DP DX INTENSIVE (FINALIZED) (4/29/24) Flashcards
This is the scientific study of ways in which people change, as well as stay the same, from conception to death.
a. Human Development
b. Lifespan Development
c. Developmental Psychology
d. All of the above
d. All of the above
- Is the definition of developmental psychology, but is also called Human Development and Lifespan Development
- “From conception to death, from womb to tomb”
While in the zoo, a child saw a horse for the first time and referred to it as a dog. The child demonstrated which of the following?
a. Assimilation
b. Accommodation
c. Schematization
d. Learning
a. Assimilation
Jean Piaget: Cognitive Development
Children are born with no knowledge of the world
Scema: Framework for organizing info; developed thru:
- Assimilation: Fitting new info into existing schema (Add to schema)
- Accommodation: Expanding framework of knowledge to accommodate the new situation (Create new schema)
Stages of cognitive development:
- Sensorimotor Stage (birth-2 years): Coordinate sensory experience; attain object permanence
- Preoperational stage (2-7 years): use of language, egocentric, does not understand principle of conservation; again theory of mind
- Concrete operational (7-11 years): Seriation (arrange objects based on some quantitative dimension); reversibility; bound to concrete, physical reality of world
- Formal operational (11 yrs onward): Highest stage; thinking is abstract, formal, logical
Which of the following statements are true according to Rousseau?
a. The environment is especially powerful in the child’s early life because the mind is the most pliable then.
b. Children develop according to a natural plan based on their inner biological timetable.
c. Development unfolded in fixed sequences and was activated by genes.
d. Personality is formed during the first few years of life.
b. Children develop according to a natural plan based on their inner biological timetable.
Jean Jacques Rousseau: Father of Devt. Psych.
- Children are intrinsically good; they develop based on a natural plan which unfolds in different stages, a development based on their own inner biological timetable
- Don’t need to teach them how to be kind
- Punishment does not work
Nativism - Innate driving force behind development; self-learning
Empiricism - Development from environment
This theory suggests that there is interplay between our personality and the ways we interpret events and how they influence us.
a. Jean Piaget’s theory
b. Psychosocial Theory
c. Social Learning Theory
d. Sociocultural Theory
c. Social Learning Theory
Albert Bandura: Social Learning Theory
- Skinner says people learn from environment thru reward and punishment’; However, Bandura countered that people can also learn thru observation
- Learning by watching others (bobo doll experiment)
Reciprocal determinism - there is an interplay between our personality and the way we interpret events and how they influence us
Who among the following reiterated the importance of physical closeness and touching, not mere feeding, as a foundation for attachment?
a. Freud
b. Harlow
c. Bowlby
d. Piaget
b. Harlow
Harry Harlow: Monkey experiment
- Baby monkeys will spend more time with the cloth mother (comfort) than the wire mother (just feeds them)
- Debunks Oral stage of Freud
- Contact comfort: Physical closeness and comfort builds attachment
According to Erikson, this is the cornerstone of a healthy personality.
a. Trust
b. Hope
c. Wisdom
d. Will
a. Trust
Erik Erikson: Post-Freudian Theory
Infancy
- Basic Trust vs. Mistrust
- Basic Strength = Hope
- Core Pathology = Withdrawal
Early Childhood
- Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
- Basic Strength = Will
- Core Pathology = Compulsion
Play Age
- Initiative vs. Guilt
- Basic Strength = Purpose
- Core Pathology = Inhibition
School Age
- Industry vs. Inferiority
- Basic Strength = Competence
- Core Pathology = Inertia
Adolescence
- Identity vs Identity Confusion
- Basic Strength = Fidelity
- Core Pathology = Role Repudiation
Young Adulthood
- Intimacy vs. Isolation
- Basic Strength = Love
- Core Pathology = Exclusivity
Adulthood
- Generativity vs. Stagnation
- Basic Strength = Care
- Core Pathology = Rejectivity
Old Age
- Integrity vs. Despair
- Basic Strength = Wisdom
- Core Pathology = Disdain
Basic Strength - develops once you overcame your crisis
Core Pathology -
At a toy store, the 3-year-old Donald chose a toy truck as a present for his 15-year-old sister’s incoming birthday. He proudly chose the truck as a gift since he loves watching Thomas and Friends. Based on Piaget’s theory, this is an example of which of the following?
a. Object permanence
b. Stranger anxiety
c. Contact comfort
d. Egocentrism
d. Egocentrism
Mariposa abhors lying and not telling the truth because according to her only a bad person lies. She is in what stage of moral development?
