styles, a BR of 75 indicates the presence of a trait, and a BR of 85 indicates the presence of a disorder.
C. For other scales, a BR of 75 indicated the presence of a syndrome, and a BR of 85 indicated the prominence of a syndrome.
D. BR scores are available for only two of the five validity scales.
E. None of the above is inaccurate.
D. BR scores are available for only two of the five validity scales.
because BR scores are available for the 3 of the 5
While scoring your client’s MCMI-IV protocol, you noticed the client’s score on the W scale is 21. This may mean that
A. Your client’s MCMI profile is questionable.
B. Your client’s MCMI profile is uninterpretable.
C. Your client’s MCMI profile is valid.
D. Your client’s MCMI profile is reliable.
B. Your client’s MCMI profile is uninterpretable.
While scoring your client’s MCMI-IV protocol, you noticed that the client’s score in X is 10. This may mean that
A. The profile form is valid and interpretable; therefore, personality styles and clinical syndromes should be interpreted. B. The profile form is valid and interpretable; other validity scales should be tested for potentially unfavorable descriptions.
C. The profile form is valid and interpretable; any interpretation of severe clinical syndromes is valid.
D. The profile form is invalid.
D. The profile form is invalid.
Jhaymar, a psychometrician at a university, was instructed to create a local career interest test that will apply to their students from grade 7 to 5th year of college (from junior high school to college). However, his supervisor also instructed him to create a test that would measure not just the career interest but also the student’s personality. In addition, his supervisor requested a Filipino version of the scale. By reviewing the literature, it was found that there was an association between 16 PF and the theory of RIASEC (for career interest). Using this association from the literature, Jhaymar provided test items per career interest factor related to each personality factor. Not that in this phase, he only provided the English version first. He let his supervisor and co-psychometrician review the items and validate them. After reviewing the items, Jhaymar revised them based on the comments given. Using this situation, what should be recommended to Jhaymar?
A. The next step that Jhaymar should take is to create the Filipino version of the scale. Once the Filipino version of the scale is provided, Jhaymar should find a grammarian to review it to see if the translation process is appropriate.
B. Once revised based on his supervisor’s and co- psychometrician’s comments, he can provide the scoring system to ensure that the scores will be interpretable before pilot testing.
C. After considering his supervisor’s and co- psychometrician’s comments, he should conduct a cognitive interview with some target participants to ensure potential participants understand each item.
D. Jhaymar can start creating the Filipino version of the scale once he has revised the proposed items. After this, he will test the items among university students. Following the rule of thumb, 10% of the target population should participate in his pilot study. Note that in this phase, he should administer the English version concurrently with the translated version to ensure accuracy and reliability.
E. Once the English version is revised, he should conduct a pilot study using stratified random sampling to ensure each grade level and year level will be represented. After this, he should compute the reliability index and scoring of the scale and each subscale (per career interest).
C. After considering his supervisor’s and co- psychometrician’s comments, he should conduct a cognitive interview with some target participants to ensure potential participants understand each item.
The recent data released by the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) revealed that the Philippines ranked 76th out of 81 countries and economies regarding mathematics. Although it is not explicitly discussed what instrument is used in the situation released, you, as a researcher, want to investigate it again in your analysis using an achievement test. Which of the following is most likely appropriate to use?
A. WRAT
B. PAI
C. TAI
D. STAI
A. WRAT
Which of the following is inaccurate about the item difficulty index?
A. Under the CTT framework, the item difficulty index is also known as the item-effectiveness index.
B. It ranges from 0.0 to 1.0.
C. A high difficulty score means a greater proportion of the sample answered the question correctly.
D. A lower difficulty score may be because of ambiguity in the response options.
A. Under the CTT framework, the item difficulty index is also known as the item-effectiveness index.
Who among the following test developers committed an error?
A. Wally constructed a 16-item scale that measures the hope of the Filipino people, conducted an exploratory factor analysis, and removed all items with factor loading below .30.
