ABP Chapter 2 Quizzes

Question 1

The best description of the multidimensional integrative approach to understanding psychopathology is that it is based on

a. biological dimensions.
b. biological and psychological dimensions.
c. biological and psychological dimensions, as well as emotional influences.
d. biological and psychological dimensions, as well as emotional and developmental influences.

Question 2

Within the multidimensional integrative approach to understanding psychopathology, learned helplessness is considered a(n) dimension.

a. Biological
b. Psychological
c. Emotional
d. physiological

Question 3

The basis of the multidimensional integrative
approach to understanding psychopathology is
that each dimension (psychological, biological,
emotional, etc.)

a. operates independently.
b. is sufficient to cause pathology.
c. builds on the dimension that precedes it.
d. is influenced by the other dimensions.

Question 4

Your uncle spent most of his teen years in a hospital undergoing treatment for a severe physical illness. As an adult, he is rather shy and withdrawn, particularly around
women. He has been diagnosed with social phobia, which you believe is entirely due to lack of socialization during his teen years. Your theory or model of what caused his
phobia is ________.

a. Multidimensional
b. Integrative
c. One-dimensional
d. biological

Question 5

According to the multidimensional integrative approach to psychopathology, the following statement is true for most psychological disorders:

a. If one monozygotic twin has a particular disorder, the other twin will definitely have the disorder as well.
b. Monozygotic twins are no more likely to share psychological disorders than any other siblings.
c. Monozygotic twins are no more likely to share disorders than any other two people selected at random from the population.
d. If one monozygotic twin has a particular psychological disorder, the other twin is more likely to have the disorder than the rest of the population.

Question 6

Amanda is 12 years old, and her sister Samantha is 5 years old. While riding in a car with their parents, the girls witness a major automobile accident where a number of
people are injured. The girls react very differently to the accident. This is probably due to

a. biological differences.
b. developmental differences.
c. psychological differences
d. sociocultural differences

Question 7

The multidimensional integrative approach to pathology includes causal factors from which fields?

a. Neuroscience
b. Genetics
c. Psychology
d. All of the above are correct

Question 8

Behavioral influences in the multidimensional model include

a. conditioned Responses.
b. cultural Factors.
c. Genetics.
d. violation of Social Norms.

Question 9

Social influences in the multidimensional model include

a. the fact that illness usually gets attention.
b. heart rate.
c. Genetics.
d. conditioned responses.

Question 10

The most accurate way to think of genes is that they

a. set boundaries for our development.
b. determine both our physical and psychological characteristics.
c. determine physical but not psychological
characteristics.
d. actually have very little to do with any of the characteristics that we display

Question 11

Referring to behavior and personality as polygenic means that both are

a. influenced by only a few genes, but each has a large effect.
b. influenced by many genes, with each individual gene contributing a relatively small effect.
c. influenced by individual genes only rarely.
d. a result of our genetic structure only.

Question 12

The procedures referred to as quantitative genetics are used to

a. determine the effects of multiple genes.
b. provide genetic counseling.
c. correct genetic abnormalities.
d. test the multidimensional integrative model.

Question 13

Most psychological disorders appear to be influenced by many individual genes rather than caused by one single gene, a process referred to as influence.

a. Multigenic
b. Polygenic
c. Unigenic
d. morphogenic

Question 14

Inga is a charming and intelligent young lady who is well-liked by family and friends. Approximately______ of Inga’s enduring personality traits and cognitive abilities
can be attributed to genetic influence.

a. 25%
a. 50%
b. 75%
c. 100%

Question 15

The most recent estimates are that genetics contribute approximately to the development of personality characteristics such as shyness or activity level.

a. 10-20%
b. 30-50%
c. 75-85%
d. nothing

Question 16

According to recent estimates, genetic contributions to the development of most psychological disorders are __________________

a. below 50%
b. above 50%
c. different for each disorder (estimates range from 0 to 100%)
d. nonexistent

Question 17

Recent evidence regarding the genetic influence on most psychological disorders has shown that

a. single genes are usually responsible for psychological disorders.
b. genes that influence psychopathology are usually recessive.
c. there is no evidence that genes influence
psychopathology.
d. multiple genes interact, with each gene contributing a small effect

Question 18

In the diathesis-stress model, “diathesis” refers to

a. an inherited disorder.
b. conditions in the environment that can trigger a disorder depending upon how severe the stressors are.
c. an inherited tendency or condition that makes a person susceptible to developing a disorder.
d. the inheritance of multiple disorders.

