DP ENHANCEMENT (5/13/24) FINALIZED Flashcards
Queen G
Valentina, a 25-year-old female, recently had her marriage dated January 2002. Valentina was married to Leo, an electrical engineer in a private company. They’ve been together since high school and are happy about this milestone they achieved as partners.
Valentina sought a psychological assessment dated April 4, 2003. She reported experiencing feeling empty, loss of pleasure in everything, problems with sleeping, low energy, recurrent thoughts about death, and alcohol drinking and smoking. Valentina mentioned that her mother was diagnosed with depression due to the same reason.
Valentina resigned as a college instructor last month because she could not concentrate well on her work and said she might need a “break.”
Valentina said that she experienced these symptoms last February 1, 2003, as she caught Leo cheating on her with his workmate. Since then, Valentina engaged in self-sabotage behaviors, such as alcohol drinking, smoking, and self-harm. Valentina reported that her alcohol drinking and smoking were just occasional but were consistent till March 2003.
Last March 2003, Valentina missed her menstruation, which was unusual for her. She also had frequent food cravings, mood swings, nausea, and dizziness. These concerns prompted her to seek medical care, which resulted in her knowing that Valentina had been pregnant for a month.
Valentina felt a slight panic, remembering that she engaged in self-sabotage behaviors. Since then, she has stopped her alcohol intake and smoking and regularly consulted with her attending physician.
Last October 17, 2003, Valentina gave birth to her daughter, Minty, via normal delivery. No complications were reported except that Minty did not have much response to stimulation
when the nurse pinched her and has lower birth weight compared to other neonates.
- Given the prenatal background of Minty, Valentina wanted to track her daughter’s milestone through time and to address
possible issues that may arise. This concerns what subfield in
psychology?
A. Lifespan development.
B. Abnormal psychology.
C. Industrial-organizational psychology.
D. Cognitive psychology.
A. Lifespan development.
Chronological:
Psychological - Difference between mental age and chronological age
Biological - “Ang bata mo naman para magkacholesterol?” “Ang tanda mo na pero ang lakas parin ng katawan mo!”
Social - “Anong edad mo gusto mag asawa?”
Valentina, a 25-year-old female, recently had her marriage dated January 2002. Valentina was married to Leo, an electrical engineer in a private company. They’ve been together since high school and are happy about this milestone
they achieved as partners. Valentina sought a psychological assessment dated April 4, 2003. She reported experiencing feeling empty, loss of pleasure in everything, problems with sleeping, low energy, recurrent thoughts about death, and alcohol drinking and smoking. Valentina mentioned that her mother was diagnosed with depression due to the same reason.
Valentina resigned as a college instructor last month because she could not concentrate well on her work and said she might need a “break.” Valentina said that she experienced these symptoms last February 1, 2003, as she caught Leo cheating on her with his workmate. Since then, Valentina engaged in self-sabotage behaviors, such as alcohol drinking, smoking, and self-harm. Valentina reported that her alcohol drinking and smoking were just occasional but were consistent till March 2003.
Last March 2003, Valentina missed her menstruation, which was unusual for her. She also had frequent food cravings, mood swings, nausea, and dizziness. These concerns prompted her to seek medical care, which resulted in her knowing that Valentina had been pregnant for a month.
Valentina felt a slight panic, remembering that she engaged in self-sabotage behaviors. Since then, she has stopped her alcohol intake and smoking and regularly consulted with her attending physician.
Last October 17, 2003, Valentina gave birth to her daughter, Minty, via normal delivery. No complications were reported except that Minty did not have much response to stimulation
when the nurse pinched her and has lower birth weight compared to other neonates.
-
The case history of Valentina and prenatal background of
Minty supports the role of __________ to human development.
A. Biology/ heredity
B. Environment
C. Culture
D. Alcohol
A. Biology/ heredity
Nature vs Nature:
Hereditary <—> Environment —-> Maturation
Heredity - inborn traits or characteristics inherited from the biological parents
Environment - totality of non-heridetary or experiential, influences on development.
Maturation - unfolding of a natural sequence of physical and behavioral changes.