B. Jose constructed a 26-item scale that measures the self- esteem of 2024 BLEPP takers, conducted an inter-item correlation, and retained all items below .30 correlations.
C. Vic constructed a 42-item scale that measures the test anxiety of the parents of BLEPP takers, conducted a reliability analysis using Cronbach’s alpha, and proceeded to the next step after knowing that the scale has .70 alpha.
D. Willie constructed a 39-item scale that measures the conscientiousness of the employees in a university, conducted a reliability analysis using a test-retest reliability, and used Pearson R to correlate the scores.
B. Jose constructed a 26-item scale that measures the self- esteem of 2024 BLEPP takers, conducted an inter-item correlation, and retained all items below .30 correlations.
A couple of months ago, you constructed a scale measuring depression where a person can answer from strongly agree (5) to strongly disagree (1) in each item. Five experts, including psychologists and psychometricians, screened and validated the scale. You are also done with the reliability analysis using Cronbach’s alpha, and the scale obtained .82. After a week, you established the construct validity and used the distinct group technique. You gave the scale to 2 groups, which are those who are clinically diagnosed with depression and those who are not. In your data, Levene’s test was >.05, and you used an independent t-test to investigate who has higher scores and if there is a significant difference between the two groups. After analysis, the results showed that those who are clinically diagnosed with depression have significantly higher levels of depression compared to those who are not. Using the results, you assumed that your scale has evidence of construct validity. Is there any inappropriate step done in this situation?
A. Yes, 5 experts are too much for validating the constructed scale.
B. Yes, Cronbach’s alpha is inappropriate in this situation.
C. Yes, an Independent t-test is inappropriate in this situation. D. Yes, 2 groups are not enough in this situation.
E. No inappropriate step was taken in this situation.
E. No inappropriate step was taken in this situation.
Statement 1: Non-discriminating items that fail to discriminate between respondents because they may be too easy, too hard, or ambiguous should be removed.
Statement 2: Items that negatively discriminate should be reexamined and modified.
Statement 3: Items that positively discriminate should be retained.
A. Both statements 1 and 2 are accurate.
B. Only statement 2 is inaccurate.
C. Only statement 3 is accurate.
D. Only statement 2 is accurate.
E. All statements are accurate.
E. All statements are accurate.
As a test developer, you want to demonstrate the content validity of your scale; which of the following steps is appropriate?
A. Content matches domain -> Number of items for each content area adjusted for relative importance -> Test items accurately reflect the content -> Survey the domain
B. Content matches domain -> Test items accurately reflect the content -> Survey the domain -> Number of items for each content area adjusted for relative importance
C. Survey the domain -> Test items accurately reflect the content -> Number of items for each content area adjusted for relative importance-> Content matches domain
D. Survey the domain -> Content matches domain -> Number of items for each content area adjusted for relative importance -> Test items accurately reflect the content
E. None of the above.
E. None of the above.
This is the most basic form of internal consistency.
A. Odd-even reliability
B. Cronbach’s coefficient alpha
C. Kuder-Richardson
D. None of the above.
A. Odd-even reliability
According to Sternberg’s theory of intelligence, novelty ability is under
A. Contextual subtheory
B. Componential subtheory
C. Experiential subtheory
D. Analytical facet
C. Experiential subtheory
Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory of Successful Intelligence
* talks about that for us to have a successful intelligence, we should adapt and select the environment we have, we should also find balance how we use the 3 types of intelligence (Analytical, Creative, Practical); it is also assumed that people are successfully intelligent by virtue by recognizing their strengths and by making the most of them and at the same time, they recognize their weaknesses and find ways to correct or compensate it.
Triarchic Theory
—> Compential Subtheory (Analytical Facet)
1. Metacomponents - higher thinking of a person
2. Performance - how a person acts in higher order thinking
3. Knowledge acquisition - strategies how a person stores and use knowledge.
—> Experiential Subtheory (Creative Facet)
1. Novelty Ability
2. Automation Ability
—> Contextual Subtheory (Practical Facet)
1. Adaptation
2. Shaping
3. Selection
.
