DP DX REFRESHER (Finalized) (10/1/23)

Question 1

Which of the following reflects enculturation?

A. Mila was born in the Philippines. Growing up, she was influenced by American culture of her dad.
B. Jeric was born in the Philippines. He was taught “po” and “opo” as signs of respect.
C. Angelica was born in the Philippines. She’s very respectful by always saying “po” and “opo” When they migrated to USA, she eventually learned calling elders by their first names.
D. Brandon was born in the US. His mother is a Filipina and they decided to stay for good in the Philippines. Brandon learned how to play Sipa and Tumbang Preso.

Answer 1

B. Jeric was born in the Philippines. He was taught “po” and “opo” as signs of respect.

Enculturation is the process where the culture that is currently established teaches an individual the accepted norms and values of the culture or society where the individual lives.

Question 2

As a psychology major studying developmental psychology, you are aware that several theories of human development are in place in order to explain the origins and functions of human behavior and mental activity. You should know that a substantial theory of human development should provide explanations for:

a. How certain change and growth in certain areas of development become random.
b. How development remains unthreatened by several factors
c. How early life experiences influence later development
d. How growth and development only take place in infancy stretching into adolescence.

Answer 2

c. How early life experiences influence later development

Question 3

Telomere, a certain part of our chromosomes, is related to what concept of age?

a. Biological age
b. Social age
c. Psychological age
d. Chronological age

Answer 3

A. Biological age

Question 4

Why are those born between 1946 and 1964 called Baby Boomers?

a. They were born during the Korean War
b. They were born post World War II
c. They were born with the discovery of firecrackers and fireworks
d. They were born with booming technology.

Answer 4

b. They were born post World War II

Question 5

Which of the following is Darwin’s conception of the law of natural selection?

a. It refers to the reproductive success of the species from one generation to another
b. It is referred to as survival of the fittest, in which organisms who are stronger and at the top of the chain has the better chance of surviving.
c. It refers to the gradual change within the species over time.
d. It refers to the process of breaking away from an earlier evolutionary lineage and establishment of a new branch in the phylogenetic tree.

Answer 5

a. It refers to the reproductive success of the species from one generation to another

Question 6

According to John Bowlby, attachment behavior serves a basic survival function of what?

a. Protection
b. Influence
c. Growth
d. Development

Answer 6

a. Protection

Question 7

According to attachments theorists, the formation of attachment relationship generally follows five stages. Which among the following reflect the fourth stage?

a. Infant seeks physical proximity and contact with objects of attachment
b. Infant forms internal mental representation of object of attachment, including expectations about the caregiver’s typical responses to signals of distress.
c. Infant uses sucking, rooting, grasping, smiling, gazing, cuddling, crying, and visual tracking to maintain closeness with caregivers.
d. Infant is more responsive to familiar figures that to strangers.

Answer 7

b. Infant forms internal mental representation of object of attachment, including expectations about the caregiver’s typical responses to signals of distress.

Question 8

Which among the following is not one of the patterns of quality of attachment using the strange situation methodology?

a. Normal symbiosis
b. Secure attachment
c. Disorganized attachment
d. Anxious-avoidant

Answer 8

a. Normal symbiosis

Question 9

Which among the following is not true about Mahler’s conception of psychological birth?

a. Psychological birth refers to how the child become an individual separate from his/her primary caregiver.
b. The accomplishment of psychological birth leads ultimately to a sense of identity.
c. Psychological birth takes place during the first 48 months of life of an infant.
d. The conception of Mahler’s theory was based on her observation of the behaviors of disturbed children interacting with their mothers

Answer 9

c. Psychological birth takes place during the first 48 months of life of an infant.