Question 19

In the diathesis-stress model, “stress” refers to

a. life events, in combination with an inherited tendency, that trigger a disorder.
b. inherited tendencies, in combination with life events, that trigger a disorder.
c. defective genes.

Question 20

According to the diathesis-stress model,
psychopathology is the result of the

a. interaction between normal and defective or damaged genes.
b. stress level of an individual and how stress is managed in a person’s life.
c. family history of an individual.
d. interaction of an inherited tendency and events in a person’s life.

Question 21

According to the diathesis-stress model, monozygotic twins raised in the same household will

a. not necessarily have the same disorders because of potential differences in their diathesis.
b. have the same disorders because their diathesis and stress are exactly the same.
c. not necessarily have the same disorders because of potential differences in their stress.
d. have no more likelihood of sharing a disorder than any other two randomly selected individuals from the population.

Question 22

According to the diathesis-stress model,

a. mental disorders will always develop given a certain level of stress.
b. once a diathesis for a particular disorder is inherited, the disorder will eventually develop.
c. an individual’s inherited tendencies are not affected by stressful life events he or she encounters.
d. iit is possible to inherit a diathesis and never develop a disorder.

Question 23

The model that describes the development of
psychopathology as a combination of an inherited predisposition and the events that have occurred in the individual’s life is called .

a. Diathesis-stress
b. Genetic
c. Bio-behavioral
d. psychoanalytic

Question 24

In a landmark study by Caspi et. al. (2003), researchers studied the stressful life events and genetics of 847 individuals. For individuals who had at least four stressful life events, the risk of major depression

a. remained unchanged regardless of genetic makeup.
b. doubled if they possessed two short alleles of the gene being studied.
c. was reduced by half if they possessed two short alleles of the gene being studied.
d. was entirely related to the genetic makeup and not the number of life stressors.

Question 25

The idea that our inherited tendencies influence the probability that we will encounter stressful life events is a characteristic of the________________.

a. diathesis-stress model
b. reciprocal gene-environment model
c. genetic model
d. psycho-social model

Question 26

John has inherited a personality trait that makes him more likely to keep to himself than to socialize. As a result, he does not have many friends and spends a lot of time alone. If John were to develop depression, the model that
would probably best explain this situation and the cause of his depression is .

a. Diathesis-stress
b. Biological
c. reciprocal gene-environment
d. interpersonal

Question 27

Some people may be genetically predisposed to seek out difficult relationships. These difficult relationships may contribute to their experience of depression. This is an example of the .

a. diathesis-stress model
b. reciprocal gene-environment model
c. genetic model
d. quantitative genetics model

Question 28

Research studies using the procedure called
“cross fostering” have shown that genetically emotional and reactive young animals raised by calm mothers tended to be

a. Calm.
b. emotional and reactive.
c. calm but emotional and reactive when raising their own young.
d. emotional and reactive but calm when raising their own young.

Question 29

Cross-fostering studies indicate that the environmental effects of early parenting

a. had no effect on any genetic contribution to be reactive to stress.
b. seem to override any genetic contribution to be reactive to stress.
c. had no effect on future generations in the expression of personality traits or temperament.
d. had random effects on any genetic contribution to be reactive to stress.

Question 30

Looking at the findings of many cross-fostering studies (Francis et al., 1999, Suomi, 1999, Tienari et al., 1994) it appears that positive interventions such as good parenting in early life may

a. have little effect in terms of preventing
psychopathology in those genetically predisposed to such conditions.
b. dramatically change the genetics of individuals genetically predisposed to psychopathology.
c. have a greater effect on future generations than on the individual exposed to the “good parenting.”
d. override the genetically influenced tendency to develop psychopathology in later life.

Question 31

Some of the most recent research studies regarding genetic vs. environmental causes of disorders in animals and humans have suggested

a. genetic influences are greater than originally observed because positive environmental conditions do not prevent disorders.
b. genetics and the environment share equal roles in the development of all psychological disorders.
c. the relative contributions of genetics and the
environment in the development of psychological disorders are different for lower animals than for humans.
d. genetic influences may have been oversimplified by previous studies (i.e., without sufficient environmental stress, the genetic predisposition may never be activated.)