Valentina, a 25-year-old female, recently had her marriage dated January 2002. Valentina was married to Leo, an electrical engineer in a private company. They’ve been together since high school and are happy about this milestone
they achieved as partners. Valentina sought a psychological assessment dated April 4, 2003. She reported experiencing feeling empty, loss of pleasure in everything, problems with sleeping, low energy, recurrent thoughts about death, and alcohol drinking and smoking. Valentina mentioned that her mother was diagnosed with depression due to the same reason.
Valentina resigned as a college instructor last month because she could not concentrate well on her work and said she might need a “break.” Valentina said that she experienced these symptoms last February 1, 2003, as she caught Leo cheating on her with his workmate. Since then, Valentina engaged in self-sabotage behaviors, such as alcohol drinking, smoking, and self-harm. Valentina reported that her alcohol drinking and smoking were just occasional but were consistent till March 2003.
Last March 2003, Valentina missed her menstruation, which was unusual for her. She also had frequent food cravings, mood swings, nausea, and dizziness. These concerns prompted her to seek medical care, which resulted in her knowing that Valentina had been pregnant for a month.
Valentina felt a slight panic, remembering that she engaged in self-sabotage behaviors. Since then, she has stopped her alcohol intake and smoking and regularly consulted with her attending physician.
Last October 17, 2003, Valentina gave birth to her daughter, Minty, via normal delivery. No complications were reported except that Minty did not have much response to stimulation
when the nurse pinched her and has lower birth weight compared to other neonates.
-
3. Minty’s prenatal history is an example of
A. Normative age-graded influences.
B. Normative history-graded influences.
C. Non-normative life influences.
D. Socioeconomic status influences.
C. Non-normative life influences.
Developmental Influences:
—> Normative
—> Age-Graded (Puberty; Menopause)
—> History-Graded (Wars; Pandemic)
—> Non-Normative
Valentina, a 25-year-old female, recently had her marriage dated January 2002. Valentina was married to Leo, an electrical engineer in a private company. They’ve been together since high school and are happy about this milestone
they achieved as partners. Valentina sought a psychological assessment dated April 4, 2003. She reported experiencing feeling empty, loss of pleasure in everything, problems with sleeping, low energy, recurrent thoughts about death, and alcohol drinking and smoking. Valentina mentioned that her mother was diagnosed with depression due to the same reason.
Valentina resigned as a college instructor last month because she could not concentrate well on her work and said she might need a “break.” Valentina said that she experienced these symptoms last February 1, 2003, as she caught Leo cheating on her with his workmate. Since then, Valentina engaged in self-sabotage behaviors, such as alcohol drinking, smoking, and self-harm. Valentina reported that her alcohol drinking and smoking were just occasional but were consistent till March 2003.
Last March 2003, Valentina missed her menstruation, which was unusual for her. She also had frequent food cravings, mood swings, nausea, and dizziness. These concerns prompted her to seek medical care, which resulted in her knowing that Valentina had been pregnant for a month.
Valentina felt a slight panic, remembering that she engaged in self-sabotage behaviors. Since then, she has stopped her alcohol intake and smoking and regularly consulted with her attending physician.
Last October 17, 2003, Valentina gave birth to her daughter, Minty, via normal delivery. No complications were reported except that Minty did not have much response to stimulation
when the nurse pinched her and has lower birth weight compared to other neonates.
-
Given that Minty is born female, you could say that she has
what combination of sex chromosome?
A. XX
B. XY
C. YY
D. YZ
A. XX
Heredity:
Gene - the basic building block of the nature perspective
Trisomy 13: Multiple Birth Defects
Trisomy 18: Multiple Birth Defects
Trisomy 21: Down Syndrome
Fragile X Syndrome
—> Mostly affected are Men because they only have 1 X chromosome
—> Prominent Forehead, Large and Protruding Ears, and Prominent Jaw
Valentina, a 25-year-old female, recently had her marriage dated January 2002. Valentina was married to Leo, an electrical engineer in a private company. They’ve been together since high school and are happy about this milestone
they achieved as partners. Valentina sought a psychological assessment dated April 4, 2003. She reported experiencing feeling empty, loss of pleasure in everything, problems with sleeping, low energy, recurrent thoughts about death, and alcohol drinking and smoking. Valentina mentioned that her mother was diagnosed with depression due to the same reason.