a. Pre-conventional morality
b. Post-conventional morality
c. Conventional morality
d. Unconventional morality
c. Conventional morality
Lawrence Kohlberg: Moral Development Theory
- Tested using Moral Dilemma
- Lvl 1: Preconventional Morality (2-10 yrs)
— Stg 1: Obedience and punishment (be good to avoid punishment)
— Stg 2: Instrumental purpose (be good for self-interest/reward) - Lvl 2: Conventional Morality (9 and older)
— Stg 3: Good boy/good girl (be good to be accepted)
— Stg 4: Law and order (be good to follow law) - Lvl 3: Postconventional morality (12 and older)
— Stg 5: Social contract orientation (be good for common good and maintain social order)
— Stg 6: Principled conscience-driven (be good because conscience/moral principles say so; law can be harsh)
Which of the following is the leading cause of death in infants one to 12 months old?
a. Unknown cause
b. Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
c. Accidental Suffocation
d. Strangulation in Bed
b. Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
Sudden Unexpected Infant Deaths (SUID)
- Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)
— Death of healthy infant occurs suddenly and unexpectedly, medical and forensic investigations are inconclusive - Unknown Cause
— Sudden death of infant that cannot be explained and determined (did not conduct thorough investigation) - Accidental Suffocation and Strangulation in Bed
Paolo, a married man and an OFW, found himself slowly falling in love with Yan, his co-worker in London. According to Paolo, he could not help himself but be attracted to Yan since they are always together. Paolo is attracted to Yan based on which of the following factors?
a. Similarity
b. Self-disclosure
c. Proximity
d. Kaldereta
c. Proximity
Three Factors in Attraction:
– Proximity - whoever you’re physically close to
– Similarity - Same interests/beliefs
– Self-Disclosure - whoever you confide to (must be reciprocal)
When it comes to aging, the following statements are true except
a. Getting out of shape is an inevitable part of aging.
b. Aging due to biological factors is called primary aging.
c. Aging due to controllable factors is called secondary aging.
d. None of the above.
a. Getting out of shape is an inevitable part of aging.
Just because you age does not mean you get out of shape or get ugly
Example: Ina Raymundo and Sunshine Cruz
Which theorist believes that a child only forms attachment with one figure, and that this relationship will act as a prototype for all future relations of the child?
a. Sigmund Freud
b. Melanie Klein
c. John Bowlby
d. Heinz Kohut
c. John Bowlby
John Bowlby: Attachment Theory
– Primary bond you have with caregiver (attachment) can affect attachment to others/relationships in the future.
– Principle of monotropy: children form a special attachment with one figure (usually mother)
– Dependency: Even in presence of other caregivers, child will still depend on primary caregiver
— Not all dependencies lead to attachment
– Separation anxiety
Heinz Kohut: Object Relations Theory (ORT)
– Child narcissism - believes that his/her parents are the best in everything
- Empathy
- Children must have adequate empathy from the parents, if they didnt receive enough empathy, they will develop child narcissism
To fall within the zone of proximal development, which of the following is true?
a. This is the highest level of understanding that a child can achieve in cognitive development.
b. This is the minimal level of understanding that a child can achieve in cognitive development
c. The lesson must be more advanced than the child could achieve on his own, and yet close enough to his current abilities.
d. None of the above
c. The lesson must be more advanced than the child could achieve on his own, and yet close enough to his current abilities.
Vygotsky’s Sociocultural theory
– Community plays a role in child’s development
– Learning is a social process
Two Concepts in Cognitive Development:
– Zone of Proximal Development - next level skill or understanding that a child can achieve in cognitive development
– Scaffolding - Process of supporting the child’s learning to help him take part in more advanced tasks
In middle adulthood, this type of person is more prone to develop heart problems.
a. Type A
b. Type B
c. Type C
d. Type D
a. Type A - because they are always in a rush
Type A - Competitive, always has an urgent task, always stressed, always rushing
Type B - “opposite of Type A”
According to Erikson, the most important activity in adulthood is
a. Intimacy and romantic relationships
b. The ability to settle in a school or occupational identity
c. Procreation
d. To bring productive situation to completion
c. Procreation
Freud placed extraordinary emphasis on which of the following acts of an infant?
a. Thumb-sucking
b. Toilet training
c. Breastfeeding
d. Non-nutritive sucking
c. Breastfeeding
because this is where attachment built
Young adults who left home to live independently and later came back to the family home are referred to as which of the following?
a. Empty nesters
b. Boomerang kids
c. Kinkeeper
d. Sandwich generation
b. Boomerang kids
— Boomerang kids - adults that return home to their parents after experiencing hardships
— Empty nesters - young adults that leave the home to live a life of their own
— Kinkeeper - Keep the family together, the one family members go to for help; organizes family events
— Sandwich Generation - Middle adulthood; Taking care of their parents but also taking care of their own kids
Sugar dutifully obeys the traffic lights and crosses the street only when allowed because it is the law. She is in what stage of moral development?