Question 10

This developmental stage in the process of achieving individuation was likened by Mahler with a completely unhatched bird egg who relies on the food supply enclosed in its shell

a. Rapprochement
b. Normal Symbiosis
c. Normal autism
d. Separation-individuation

Answer 10

c. Normal autism

Question 11

Which of the following reflects secondary circular reactions following Piaget’s stages of cognitive development?

a. Myles, a 3-month-old, started to put his fingers in his mouth, until later on, he started to put his whole fist inside his mouth.
b. George, a 7-month-old, likes to pull his father’s beard, because he expects his dad to say “ouch”
c. Kathleen, an 11-month-old, pushes away the hand of her mother who holds a spoon of vegetables. This means, she doesn’t want vegetables.
d. Jerry, a 16-month-old, uses his spoon as a drumstick in his toy drums.

Answer 11

b. George, a 7-month-old, likes to pull his father’s beard, because he expects his dad to say “ouch”

Question 12

Jessica when asked why is it raining, she responds that it’s raining because the sky is sad. In what stage of Piaget’s cognitive development is Jessica in?

a. Sensorimotor
b. Preoperational
c. Concrete operational
d. Formal operational

Answer 12

b. Preoperational

Question 13

The following situations reflect the characteristics of formal operational thought, except:

a. Jaime believes that his high school friends will be his friends until his sunset years.
b. Lisa believes she can be a good engineer as she does well in mathematics.
c. Jose fears that if he would have a bad high school record, he might not be able to get into the university he’s desiring.
d. Criza understands that the statement “all people are equal before the law” is logically inconsistent.

Answer 13

a. Jaime believes that his high school friends will be his friends until his sunset years.

Question 14

During prenatal period, teratogens pose threat to the developing child. The following factors influence prenatal risks, except:

A. Timing of exposure
B. The intent to use
C. The amount of exposure
D. The number of teratogens

Answer 14

B. The intent to use

Question 15

Piaget extends the application of cognitive development to moral reasoning. Which among the situations reflect autonomous morality?

a. The child believes that a person who stole money from his dad’s pocket despite being told not to do that should be punished more that the person who vandalized the white wall of a barangay hall.
b. The child believes that a person who vandalized the white wall of a barangay hall should be punished more that the person who stole money from his dad’s pocket despite being told not to do that.
c. The child believes that both persons reflected in the situation above should punished equally.
d. A child believes that both persons reflected in the situation above should not be punished.

Answer 15

a. The child believes that a person who stole money from his dad’s pocket despite being told not to do that should be punished more that the person who vandalized the white wall of a barangay hall.

Question 16

Neo-Piagetians believed that Piaget’s stage-oriented mental structures were too general. They claim that Piaget failed to take into account the idea of brain maturation, and as well as presence of instruction and practice that can advance children’s reasoning. Because of this, they conceptualized:

A. Theory of central conceptual structures
B. Theory of post-formal reasoning
C. Theory of mind
D. Theory of Organizational Strategies

Answer 16

A. Theory of central conceptual structures

Question 17

According to this theory, the stages form a logical hierarchy. At each new stage, individuals reorganize their view of morality, realizing the inadequacy of the stage below.

a. Piaget’s Stages of Moral Reasoning
b. Kohlberg’s Stages of Morality
c. Marcia’s Identity Status Theory
d. Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Theory

Answer 17

b. Kohlberg’s Stages of Morality

Question 18

According to Bandura, the decision to engage in a situation, as well as the intensity of effort expended in the situation, are dependent upon a person’s confidence about success. This is his concept of self-efficacy. He enumerated four sources of information that contribute to judgments of self-efficacy. Which is not?

A. Prior experiences of mastery in the kinds of tasks that are being confronted
B. Seeing a person similar to oneself perform a task successfully
C. When autonomy is highlighted, and encouragements are to some extent, being limited.
D. Monitoring bodily states in making judgments about whether one can do well or not.

Answer 18

C. When autonomy is highlighted, and encouragements are to some extent, being limited.

Question 19

The experiential learning theory emphasizes the central role of experience in the learning process. ELT outlines two different ways in grasping experience. Which of the two talks about knowledge gained through reading or being taught about something?

A. Concrete experience
B. Abstract conceptualization
C. Active experimentation
D. Reflective observation

Answer 19

B. Abstract conceptualization

Question 20

The experiential learning theory believes that individuals have their preferred ways of gaining and using knowledge. The theory calls them as learning styles. Which of the following situations reflect the learning style of assimilating?