Valentina resigned as a college instructor last month because she could not concentrate well on her work and said she might need a “break.” Valentina said that she experienced these symptoms last February 1, 2003, as she caught Leo cheating on her with his workmate. Since then, Valentina engaged in self-sabotage behaviors, such as alcohol drinking, smoking, and self-harm. Valentina reported that her alcohol drinking and smoking were just occasional but were consistent till March 2003.
Last March 2003, Valentina missed her menstruation, which was unusual for her. She also had frequent food cravings, mood swings, nausea, and dizziness. These concerns prompted her to seek medical care, which resulted in her knowing that Valentina had been pregnant for a month.
Valentina felt a slight panic, remembering that she engaged in self-sabotage behaviors. Since then, she has stopped her alcohol intake and smoking and regularly consulted with her attending physician.
Last October 17, 2003, Valentina gave birth to her daughter, Minty, via normal delivery. No complications were reported except that Minty did not have much response to stimulation
when the nurse pinched her and has lower birth weight compared to other neonates.
-
Minty’s prenatal background makes Valentina worried upon delivery as her lifestyle may lead to Minty’s birth defects. In developmental psychology, _____________ refers to the study of factors that contribute to birth defects.
A. Teratology
B. Teratogens
C. Developmental psychology
D. Abnormal psychology
A. Teratology
Teratology —> the study of factors that contribute to birth defects
Teratogens —> are environmental factors that can contribute to birth defects, and include some maternal diseases, pollutants, drugs and alcohol.
**Factors affecting Prenatal Risks:
> Timing of Exposure (Critical Period)
Amount of Exposure (Some substances are not harmful unless the amounts reach a certain level)
Number of Teratogens (More teratogens, the higher the risk)
Genetics (Some mothers may be more resistant to teratogenic effects than others)
Being Male or Female (Males are more at risk as Y Chromosome contains fewer genes X Chromosome)
Example of Teratogens:
> Alcohol
> Tobacco
> Drugs
> Pollutants
> Toxoplasmosis
> HIV/STD
> German Measles/Rubella
Valentina, a 25-year-old female, recently had her marriage dated January 2002. Valentina was married to Leo, an electrical engineer in a private company. They’ve been together since high school and are happy about this milestone
they achieved as partners. Valentina sought a psychological assessment dated April 4, 2003. She reported experiencing feeling empty, loss of pleasure in everything, problems with sleeping, low energy, recurrent thoughts about death, and alcohol drinking and smoking. Valentina mentioned that her mother was diagnosed with depression due to the same reason.
Valentina resigned as a college instructor last month because she could not concentrate well on her work and said she might need a “break.” Valentina said that she experienced these symptoms last February 1, 2003, as she caught Leo cheating on her with his workmate. Since then, Valentina engaged in self-sabotage behaviors, such as alcohol drinking, smoking, and self-harm. Valentina reported that her alcohol drinking and smoking were just occasional but were consistent till March 2003.
Last March 2003, Valentina missed her menstruation, which was unusual for her. She also had frequent food cravings, mood swings, nausea, and dizziness. These concerns prompted her to seek medical care, which resulted in her knowing that Valentina had been pregnant for a month.
Valentina felt a slight panic, remembering that she engaged in self-sabotage behaviors. Since then, she has stopped her alcohol intake and smoking and regularly consulted with her attending physician.
Last October 17, 2003, Valentina gave birth to her daughter, Minty, via normal delivery. No complications were reported except that Minty did not have much response to stimulation
when the nurse pinched her and has lower birth weight compared to other neonates.
-
“Valentina engaged in self-sabotage behaviors, such as alcohol drinking, smoking, and self harm. Valentina reported that her alcohol drinking and smoking were just occasional but were consistent till March 2003.” What does this mean regarding prenatal development?