Question 32

Recent research suggests that

a. environmental manipulations early in life may do much to override the genetically induced tendency to develop undesirable behavioral activities.
b. environmental manipulations early in life may do much to override the genetically induced tendency to develop undesirable emotional activities.
c. an interaction between genes and environment plays an important role in every psychological disorder.
d. all of these.

Question 33

According to the Diathesis-Stress Model:

a. Alcoholism is inherited. If you inherit the gene, it is only a matter of time before you become an alcoholic.
b. Alcoholism is not inherited at all; no one makes you drink against your will.
c. Genetic vulnerability lowers the threshold for stress to create alcoholism
d. Everyone has the same likelihood of becoming an alcoholic.

Question 34

The central nervous system is made up of the .

a. brain and spinal cord
b. brain only
c. spinal cord only
d. nerves leading to and from the brain

Question 35

The brain and the spinal cord comprise the

a. peripheral nervous system.
b. somatic nervous system.
c. parasympathetic nervous system.
d. central nervous system.

Question 36

The area between the axon of one neuron and the dendrite of another neuron is the .

a. axon terminal
b. Soma
c. synaptic cleft
d. transmission cleft

Question 37

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

a. Glial cells are passive cells that serve to connect and insulate neurons.
b. There are fewer glial cells than there are neurons.
c. There are different types of glial cells with several specific functions.
d. Glial cells slow down the process of neural
communication

Question 38

The synaptic cleft is the area between the

a. soma of one neuron and the dendrite of another neuron.
b. axon of one neuron and the dendrite of another neuron.
c. axon of one neuron and the soma of another neuron.
d. somas of two neurons.

Question 39

Neurotransmitters are important because they

a. allow neurons to send signals to other neurons.
b. maintain the oxygenation of the brain.
c. prevent the development of psychopathology
d. allow the brain to maintain its structural integrity.

Question 40

The chemicals that allow transmission of signals
between neurons are called .

a. reuptake inhibitors
b. Hormones
c. Neurotransmitters
d. genes

Question 41

41. GABA, dopamine, and norepinephrine are all examples of .

a. electrical brain waves
b. Neurons
c. Neurotransmitters
d. areas of the brain

Question 42

Most automatic functions (e.g., breathing, sleeping, and motor coordination) are controlled by the part of the brain called the____.

a. brain stem
b. Forebrain
c. Cortex
d. frontal lobes

Question 43

Recent research has associated the with
autism. This is also the part of the brain that controls motor coordination.

a. reticular activating system (RAS)
b. Medulla
c. Pons
d. cerebellum

Question 44

The part of the brainstem that regulates vital activities such as heartbeat, breathing, and digestion is the_____ .

a. Cerebellum
b. reticular activating system (RAS)
c. Hindbrain
d. thalamus

Question 45

The___ coordinates movement with sensory input and contains parts of the reticular activating system.

a. Hindbrain
b. Midbrain
c. cerebral cortex
d. forebrain

Question 46

Functions of the limbic system include control or
regulation of

a. basic body functions such as breathing
b. sleep cycles.
c. emotional experiences, expressions, impulse control, and basic drives such as aggression, sex, hunger, and thirst.
d. body posture, coordinated movement, and involuntary responses such as reflexes and other automatic processes.

Question 47

About 80% of the neurons contained in the central nervous system are located in the____ .

a. cerebral cortex
b. brain stem
c. Midbrain
d. basal ganglia

Question 48

The ability to plan, think, reason, and create is located in the part of the brain called the_____.

a. Thalamus
b. Midbrain
c. cerebral cortex
d. brain stem

Question 49

Although the two halves of the cortex look alike
structurally, the left hemisphere seems to be chiefly responsible for

a. motor coordination.
b. perceiving the world around us.
c. creating images.
d. verbal and other cognitive processes.