.
Note: Sternberg believes that his theory is UNIVERSAL, how it is applied can vary in different cultures.
This nonverbal intelligence test is appropriate for children ages 5 to 17 and measures analogic reasoning, spatial memory, and cube design.
A. CTONI-2
B. UNIT
C. WNV
D. BETA-4
B. UNIT
A. CTONI-2 = Comprehensive Test of Nonverbal Intelligence, 2nd Edition
B. UNIT = Universal Nonverbal Intelligence Test
C. WNV = Wechsler Nonverbal Scale of Ability
D. BETA-4
The following is accurate about DAT and its version, except
A. DAT is for students in grades 7 through 12 that measure abilities across vocational skills.
B. DAT has seven separate tests of ability.
C. DAT has an alternative version called DAT PCA.
D. Based on the manual of this test, raw scores can be converted to stanines.
E. None of the above is inaccurate.
B. DAT has seven separate tests of ability.
Based on the 16PF manual, warmth is a contributing primary factor in what global factor/s?
A. Extraversion and Anxiety
B. Independence and Extraversion
C. Extraversion only
D. Extraversion and Tough-mindedness
E. Self-control and Extraversion
D. Extraversion and Tough-mindedness
Global Factor
Extraversion
* Social Orinetation: the desire to be around others and be noticed by them; the energy invested in initiating and maintaning social relationships
.
Contributing Factor of Extraversion:
A - Warmth
F - Liveliness
H - Social Boldness
N - Privateness (-)
Q2 - Self Reliance (-)
.
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Independence
* The role a person assumes when interacting with others; the extent to which they are likely to influence or be influenced by the views of other people.
.
Contributing Factor of Independent:
E - Dominance
H - Social Boldness
L - Vigilance
Q1 - Openness to Change
.
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Tough-Mindedness
* The way a person processess information; the extent to which they will solve problems at an objective, cognitive level or by using subjective or personal considerations.
.
Contributing Factor of Tough-Mindedness:
A - Warmth (-)
I - Sensitivity (-)
M - Abstractedness (-)
M - Openness to Change (-)
.
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Self-Control
* Response to environmental controls on behavior; internal self-discipline
.
Contributing Factor of Self-Control:
F - Liveliness (-)
G - Rule-Consciousness
M - Abstractedness (-)
Q3 - Perfectionism
.
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Anxiety
* Emotional adjustment; the types of emotions experienced and the intensity of these
.
Contributing Factor of Self-Control:
C - Emotional Stability (-)
L - Vigilance
O - Apprehension
Q4 - Tension
In the older versions of MMPI-2, a T-score of _____ or greater is considered clinically significant.
A. 60
B. 65
C. 70
D. 75
C. 70
Older Version of MMPI-2
T-score = 70
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Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2nd Edition (MMPI-2)
* Original version was published in 1943 to measure various types of psychopathology
* 18 years and older
* 10 clinical scales (567 items)
1. Hypochondriasis
2. Depression
3. Hysteria
4. Psychopathic Deviate
5. Masculinity-Feminity
6. Paranoia
7. Psychasthenia
8. Schizophrenia
9. Mania
10. Social Introversion
* it has supplementary scales and content scales
* Has three validity scales: (L) Faking Good; (K) Defensiveness; (F) Infrequency
* MMPI-2-RD (338 items)
.
.
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10 clinical scales of the MMPI
1. Hypochondriasis (Hs)
* measures a wide range of vague and non-specific complaints about bodily functioning.
* focuses on the abdoment and back and the primary factors are poor physical health and gastrointestinal difficulties.
2. Depression (D)
* characterized by hopelessness, poor morale, and dissatisfaction with own life.