A. Nothing. Occasional alcohol drinking and smoking are not considered dangerous.
B. These behaviors may affect her daughter but not so much given that it happened in the earlier period of her pregnancy.
C. The timing of exposure is alarming, and it is a period where a lot of complications may occur.
D. Self-sabotage behaviors may be risky, but it doesn’t have a direct impact on fetal development.
C. The timing of exposure is alarming, and it is a period where a lot of complications may occur.
Valentina, a 25-year-old female, recently had her marriage dated January 2002. Valentina was married to Leo, an electrical engineer in a private company. They’ve been together since high school and are happy about this milestone
they achieved as partners. Valentina sought a psychological assessment dated April 4, 2003. She reported experiencing feeling empty, loss of pleasure in everything, problems with sleeping, low energy, recurrent thoughts about death, and alcohol drinking and smoking. Valentina mentioned that her mother was diagnosed with depression due to the same reason.
Valentina resigned as a college instructor last month because she could not concentrate well on her work and said she might need a “break.” Valentina said that she experienced these symptoms last February 1, 2003, as she caught Leo cheating on her with his workmate. Since then, Valentina engaged in self-sabotage behaviors, such as alcohol drinking, smoking, and self-harm. Valentina reported that her alcohol drinking and smoking were just occasional but were consistent till March 2003.
Last March 2003, Valentina missed her menstruation, which was unusual for her. She also had frequent food cravings, mood swings, nausea, and dizziness. These concerns prompted her to seek medical care, which resulted in her knowing that Valentina had been pregnant for a month.
Valentina felt a slight panic, remembering that she engaged in self-sabotage behaviors. Since then, she has stopped her alcohol intake and smoking and regularly consulted with her attending physician.
Last October 17, 2003, Valentina gave birth to her daughter, Minty, via normal delivery. No complications were reported except that Minty did not have much response to stimulation
when the nurse pinched her and has lower birth weight compared to other neonates.
-
What maternal factor is highlighted and of a concern in Valentina’s pregnancy?
A. Gestational diabetes
B. Depression
C. Rh Disease
D. Valentina’s age
B. Depression
Maternal Factors affecting Fetal Development
> Mothers over 35
Teenage Pregnancy (Risky behaviors, anemia and high bp)
Gestational Diabetes (Overweight baby; high bp/eclampsia)
High blood pressure/hypertension
Rh Disease (a protein found in the blood; RH Negative)
Weight Gain
Maternal Emotions
Paternal Impact (Fathers over 40 increased risk for miscarriage, autism, birth defects, bone growth disorder and schizophrenia)
Mothers over 35 (-)
> Fertility Problems
> High BP
> Diabetes
> Miscarriages
> Placenta Previa
> Cesarean Section
> Premature birth
> Stillbirth
> A baby with a genetic disorder or other birth defects
Mothers over 35 (+)
> More confident
> Less stressed
> Typically married providing family stability
> women who chose to wait are often well educated and lead healthy lives.
> More stable, demonstrate stronger family focus, possess greater self-confidence and have more money.
Valentina, a 25-year-old female, recently had her marriage dated January 2002. Valentina was married to Leo, an electrical engineer in a private company. They’ve been together since high school and are happy about this milestone
they achieved as partners. Valentina sought a psychological assessment dated April 4, 2003. She reported experiencing feeling empty, loss of pleasure in everything, problems with sleeping, low energy, recurrent thoughts about death, and alcohol drinking and smoking. Valentina mentioned that her mother was diagnosed with depression due to the same reason.
Valentina resigned as a college instructor last month because she could not concentrate well on her work and said she might need a “break.” Valentina said that she experienced these symptoms last February 1, 2003, as she caught Leo cheating on her with his workmate. Since then, Valentina engaged in self-sabotage behaviors, such as alcohol drinking, smoking, and self-harm. Valentina reported that her alcohol drinking and smoking were just occasional but were consistent till March 2003.
Last March 2003, Valentina missed her menstruation, which was unusual for her. She also had frequent food cravings, mood swings, nausea, and dizziness. These concerns prompted her to seek medical care, which resulted in her knowing that Valentina had been pregnant for a month.