A. Javi who likes to do field work, and to test out different approaches in completing a task.
B. Marge who likes to listen with an open mind and receive personalized feedback.
C. Chris who prefers readings and lectures.
D. Charity who prefers laboratory experiments and simulations.

Answer 20

C. Chris who prefers readings and lectures.

Question 21

Referring to question 20 (Javi who likes to do field work, and to test out different approaches in completing a task. Marge who likes to listen with an open mind and receive personalized feedback. Chris who prefers readings and lectures. Charity who prefers laboratory experiments and simulations.) who among them displays the learning style of diverging?

A. Javi who likes to do field work, and to test out different approaches in completing a task.
B. Marge who likes to listen with an open mind and receive personalized feedback.
C. Chris who prefers readings and lectures.
D. Charity who prefers laboratory experiments and simulations.

Answer 21

B. Marge who likes to listen with an open mind and receive personalized feedback.

Question 22

22.Martin Seligman’s concept of learned helplessness is also relevant in the discussion related to how individuals learn. He outlined different ways on how learned helplessness can interfere with new learning. Which is not?

A. Learned helplessness reduces the motivation to control outcomes of events
B. Learned helplessness interferes with learning that some responses do control events
C. Learned helplessness produces fear for as long as the person is uncertain about the uncontrollability of the outcome.
D. Learned helplessness recognizes that efforts are exerted even when nothing seems to work.

Answer 22

D. Learned helplessness recognizes that efforts are exerted even when nothing seems to work.

Question 23

23.According to social role theory, social roles differ along four dimensions. Which of them is not?

a. Number of roles
b. Time demands
c. Educational advances
d. Intensity of involvement

Answer 23

c. Educational advances

Question 24

24. Which among the following situations reflects the perspective of social role theorists on the influence of multiple roles on development?

a. Social role theorists believe that the more roles you play that more chaotic one’s development would be.
b. Social role theorists believe that participating in greater number of roles is normal, but results to negative experiencing of life
c. Social role theorists believe that assuming greater number of roles lead to expansion of one’s repertoire of role enactments
d. Social role theorists believe that it is completely normal for healthy individuals to assume multiple roles, as long as they are short-lived.

Answer 24

c. Social role theorists believe that assuming greater number of roles lead to expansion of one’s repertoire of role enactments

Question 25

According to social role theorists, what is the first criterion for a healthy personality?

a. The individual is able to focus excellently on a single aspect of his/her life at a time.
b. The individual demonstrates an extension of the self.
c. The individual is able to sacrifice socializations for the sake of accomplishing long term goals
d. The individual is engaging in healthy competition among same role portrayed by him/her and another individual.

Answer 25

b. The individual demonstrates an extension of the self.

Question 26

Elder’s conceptualization of the life-course theory made mention about trajectories and transitions.
Which of the following situations reflect transitions?

a. One of the most notable aspects of Carol’s life is her career in the banking industry.
b. Joseph was laid off in his job as a marketing officer, so he decided to start his own business.
c. Jeremy’s friends were so proud of him on how he focuses on his family life.
d. Myra, since she graduated college, pursued immediately her master’s and doctorate degrees.

Answer 26

b. Joseph was laid off in his job as a marketing officer, so he decided to start his own business.

Question 27

These are unusual events that have a major impact on individual lives because they disturb the expected sequence of the life cycle.

a. Nonnormative influences
b. Normative age-graded
c. Normative history-graded
d. Nonnormative history-graded

Answer 27

a. Nonnormative influences

Question 28

WEIRD societies are the type of societies from which research samples are typically drawn. WEIRD stands for what?

a. Western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic
b. Which emanates interrelationship right and demandable
c. Warsaw, England, India, Russia, and Denmark
d. Weird means odd or nonnormative

Answer 28

a. Western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic

Question 29

As you may have noticed it, a newborn baby’s head is disproportionately large at birth. The head becomes proportionately smaller as the child grows in height and the lower parts of the body develop. This is consistent with what principle in early physical development?