3. Hysteria (Hy)
* measures shyness, poor physical health, headaches, neuroticism, and cynicism.
4. Psychopathic Deviate (Pd)
* measures social adjustment and the absence of strongly pleasant experiences. Taps issues in family and authority.
5. Masculinity-Feminity (Mf)
* measures how rigidly the client conforms to the stereotypical roles of male/female
* has items about vocations, hobbies, aesthetic preferences, activity-passivity, and personal sensitivity.
6. Paranoia (Pa)
* measures suspiciousness, interpersonal sensitivity, and self-righteousness
7. Psychasthenia (Pt)
* measures person’s inability to counter specific actions or thoughts even it is maladaptive in nature.
* this is an old term of OCD and th eitems are tapping into abnormal fears, difficulties in concentration, and guilt feelings.
8. Schizophrenia (Sc)
* measures odd perceptions, social alienation, poor family relationships, impulse control and concentration difficulties, questions of self-worth and identity, and bizarre thoughts.
9. Hypomania (Ma)
* measures a degree of excitement, unstable mood, flight of ideas, gradiosity, irritability, psychomotor excitement, overactivity, and egocentricity.
10. Social Introversion (Si)
* measures the social intervention and extroversion of a person.
Statement 1: MMPI focuses on Axis I, while MCMI focuses on Axis II.
Statement 2: MMPI is quicker to administer than MCMI.
Statement 3: There is a low correlation between the paranoid scale of MCMI-III and the MMPI-2 paranoia scale.
A. All statements are inaccurate.
B. Only statement 1 is accurate.
C. Both statements 1 and 2 are accurate.
D. Only statement 2 is inaccurate.
E. All statements are accurate.
D. Only statement 2 is inaccurate.
Axis based on DSM-4-TR
1. Axis 1 - Clinical disorders except Personality Disorder and Mental Retardation
2. Axis 2 - Personality Disorder and Mental Retardation
3. Axis 3 - General Medical Conditions (GMC)
4. Axis 4 - Psychosocial and Environmental Stressors
5. Axis 5 - Global Assessment Functioning
A client referred to your institutional testing office from the guidance office for personality assessment. Based on the referral, your client is showing symptoms of depression and requires assessment for further decisions in school. You gave both MMPI-2 and PAI. In MMPI-2, the T-score of depression is 65, while in PAI, depression T-score is 70. Therefore, which of the following is accurate?
A. Based on the MMPI results of the depression scale, clinical attention is required. While based on the PAI results of the depression scale, it does not require clinical attention.
B. Based on the MMPI results of depression, it does not require clinical attention. While based on the PAI results of the depression scale, it requires clinical attention.
C. Both MMPI results and PAI results require clinical attention in terms of the depression scale.
D. Both MMPI results and PAI results do not require clinical attention in terms of the depression scale.
E. Only MMPI results need clinical attention since PAI cannot measure depression.
C. Both MMPI results and PAI results require clinical attention in terms of the depression scale.
MMPI-2 –> >_ 65
PAI ———> >_ 70
………………………..
Personality Assessment Inventory
* designed to aid in making clinical diagnosis, screen for psychopathology
What is not true about the changes from DSM-IV to DSM-V?
A. The most significant change in the DSM-5 was the return to a single-axis diagnosis.
B. In DSM-5, medical conditions are no longer listed on a separate axis.
C. Psychosocial and environmental stressors, previously listed on Axis IV of DSM-IV, will be listed alongside mental disorders and physical health issues.
D. None of the above is inaccurate. A to C statements are true.
D. None of the above is inaccurate. A to C statements are true.
Axis based on DSM-4-TR
1. Axis 1 - Clinical disorders except Personality Disorder and Mental Retardation (e.g. Depression, Anxiety, Bipolar, Schizophrenia et.)