Valentina felt a slight panic, remembering that she engaged in self-sabotage behaviors. Since then, she has stopped her alcohol intake and smoking and regularly consulted with her attending physician.
Last October 17, 2003, Valentina gave birth to her daughter, Minty, via normal delivery. No complications were reported except that Minty did not have much response to stimulation
when the nurse pinched her and has lower birth weight compared to other neonates.
-
“No complications were reported except that Minty did not have much response to stimulation/ when the nurse pinched her.” This line means that Minty may have scored low in __________ during Apgar assessment.
A. Appearance
B. Pulse
C. Grimace
D. Activity
C. Grimace
APGAR Scores:
Appearance
Score 0: Blue all over
Score 1: Blue only at extremities
Score 2: No Blue coloration
Pulse
Score 0: No Pulse
Score 1: <100 beats/min
Score 2: >100 beats/min
Grimace
Score 0: No response to stimulation
Score 1: Grimace or feeble cry when stimulated
Score 2: Sneezing, coughing, or pulling away when stimulated.
Activity
Score 0: No Movement
Score 1: Some Movement
Score 2: Active Movement
Respiration
Score 0: No Breathing
Score 1: Weak, Slow, or Irregular Breathing
Score 2: Strong Cry
Valentina, a 25-year-old female, recently had her marriage dated January 2002. Valentina was married to Leo, an electrical engineer in a private company. They’ve been together since high school and are happy about this milestone
they achieved as partners. Valentina sought a psychological assessment dated April 4, 2003. She reported experiencing feeling empty, loss of pleasure in everything, problems with sleeping, low energy, recurrent thoughts about death, and alcohol drinking and smoking. Valentina mentioned that her mother was diagnosed with depression due to the same reason.
Valentina resigned as a college instructor last month because she could not concentrate well on her work and said she might need a “break.” Valentina said that she experienced these symptoms last February 1, 2003, as she caught Leo cheating on her with his workmate. Since then, Valentina engaged in self-sabotage behaviors, such as alcohol drinking, smoking, and self-harm. Valentina reported that her alcohol drinking and smoking were just occasional but were consistent till March 2003.
Last March 2003, Valentina missed her menstruation, which was unusual for her. She also had frequent food cravings, mood swings, nausea, and dizziness. These concerns prompted her to seek medical care, which resulted in her knowing that Valentina had been pregnant for a month.
Valentina felt a slight panic, remembering that she engaged in self-sabotage behaviors. Since then, she has stopped her alcohol intake and smoking and regularly consulted with her attending physician.
Last October 17, 2003, Valentina gave birth to her daughter, Minty, via normal delivery. No complications were reported except that Minty did not have much response to stimulation
when the nurse pinched her and has lower birth weight compared to other neonates.
-
Valentina was anxious regarding her baby potentially having complications since she engaged in smoking and alcohol drinking during her first month of pregnancy. She came across the study of Popova and colleagues (2021). This research aims to “examine the association between alcohol use identified as a risk factor during pregnancy and adverse neonatal outcomes and pregnancy complications.” Based on the given data, you could say that this study is ________ in nature.
A. Descriptive
B. Correlational
C. Experimental
D. Case study
B. Correlational
Valentina, a 25-year-old female, recently had her marriage dated January 2002. Valentina was married to Leo, an electrical engineer in a private company. They’ve been together since high school and are happy about this milestone
they achieved as partners. Valentina sought a psychological assessment dated April 4, 2003. She reported experiencing feeling empty, loss of pleasure in everything, problems with sleeping, low energy, recurrent thoughts about death, and alcohol drinking and smoking. Valentina mentioned that her mother was diagnosed with depression due to the same reason.
Valentina resigned as a college instructor last month because she could not concentrate well on her work and said she might need a “break.” Valentina said that she experienced these symptoms last February 1, 2003, as she caught Leo cheating on her with his workmate. Since then, Valentina engaged in self-sabotage behaviors, such as alcohol drinking, smoking, and self-harm. Valentina reported that her alcohol drinking and smoking were just occasional but were consistent till March 2003.