a. Pre-conventional morality
b. Conventional morality
c. Post-conventional morality
d. Unconventional morality
b. Conventional morality
Lawrence Kohlberg: Moral Development Theory
- Tested using Moral Dilemma
- Lvl 1: Preconventional Morality (2-10 yrs)
— Stg 1: Obedience and punishment (be good to avoid punishment)
— Stg 2: Instrumental purpose (be good for self-interest/reward) - Lvl 2: Conventional Morality (9 and older)
— Stg 3: Good boy/good girl (be good to be accepted)
— Stg 4: Law and order (be good to follow law) - Lvl 3: Postconventional morality (12 and older)
— Stg 5: Social contract orientation (be good for common good and maintain social order)
— Stg 6: Principled conscience-driven (be good because conscience/moral
When an adult still has manifestations of Babinski reflex, the person could have
a. the possibility of developing an early onset of neurocognitive disorders
b. inherited a gene for Down Syndrome
c. been diagnosed with Autism-spectrum disorder
d. a central nervous system disorder
d. a central nervous system disorder
- Babinski reflex is only seen in child; may have problem in head or spinal cord
Infant Reflex:
- Rooting Reflex - Baby turns head toward the cheek that is touched (helps to find the food (breastfeeding))
- Sucking Reflex - Sucks whatever is put in mouth (helps to get the food)
- Moro Reflex - Startle reflex, will outstretch arms and legs and cry when there’s sudden sound/movement
– Swaddling - Wrap baby in a blanket (burrito); To reduce moro reflex - Righting reflex - Labyrinthe reflex; correct orientation of body
- Tongue-thrust reflex - Prevent choking; regulate intake of milk while breastfeeding
- Withdrawal reflex - Attempt to avoid pain; self-protection (does not go away as you grow up)
- Grasp reflex - Palmar (Hand) and Plantar (Feet), will grasp what touches its hands/feet
- Babinski reflex - toe will fan out and curl when the sole of the foot is stroked from heel to toe
- Stepping Reflex - legs move in stepping like motions when feet touch a smooth surface
- Fencing Reflex - Tonic Neck Reflex; to develop hand-eye coordination; baby can see their hand
Which of the following is not true when it comes to life expectancy?
a. Females live longer than males.
b. Males have an advantage by selecting the better X chromosome from the mother or the father.
c. Males are heterogametic.
d. None of the above
b. Males have an advantage by selecting the better X chromosome from the mother or the father.
Men have XY Chromosomes
He is known as the Father of Object-Relations Theory.
a. Jean Piaget
b. John Bowlby
c. Heinz Kohut
d. Sigmund Freud
d. Sigmund Freud
Melanie Klein (the mother) adopted the theory of Freud
Lola Dionisia just turned 76 years old. She belongs in what category in late adulthood?
a. Young-old
b. Old-old
c. Oldest-old
d. Centenarians
b. Old-old
Young old: 65-74
Old-old: 75-84
Oldest-old: 85-99
Centenarians: 100+
The following statements are true, except
a. Sarcopenia is the loss of muscle tissue as a natural part of aging.
b. The Hormonal Stress Theory suggests that as we age the ability of the hypothalamus to regulate hormones in the body begins to decline leading to metabolic problems.
c. It can be observed that only Asians have the tendency to become shorter as one ages among both sexes.
d. None of the above
c. It can be observed that only Asians have the tendency to become shorter as one ages among both sexes.
In attention and problem solving, the following statements are false, except
a. When it comes to attention and problem solving, even when given sufficient time, older adults still cannot perform as competently as young adults do.
b. Even when speed is not necessary to a task, healthy older adults still show cognitive declines.
c. Younger adults use more effective strategies than older adults in navigating social and emotional problems.
d. None of the above
d. None of the above
If intelligent while young, it is likely they will still be intelligent when older
When it comes to retirement by young adulthood, the following statements are true except
a. Some of the workers may choose to work in encore careers, which means they choose the job similar to their previous one.
b. Retirement is a process and not a one-time event.
c. Most of the workers transition to bridge jobs.
d. None of the above
a. Some of the workers may choose to work in encore careers, which means they choose the job similar to their previous one.