2. Axis 2 - Personality Disorder and Mental Retardation (e.g.
3. Axis 3 - General Medical Conditions (GMC)
4. Axis 4 - Psychosocial and Environmental Stressors
5. Axis 5 - Global Assessment Functioning
Which of the following is not true about “other specified disorders and unspecified disorders”?
A. The other specified and unspecified disorders should be used when a provider believes an individual’s impairment to functioning or distress is clinically significant; however, it does not meet the specific diagnostic criteria in that category.
B. The “other specified” should be used when the clinician wants to communicate specifically why the criteria do not fit.
C. The “unspecified disorder” should be used when he or she does not wish, or is unable to communicate specifics.”
D. All of the above are accurate statements about “ other specified disorders and unspecified disorders.”.
D. All of the above are accurate statements about “ other specified disorders and unspecified disorders.”.
Culture is essential to consider when it comes to diagnosis. Therefore, which of the following is not true about culture and diagnosis?
A. Symptomatology may vary as a function of culture.
B. Diagnosis can lead to the misdiagnosis of culturally oppressed groups when clinicians do not fully take into account cultural, gender, and ethnic differences.
C. DSM-5 offers a section entitled Cultural Formulation Interview (CFI) that helps clinicians understand the kinds of values, experiences, and influences that have come to shape the client’s worldview.
D. None of the statements above is inaccurate. A to C are true statements.
D. None of the statements above is inaccurate. A to C are true statements.
Ordering Diagnosis
* Individual will often have more than one diagnosis, so it is important to consider their ordering.
* Principal diagnosis - the first diagnosis
* In an inpatient setting, this would be the most salient factor that resulted in the admission
* In an outpatient environment, this would be the reason for the visit or the main focus of treatment.
* The secondary and tertiary diagnosis should be listed in order of need for clinical attention.
* If a mental health diagnosis is due to ageneral medical condition, the ICD coding rules require listing the medical condition first, followed by the psychiatric diagnosis, due to the general medical condition.
.
.
Provisional Diagnosis
* clinician has a strong inclination that a client will meet the criteria for a diagnosis but does not yet have enough information to make the diagnosis
* Occur when a client is not able to give an adequate history or further collateral information is required.
.
Pseudo-diagnosis
* tendency to select poor information over equally available diagnostic data.
* False or incorrect diagnosis made by an unqualified or untrained person.
* Diagnosis made without proper testing or examination
* Made with malicious intent or for personal gain
.
Misdiagnosis
* made by a qualified professioanl but is still incorrect
* usually not intentional
* based on incomplete or misleading information
* missed diagnosis - happens when a patient’s condition is not diagnosed.
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Comorbidity
* co-occurence of two or more distinct illnesses, disorders, or conditions in a single individual.
If the person both adopts the new culture and retains the original culture, what strategy of acculturation is used?
A. Assimilation
B. Separation
C. Marginalization
D. Integration
D. Integration
Acculturation - balancing your culture and the culture of your client
Two ways to learn the culture of your client:
* Direct - you live in the same culture of your client; you experience their culture firsthand.
* Indirect - reading or watching about their culture.
.
.
STRATEGIES OF ACCULTURATIONS
(adopting new and retaining original)
Strategies —————- New —————- Original
Assimilation ——————Yes ———————-No
Separation ——————– No———————–Yes
Marginalization ————–No————————No
Integration———————Yes————————Yes
While reviewing the assessment report created by your co- psychometrician, you noticed the following statements (please refer to the choices). Which of these statements is an example of hedging?
A. “If Marten’s mother’s recollection is accurate, Marten was born 6 weeks premature.”
B. “Marten’s teacher gives her extra incentives to stay focused on her seatwork.”
C. “Marten has high levels of anxiety.”
D. “I recommend exposure therapy to help Marten manage her fear of dogs.”
A. “If Marten’s mother’s recollection is accurate, Marten was born 6 weeks premature.”
Hedging - cautious or non-committal language to avoid making definitive statements. People hedge to reduce the risk of being wrong or to soften the impact of their words. For example, saying “I think” or “It seems” or “If” instead of making a bold claim.