Last March 2003, Valentina missed her menstruation, which was unusual for her. She also had frequent food cravings, mood swings, nausea, and dizziness. These concerns prompted her to seek medical care, which resulted in her knowing that Valentina had been pregnant for a month.
Valentina felt a slight panic, remembering that she engaged in self-sabotage behaviors. Since then, she has stopped her alcohol intake and smoking and regularly consulted with her attending physician.
Last October 17, 2003, Valentina gave birth to her daughter, Minty, via normal delivery. No complications were reported except that Minty did not have much response to stimulation
when the nurse pinched her and has lower birth weight compared to other neonates.
- Which of the following accurately characterizes the limitations of the correct answer in item number 9?
A. Does not assess relationships among variables. May be unethical if participants do not know they are being observed.
B. Cannot be used to draw inferences about the causal relationships between and among the variables.
C. Cannot experimentally manipulate many important variables. May be expensive and time consuming.
D. Allows testing of expected relationships between and among variables and the making of predictions. Can assess these relationships in everyday life events.
B. Cannot be used to draw inferences about the causal relationships between and among the variables.
Minty was raised by Valentina alone, although she still receives monetary support from Leo. Valentina’s mother, Rina, sometimes helps Valentina in taking care of Minty. Whenever Valentina goes to work, Minty cries and eventually stops after a few minutes, given that Rina is there to comfort her. Minty appears excited when Valentina returns home.
Valentina and Rina love Minty a lot. When Minty was around four months old, Rina put dangling toys (mobile) in Minty’s crib, which Minty tried to reach. Minty is described as “moody” by Valentina and Rina, but she still responds to their efforts to make her laugh. However, at times, Valentina felt she was not enough of a mother to her child as she would grow up without a father.
Meanwhile, Minty was hospitalized three times already in a year due to excessive crying, attributed to fever. The doctor says that Minty might have a poor overall immune system and need complete immunizations and adequate nutrients, given that she was born with a lower weight than other neonates. Now, at age 2, Minty can stand alone, walk well, and walk-up steps with assistance from Valentina or Rina. Rina described Minty as “madaldal” or talkative. Rina was not surprised because their big family interacts a lot with Minty.
-
Given the life history of Minty, Erikson’s theory proposes that
A. Minty will develop a feeling of trust in caregivers.
B. Minty will learn what can and cannot be controlled and will develop a sense of freewill.
C. Minty will learn to become independent by exploring, manipulating, and taking action.
D. Minty will learn to do things well or correctly according to standards set by others, particularly in school.
A. Minty will develop a feeling of trust in caregivers.
Minty was raised by Valentina alone, although she still receives monetary support from Leo. Valentina’s mother, Rina, sometimes helps Valentina in taking care of Minty. Whenever Valentina goes to work, Minty cries and eventually stops after a few minutes, given that Rina is there to comfort her. Minty appears excited when Valentina returns home.
Valentina and Rina love Minty a lot. When Minty was around four months old, Rina put dangling toys (mobile) in Minty’s crib, which Minty tried to reach. Minty is described as “moody” by Valentina and Rina, but she still responds to their efforts to make her laugh. However, at times, Valentina felt she was not enough of a mother to her child as she would grow up without a father.
Meanwhile, Minty was hospitalized three times already in a year due to excessive crying, attributed to fever. The doctor says that Minty might have a poor overall immune system and need complete immunizations and adequate nutrients, given that she was born with a lower weight than other neonates. Now, at age 2, Minty can stand alone, walk well, and walk-up steps with assistance from Valentina or Rina. Rina described Minty as “madaldal” or talkative. Rina was not surprised because their big family interacts a lot with Minty.
-
Given Minty’s background, Minty will achieve what cognitive milestone of Jean Piaget?
A. Object permanence.
B. Theory of mind.
C. Conservation.
D. Abstract logic.
A. Object permanence.
Minty was raised by Valentina alone, although she still receives monetary support from Leo. Valentina’s mother, Rina, sometimes helps Valentina in taking care of Minty. Whenever Valentina goes to work, Minty cries and eventually stops after a few minutes, given that Rina is there to comfort her. Minty appears excited when Valentina returns home.