Actley’s Retirement Stages:
- Remote pre-retirement phase - fantasizing what one wants to do
- Immediate pre-retirement phase - concrete plans are established
- Actual retirement - leaving the job
- Honeymoon phase - do things they could not do before
- Disenchantment phase - emotional let-down
- Reorientation phase - attempt to adjust
- Bridge jobs - jobs people take between their career and actual retirement
- Encore career - job unrelated to previous career
Carl, a lawyer who just became a partner in a law firm, dreams about taking up carpentry, bee-keeping, soap making, archery, horse breeding, and bird-watching as hobbies in the far future. He wants to go to Paradise Falls and spend the rest of his life living in a house situated on a cliff to see the view. He looks forward to not waking up to the sound of an alarm clock anymore. Carl is in what stage of retirement?
a. Remote pre-retirement phase
b. Honeymoon phase
c. Disenchantment phase
d. Reorientation phase
a. Remote pre-retirement phase
Actley’s Retirement Stages:
- Remote pre-retirement phase - fantasizing what one wants to do
- Immediate pre-retirement phase - concrete plans are established
- Actual retirement - leaving the job
- Honeymoon phase - do things they could not do before
- Disenchantment phase - emotional let-down
- Reorientation phase - attempt to adjust
- Bridge jobs - jobs people take between their career and actual retirement
- Encore career - job unrelated to previous career
Based on Piaget’s Stages of Moral Reasoning, children in this stage seemed to ignore intentions and focus only on consequences.
a. Premoral Development
b. Autonomous Stage
c. Heteronomous Stage
d. Conventional mortality
c. Heteronomous Stage
Jean Piaget: Stages of Moral Reasoning
Stage 0: Premoral Development (0-4 yrs) - unaware that rules exist
- Heteronomous Reasoning (4-10 yrs) - Rules as inviolate and unalterable, can bend rules for their own benefit, ignore intentions and focus only on consequences, immanent justice (accidents are cases of divine retribution; if smth bad happened to u, u did smth bad)
- Autonomous Reasoning (10-11) - Rules are made for benefit of humans; rules can change; well-developed notions of fairness and appropriate justice (action should be equal to consequence), belief in immanent justice diminishes
Based on the age period of development, which of the following periods starts at 18 until 25 years old.
a. Early adulthood
b. Adolescence
c. Middle adulthood
d. Emerging adulthood
d. Emerging adulthood
This psychosocial stage includes finding meaning in one’s life and accepting one’s accomplishments, while also acknowledging those that had not gone as hoped in life.
a. Identity vs. Role Confusion
b. Intimacy vs. Isolation
c. Generativity vs. Stagnation
d. Integrity vs. Despair
d. Integrity vs. Despair
Based on studies, which of the following statements is false?
a. There is a higher risk of death of a widow/widower after the death of the spouse.
b. Widowhood increases the risk of dying from almost all causes.
c. The rate of mortality of widow/widower was lower if they had time to prepare for the death of their spouse
d. Men show a higher risk of mortality following the death of their spouse if they have higher health problems.
c. The rate of mortality of widow/widower was lower if they had time to prepare for the death of their spouse
BONUS: The rate of mortality for widows/widower was higher if the death of their spouse was due to Parkinson’s or Alzheimer’s
Widowhood mortality effect - If one spouse dies, the other spouse will die within a year; more true for widower and if death was unanticipated
Widow: Female; Widower: Male
This is the fear of one’s own death, as well as the loss of self-sufficiency, loved partners and friends.
a. Stagnation
b. Thanatos
c. Necrophilia
d. Despair
d. Despair
Which of the following types of elder abuse is the most common?
a. Abuse and neglect
b. Psychological and emotional abuse
c. Financial abuse
d. Physical abuse
TOP ABUSES:
Psychological and Emotional abuse
Financial Abuse
b. Psychological and emotional abuse
Which of the following statements refer to social death?
a. Social death occurs when others dehumanize and withdraw from someone who is terminally ill.
b. Social death occurs when a person diagnosed with terminal illness ignores other people despite their continuous efforts to support them.
c. Social death only happens to elderly people with terminal illness or diagnosed with terminal illness.
d. All of the above
a. Social death occurs when others dehumanize and withdraw from someone who is terminally ill.