Question 50

For most people, verbal and cognitive processes are usually controlled by the .

a. left hemisphere of the cortex
b. right hemisphere of the cortex
c. entire cortex
d. midbrain

Question 51

For most people, perception and the creation of images are usually handled by the .

a. left hemisphere of the cortex
b. entire cortex
c. Midbrain
d. right hemisphere of the cortex

Question 52

The part(s) of the brain most associated with memory, thought, and reasoning is(are) the .

a. occipital lobes
b. brain stem
c. left parietal lobe
d. frontal lobes

Question 53

The peripheral nervous system is made up of the

a. endocrine system
b. brainstem and cortex
c. somatic and autonomic nervous system
d. brain and spinal cord

Question 54

The major function of the peripheral nervous system is to

a. carry messages to and from the central nervous system.
b. process information received from the central nervous system.
c. regulate arousal.
d. control hormonal activity

Question 55

The network of glands that releases chemical
messengers directly into the bloodstream is called the

a. autonomic nervous system.
b. somatic nervous system.
c. limbic system
d. endocrine system.

Question 56

According to your text’s discussion of how
neurotransmitters such as serotonin work, the term “biochemical imbalance” for the cause of disorders such as depression is probably .

a. an oversimplification
b. about accurate
c. completely incorrect
d. a perfect description

Question 57

Drugs that increase the activity of a neurotransmitter are called .

a. Agonists
b. Antagonists
c. Enhancers
d. psychotropics

Question 58

Drugs that decrease the activity of a neurotransmitter are called .

a. Agonists
b. Blockers
c. reuptake inhibitors
d. antagonists

Question 59

The neurotransmitter associated with regulation of mood, behavior, and thought processes is .

a. GABA
b. Norepinephrine
c. Serotonin
d. dopamine

Question 60

Extremely low levels of GABA are associated with

a. decreased anxiety
b. increased depression
c. increased anxiety
d. decreased depression

Question 61

Recent research and increased understanding about the role of neurotransmitters in psychopathology point out that

a. each psychological disorder is caused by a deficit in a specific neurotransmitter.
b. chemical imbalances of the brain are the cause of psychopathology.
c. simple cause/effect conclusions stating that an
individual neurotransmitter abnormality causes a disorder are incomplete.
d. neurotransmitters have very little to do with
psychopathology for most individuals but may be the single cause of disorders for others.

Question 62

Extremely low activity levels of serotonin are
associated with .

a. aggression, suicide, and impulsive behavior
b. Schizophrenia
c. anxiety disorders and general feelings of nervousness
d. mania

Question 63

The neurotransmitter thought to regulate or moderate certain behavioral tendencies rather than directly influence specific patterns of behavior or psychological disorders is

a. Norepinephrine
b. GABA
c. Dopamine
d. serotonin

Question 64

The neurotransmitter associated with both
schizophrenia and Parkinson’s disease is .

a. GABA
b. Norepinephrine
c. Dopamine
d. serotonin

Question 65

Extremely low levels of dopamine activity are
associated with .

a. muscle rigidity, tremors, and impaired judgment
b. Schizophrenia
c. pleasure seeking
d. exploratory behaviors

Question 66

In the 1992 studies conducted by Baxter et al., OCD patients were provided with cognitive-behavioral therapy (exposure and response prevention) but no drugs. This study is important because brain imaging showed that

a. the neurotransmitter circuits of the brain had been normalized.
b. the patients’ OCD symptoms improved without changes in neurotransmitter function.
c. neither OCD symptoms nor neurotransmitter function had improved.
d. neurotransmitter circuits are the direct and only cause of OCD.

Question 67

What is one of the conclusions generally drawn from the 1990s studies of OCD, brain imaging, and cognitivebehavioral therapy by Baxter et al., and the follow up studies by Schwartz et al.?

a. Neurotransmitters affect how people feel and act.
b. Drugs are the only way to impact faulty
neurotransmitter circuits.
c. Neurotransmitters are a result of how people feel and act, not a cause.
d. Psychosocial factors such as therapy affect
neurotransmitters.

Question 68

In a recent study (Petrovic, Kalso, Peterson & Ingvar, 2002), subjects were exposed to a painful stimulus (heat to the hand) under three conditions: opiate medication, placebo (sugar pill) medication, and no medication. Brain
scans indicated that a subject’s experience of reduced pain with the placebo is due to

a. activation of brain regions identical to those activated by opiate medication.
b. activation of brain regions that are overlapping, but not identical, to those activated by opiate medication.
c. psychological expectation since a placebo does not activate brain regions associated with pain control.
d. similarities in activated brain regions during the “no medication” condition.

Question 69

Cognitive-behavior therapy facilitates changes in
thinking patterns in the cortex, which in turn affects the emotional brain. This is called .

a. Confabulation
b. Consolidation
c. a top-down change
d. a bottom-up change