If you dont have enough evidence to be certain of your statement, then dont write it, or go collect more evidence so that definitive language can be used.
Rio, a 14-year-old client, was referred to your clinic because his parents said their son might suffer from depression. After the intake interview, you decided to administer MMPI-3 to support the data gathered in your interview. In MMPI-3, you saw that on the depression clinical scale, he scored 80 T scores. Therefore, your idea that Rio is suffering from depression might be accurate. Is there any problem with this situation?
A. Yes. 80 Tscore is still low in this situation.
B. Yes. MMPI-3 does not apply to the client’s case.
C. Yes. Test administration should be done first before the interview.
D. No problem in the given situation.
B. Yes. MMPI-3 does not apply to the client’s case.
it shoudl be MMPI-A. MMPI-3 is only for 18 years old and above
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory - Adolescent (MMPI-A)
* Measures personality and psychopathology in clients age 14 to 18
* With 478 items (some is identifical in MMPI-2)
* Unique items are focused on problems that are prevalent among teenagers, such as drug and alcohol use, school-related problem, social problems with peers and family relationships.
* Has been translated to different languages (Spanish, French and Korean) (If there is a language barrier with the client, you can hire a translator who is not a relative or related to the client)
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory - Adolescent (MMPI-A- RF) (Revised)
* 2016
* Age 14 to 18
* 25 to 30 minutes computer-administered; 30-45 minutes paper and pencil
* 241 True or False items
* Shorter test length reduces the administration burden on adolescents.
* 48 empirically validated scales relevant for use with adolescents in a variety of clinical, forensic, and school settings.
* Comparison groups allow for an additional level of interpretation across several settings.
Which of the following is inaccurate about comparing MMPI- A and MMPI-A-RF?
A. MMPI-A has 478 items, while MMPI-A-RF has 241 items.
B. MMPI-A has an extensive item overlap across scales, while MMPI-A-RF has non-overlapping items
C. MMPI-A has gendered specific norms, while MMPI-A-RF has non-gendered specific norms
D. MMPI-A has a T-score criterion for the clinical evaluation of T≥60, while MMPI-A-RF has a T≥65.
D. MMPI-A has a T-score criterion for the clinical evaluation of T≥60, while MMPI-A-RF has a T≥65.
MMPI-A
Year of Publication : 1992
Primary Influence: MMPI-2
Number of Items: 478
Scale Structure: Extensive item overlap across scales
Norms: Gender Specific
T-score criterion for the clinical evaluation: T≥65
……………………………………………………………………………….
MMPI-A-RF
Year of Publication : 2016
Primary Influence: MMPI-20-RF
Number of Items: 241
Scale Structure: Non-Overlapping items within hierarchical scale structure
Norms: Non-Gendered
T-score criterion for the clinical evaluation: T≥60
Before constructing a test, it is important that the domain(s) that you are endeavoring to measure is well-articulated. The following are recommendations to define the domain, except
A. Specify the purpose of the domain or construct you seek to develop.
B. Confirm that no existing instrument will adequately serve the same purpose. “
C. It is necessary to define multiple dimensions even without an established framework or theory.
D. Describe the domain and provide a preliminary conceptual definition.
C. It is necessary to define multiple dimensions even without an established framework or theory.
When constructing a test it is important that your domains are well-defined first.
These are essential characteristics of an item, except
A. The need for items to be consistently understood.
B. The need for items to be consistently administered or communicated to respondents.
C. The consistent communication of what constitutes an adequate answer.
D. All of the above are essential characteristics of an item.
D. All of the above are essential characteristics of an item.
All are accurate regarding item development, except
A. Questions with dichotomous response categories (e.g., true/false) can have ambiguity.
B. When a Likert-type response scale is used, responses should be presented in an ordinal manner.
C. Avoid construct underrepresentation.
D. Each point on the response scale should be meaningful and interpreted the same way by each participant.
A. Questions with dichotomous response categories (e.g., true/false) can have ambiguity.
- Respondents can be less thoughtful about the meaning of a question, search their memories less comprehensively, integrate retrieved information less carefully, or even select a less precise response choice (satisficing only)
- In order to combat this behavior, questions should be kept simple, straightforward, and should follow the conventioons of normal conversation.