A. Proximodistal principle
B. Cephalocaudal principle
C. Nutritional growth principle
D. Vertical principle

Answer 29

B. Cephalocaudal principle

Question 30

When an individual reaches the adolescence stage, there are certain physical changes that are taking place. For instance, the increase in size of the females’ breasts, and the broad shoulders for males. These changes are what we call?

A. Primary sex characteristics
B. Secondary sex characteristics
C. Tertiary sex characteristics
D. None of the above

Answer 30

B. Secondary sex characteristics

Question 31

The _____________ is the belief by adolescents that they are special, their experience is unique, and they are not subject to the rules that govern the rest of the world.

a. Imaginary audience
b. Private logic
c. Personal fable
d. Social expectation

Answer 31

c. Personal fable

Question 32

Harry and Margaret Harlow are well-known for what research?

a. A model of stages of moral development
b. A model of stages for cognitive development
c. A model of stages of identity formation
d. A monkey model of the role of comfort in development

Answer 32

d. A monkey model of the role of comfort in development

Question 33

This refers specifically to a widely observed decline in cognitive abilities shortly before death, even when factors such as demographics and health are controlled for.

a. Terminal drop
b. Terminal decline
c. Terminal state
d. Both a and b

Answer 33

d. Both a and b

Question 34

Melisa who just lost her husband may be at what stage of the classic grief work model?

a. Shock and disbelief
b. Preoccupation with memory of the dead person
c. Resolution
d. Bargaining

Answer 34

a. Shock and disbelief

Question 35

Theoretical model of personality, developed and tested by Costa and McCrae, based on the “Big Five” factors underlying clusters of related personality traits: neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, conscientiousness, and agreeableness.

A. Five-factor model
B. Timing-of-events model
C. Psychoanalytic model
D. Cognitive model

Answer 35

A. Five-factor model

Question 36

Which of the following situations reflect the moratorium as outlined by Marcia’s theory of identity development?

a. Jomari is sometimes rebellious towards his mother, but sometimes, he’s obviously wanting to be taken care of.
b. Gabriel, as a college student, has set his short-term and long-term goals, and able to cope with the changing environmental demands.
c. Michelle is a very grade-conscious student. Her being achievement-oriented render him inflexible when faced with challenges.
d. Jessica just enjoys being with her “kanto” friends the whole day, and has a very distant relationship with her parents.

Answer 36

a. Jomari is sometimes rebellious towards his mother, but sometimes, he’s obviously wanting to be taken care of.

Question 37

Following question 36 (Jomari is sometimes rebellious towards his mother, but sometimes, he’s obviously wanting to be taken care of. Gabriel, as a college student, has set his short-term and long-term goals, and able to cope with the changing environmental demands. Michelle is a very grade-conscious student. Her being achievement-oriented render him inflexible when faced with challenges. Jessica just enjoys being with her “kanto” friends the whole day, and has a very distant relationship with her parents.) which of the situations reflects identity achievement?

a. Jomari is sometimes rebellious towards his mother, but sometimes, he’s obviously wanting to be taken care of.
b. Gabriel, as a college student, has set his short-term and long-term goals, and able to cope with the changing environmental demands.
c. Michelle is a very grade-conscious student. Her being achievement-oriented render him inflexible when faced with challenges.
d. Jessica just enjoys being with her “kanto” friends the whole day, and has a very distant relationship with her parents

Answer 37

b. Gabriel, as a college student, has set his short-term and long-term goals, and able to cope with the changing environmental demands.