Social Death - everyone withdraws from you (buhay ka pa pero feeling patay ka na)
Happens when you’re diagnosed with terminal illness, whether you’re old or not
This is the reflex involved when infants get agitated due to sudden noises and sudden movements.
a. Rooting
b. Moro
c. Righting
d. Withdrawal
b. Moro
Babinski reflex is only seen in child; may have problem in head or spinal cord
Infant Reflex
- Rooting Reflex - Baby turns head toward the cheek that is touched (helps to find the food (breastfeeding))
- Sucking Reflex - Sucks whatever is put in mouth (helps to get the food)
- Moro Reflex - Startle reflex, will outstretch arms and legs and cry when there’s sudden sound/movement
- Swaddling - Wrap baby in a blanket (burrito); To reduce moro reflex
- Righting reflex - Labyrinthe reflex; correct orientation of body
- Tongue-thrust reflex - Prevent choking; regulate intake of milk while breastfeeding
- Withdrawal reflex - Attempt to avoid pain; self-protection (does not go away as you grow up)
- Grasp reflex - Palmar (Hand) and Plantar (Feet), will grasp what touches its hands/feet
- Fencing Reflex - Tonic Neck Reflex; to develop hand-eye coordination; baby can see their hand
- Babinski Reflex - Toe will fan out and curl when the sole of the foot is stroked from heel to toe
- Stepping Reflex - Legs move in stepping like motions when feet touch a smooth surface
Who among the following believed that children of different ages interpret the world in different ways?
a. Vygotsky
b. Piaget
c. Bronfenbrenner
d. Skinner
b. Piaget
Vygotsky - sociocultural
Piaget - theory of cognitive development
Bronfenbrenner - ecological systems
Skinner - operant conditioning
Which of the following statements is true about developmental perceptions of death?
a. Infants do not comprehend death, thus, they cannot react to the separation caused by death.
b. Those in middle adulthood fear death more because of their caretaking responsibilities.
c. Adolescents believe that death is something temporary and reversible.
d. None of the above
b. Those in middle adulthood fear death more because of their caretaking responsibilities.
- Middle adulthood fear death because of responsibilities (sandwich generation)
- A is false - even if they cannot comprehend concept of death, they can still react (eg. when mother dies)
- C is false - adolescence have same concept of death as adults - that it is permanent and irreversible
At about 4 months of age, ordinarily an infant will be observed to perform which of the following?
a. Palmar grasp
b. Pincer grasp
c. Picking of small objects and putting them in containers
d. Sitting
a. Palmar grasp
Babinski reflex is only seen in child; may have problem in head or spinal cord
Infant Reflex
- Rooting Reflex - Baby turns head toward the cheek that is touched (helps to find the food (breastfeeding))
- Sucking Reflex - Sucks whatever is put in mouth (helps to get the food)
- Moro Reflex - Startle reflex, will outstretch arms and legs and cry when there’s sudden sound/movement
- Swaddling - Wrap baby in a blanket (burrito); To reduce moro reflex
- Righting reflex - Labyrinthe reflex; correct orientation of body
- Tongue-thrust reflex - Prevent choking; regulate intake of milk while breastfeeding
- Withdrawal reflex - Attempt to avoid pain; self-protection (does not go away as you grow up)
- Grasp reflex - Palmar (Hand) and Plantar (Feet), will grasp what touches its hands/feet
- Fencing Reflex - Tonic Neck Reflex; to develop hand-eye coordination; baby can see their hand
- Babinski Reflex - Toe will fan out and curl when the sole of the foot is stroked from heel to toe
- Stepping Reflex - Legs move in stepping like motions when feet touch a smooth surface
At this stage, an individual now understands the finality of death and knows that everyone will die, but they may think that people die because of their wrongdoings.
a. Early childhood
b. Middle childhood
c. Late childhood
d. Adolescence
c. Late childhood
In his concept of birth order, Adler believed that neurotic, perverts, and criminals are often
a. First-borns
b. Youngest children
c. Second-borns
d. Only child
a. First-borns
- First child - experience dethronement, inflated superiority, most responsibilities, breadwinner, most likely to be neurotic, perverts, and criminals
- Youngest child - black sheep/problem children, competitive, the sweetest,
- Only child - self-centered
- Middle/second child - best situation to learn cooperation, can be competitive
Individuals experiencing this type of grief may suffer intensified symptoms due to the lack of social support as there are no formal mourning practices that would comfort the grieving individual.
a. Complicated grief
b. Disenfranchised grief
c. Anticipatory grief
d. Enfranchised grief
b. Disenfranchised grief
- Grief - normal process of reacting to loss
- Bereavement - period of time after loss during which grief and mourning occurs
- Mourning - process by which people adapt to loss (outward expression of grief; affected by culture)
-
Complicated grief - atypical grief reaction
- longer or more intense than normal; usually when person was close to u or death you cannot accept
- feelings of disbelief, preoccupation with dead loved one, distressful memories, feeling unable to move on, yearning for deceased
- Symptoms similar to MDD - Disenfranchised grief - grief that is not socially recognized (eg. death of pet, death of side hoe, death of someone who is stigmatized)
- Anticipatory grief - when death is expected