- Questions with dichotomous response categories (e.g. true/false) should have no ambiguity
- +
This form of psychometric assessment allows for the systematic comparison of an alternative a priori factor structure based on systematic fit assessment procedures and estimates the relationship between latent constructs.
A. Hierarchal regression
B. Exploratory factor analysis
C. Confirmatory factor analysis
D. Moderation analysis
C. Confirmatory factor analysis
If you started your test without theory =
If you started your test with theory = A Priori
Hierarchal Regression - +
Moderation Analysis - +
Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) - you will determine what are the subscales of your scale.
Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) - you already have idea about your subscale and you only need to confirm if those are the accurate subscale.
Which is not considered a technique under item reduction analysis?
A. Item Difficulty Index
B. Inter-item and Item-Total Correlations
C. Distractor Efficiency Analysis
D. Thematic Analysis
D. Thematic Analysis
A. Item Difficulty Index —-> pag masyadong mahirap alisin
B. Inter-item and Item-Total Correlations —-
C. Distractor Efficiency Analysis —–> how effective your incorrect options (distractors) to the quality of multiple-choice items.
D. Thematic Analysis +
Distractor Efficiency Analysis
* Shows the distribution of incorrect options and how they contribute to the quality of multiple-choice item
* Incorrect options = distractors
* Distractors are intentionally added in the response options to attract student +
Which of the following is least likely accurate regarding the sample size in test development?
A. The rule of thumb has been at least 10 participants for each scale item. “
B. There is a single-item ratio that works for all survey development scenarios.
C. Sample size is always constrained by resources available.
D. None of the above.
B. There is a single-item ratio that works for all survey development scenarios.
Establishing the sample size
* the rule of thumb has been at least 10 participants for each item i.e. an ideal ratio of respondents to items is 10:1
* using 300 respondents after initial pre-testing. A range of 200-300 as appropriate for factor analysis.
* A graded samel of sample sizes for scale development: 100 = poor, 200 = fair, 300 = good, 500 = very good, 1,000 = excellent
* In sum, there is no single item-ratio that works for all survey development scenarios
* A larger sample size or respondent: item ratio is always better, since a larger sample size implies lower measurements errors +
Which of the following is inaccurate about NEO-PI interpretation?
A. Clients with a T score greater than 55 in E1 are interested in interacting with others and developing intimate relationships.
B. Clients with a T score greater than 55 in O1 have highly active imaginations and vivid fantasy lives.
C. Clients with a T score greater than 55 in A3 ignore their feelings of anger so they will not have a conflict with others.
D. Clients with a T score greater than 55 in C3 work hard to follow through with the tasks that are expected of them.
C. Clients with a T score greater than 55 in A3 ignore their feelings of anger so they will not have a conflict with others.
E1 = Warmth
O1 = Fantasy
A3 = Altruism (being considerate and generous)
C3 = Dutifullness
………………………………………………………………
NEO-PI-3 and NEO-FFI-3
Big 5 (OCEAN):
* Openness —> willingness or desire +
* Consciientiousness
* Extraversion
* Agreeableness
* Neuroticism
………………………………………………………………
NEO-PI-3 and NEO-FFI-3
* Designed to measure normal personalty characteristics
* This is considered as Dimensional rather than Categorical
* 240 items, self-report
* 5-point scale after each item ranges from “Strongly agree” to “Strongly Disagree”
* NEO-FFI 3 (NEO-Five Factor Inventory) - shorter test with 60 items
* Recommended +