Question 38

Following question 36 (Jomari is sometimes rebellious towards his mother, but sometimes, he’s obviously wanting to be taken care of. Gabriel, as a college student, has set his short-term and long-term goals, and able to cope with the changing environmental demands. Michelle is a very grade-conscious student. Her being achievement-oriented render him inflexible when faced with challenges. Jessica just enjoys being with her “kanto” friends the whole day, and has a very distant relationship with her parents.) which of the situations reflects identity diffusion?

a. Jomari is sometimes rebellious towards his mother, but sometimes, he’s obviously wanting to be taken care of.
b. Gabriel, as a college student, has set his short-term and long-term goals, and able to cope with the changing environmental demands.
c. Michelle is a very grade-conscious student. Her being achievement-oriented render him inflexible when faced with challenges.
d. Jessica just enjoys being with her “kanto” friends the whole day, and has a very distant relationship with her parents

Answer 38

d. Jessica just enjoys being with her “kanto” friends the whole day, and has a very distant relationship with her parents

Question 39

According to recent research results, which among the following is strongly correlated with the adolescents’ imaginary audience ideation?

a. Use of drugs
b. Use of social media
c. Use of books
d. Use of money

Answer 39

b. Use of social media

Question 40

In what stage of Erik Erikson’s psychosocial development, a person is, when he has conflict about building intimate connection or isolating himself.

a. Trust vs mistrust
b. Generativity vs stagnation
c. Intimacy vs isolation
d. Initiative vs guilt

Answer 40

c. Intimacy vs isolation

Question 41

This is an analytic framework focused on how a person’s identities including race, gender, age, sexuality, disability, socioeconomic status, and ethnicity combine to create differences in discrimination or privilege.

A. Cultural relativism
B. Intersectionality
C. Multiculturalism
D. None of the above

Answer 41

B. Intersectionality

Question 42

This principle of life-span development approach states that many abilities, such as memory, strength, and endurance, can be improved significantly with training and practice, even late in life.

a. Development is influenced by the historical and cultural context
b. Development shows plasticity
c. Relative influences of biology and culture shift over the life span
d. Development is multidirectional

Answer 42

b. Development shows plasticity

Question 43

Mary, a 7-year old girl always plays with her siblings when she’s at home. In school, she was awarded with a friendship award, because she has a very good interpersonal relationship with her classmates. Mary’s classmates and siblings form part her_______ according to bioecological theory.

a. Mesosystem
b. Microsystem
c. Her siblings are within her mesosystem, while her classmates are within her microsystem
d. Her siblings are within her macrosystem, while her classmates are within her exosystem.

Answer 43

b. Microsystem

Question 44

John was a new-born baby, and her mother took care of him for a couple of months after his birth. This is because the government recognizes the importance of the presence of the mother to the infant after birth, thus providing options for maternity leave for women who just gave birth. This particular scenario surrounding John form part his ________ according to bioecological theory.

A. Microsystem
B. Macrosystem
C. Chronosystem
D. Exosystem

Answer 44

D. Exosystem

Question 45

Following retirement, older adults have the desire to remain active and involved. What theory states that those who remain active even after retirement generally become more satisfied with their life?

a. Involvement Theory
b. Generativity Theory
c. Senescence Theory
d. Activity Theory

Answer 45

d. Activity Theory

Question 46

The cerebrum, the largest part of the brain, is divided into right and left halves, or hemispheres, each with specialized functions. This specialization of the hemispheres is called:

a. Lateralization
b. Maturation
c. Opposition
d. Growth

Answer 46

a. Lateralization

Question 47

When a baby extends his legs, arms, and fingers after hearing a loud noise, the baby is showing what early human reflex?

a. Moro
b. Darwinian
c. Tonic neck
d. Rooting

Answer 47

a. Moro

Question 48

This model of grief states that following death of a loved one, an individual move back and forth on two orientations: loss and restoration.

a. Disenfranchised model of grief
b. Five stages of grief
c. Complicated grief model
d. Dual-process model of grief.

Answer 48

d. Dual-process model of grief.

Question 49

Which of the following is an example of non-normative life influences?

a. Menarche
b. World War II
c. COVID-19
d. Death

Answer 49

d. Death

Question 50

Atchley (1994) identified several phases that individuals ago through when they retire. Which of these phases is characterized by retirees doing activities that they could not do during the time that they are working?

A. Actual retirement
B. Honeymoon phase
C. Disenchantment phase
D. Reorientation phase

Answer 50

B. Honeymoon phase