Valentina and Rina love Minty a lot. When Minty was around four months old, Rina put dangling toys (mobile) in Minty’s crib, which Minty tried to reach. Minty is described as “moody” by Valentina and Rina, but she still responds to their efforts to make her laugh. However, at times, Valentina felt she was not enough of a mother to her child as she would grow up without a father.
Meanwhile, Minty was hospitalized three times already in a year due to excessive crying, attributed to fever. The doctor says that Minty might have a poor overall immune system and need complete immunizations and adequate nutrients, given that she was born with a lower weight than other neonates. Now, at age 2, Minty can stand alone, walk well, and walk-up steps with assistance from Valentina or Rina. Rina described Minty as “madaldal” or talkative. Rina was not surprised because their big family interacts a lot with Minty.
-
Minty was born with low birth weight. Which of the following reflex is essential for feeding?
A. Grasp
B. Sucking
C. Babinski
D. Moro
B. Sucking
(Disappearance) - Reflex
Sucking - Suck on anything that touches the lips
(4m) Rooting - Turning the head when the cheek is touched
(5-6m) Grasp - Fingers automatically grip anything that touche the palm of the hand
Babinski - The toes will fan out and curl when the sole of the foot is stroked from heel to toe.
(2m) Moro - A sudden noise or loss of support to the head and neck will cause infants to spread out their arms and legs then quickly contract the limbs inward.
(5-7m) Tonic Neck - When lying on the back with the head to one side infants will extend the arm and leg on that side while flexing the limbs on the opposite side (looks like a fencer pose)
(2m) Stepping - Legs move in stepping like motion when feet touch a smooth surface.
Minty was raised by Valentina alone, although she still receives monetary support from Leo. Valentina’s mother, Rina, sometimes helps Valentina in taking care of Minty. Whenever Valentina goes to work, Minty cries and eventually stops after a few minutes, given that Rina is there to comfort her. Minty appears excited when Valentina returns home.
Valentina and Rina love Minty a lot. When Minty was around four months old, Rina put dangling toys (mobile) in Minty’s crib, which Minty tried to reach. Minty is described as “moody” by Valentina and Rina, but she still responds to their efforts to make her laugh. However, at times, Valentina felt she was not enough of a mother to her child as she would grow up without a father.
Meanwhile, Minty was hospitalized three times already in a year due to excessive crying, attributed to fever. The doctor says that Minty might have a poor overall immune system and need complete immunizations and adequate nutrients, given that she was born with a lower weight than other neonates. Now, at age 2, Minty can stand alone, walk well, and walk-up steps with assistance from Valentina or Rina. Rina described Minty as “madaldal” or talkative. Rina was not surprised because their big family interacts a lot with Minty.
-
“The doctor says that Minty might have a poor overall immune system and need complete immunizations and adequate nutrients, given that she was born with a lower weight than other neonates.” Hence, _________ is ideal for Minty’s case as an infant.
A. Breast milk.
B. Formula milk.
C. Solid foods.
D. All of the above.
A. Breast milk.
Breastmilk/Breastfeeding:
> Best source of nutrition
> Facilitates emotional bond
> Natural method of birth control for first six months after birth; it reduces risks of breast and ovarian cancer, type II diabetes, and postpartum depression
> Less likely to be overweight or obese, and to have type-ii diabetes. Perform better in intelligence tests.
> With antibodies that boosts immune system.
Formula Milk:
> Can be an option to mothers who presently takes medications; HIV positive.
> Personal comfort
Minty was raised by Valentina alone, although she still receives monetary support from Leo. Valentina’s mother, Rina, sometimes helps Valentina in taking care of Minty. Whenever Valentina goes to work, Minty cries and eventually stops after a few minutes, given that Rina is there to comfort her. Minty appears excited when Valentina returns home.
Valentina and Rina love Minty a lot. When Minty was around four months old, Rina put dangling toys (mobile) in Minty’s crib, which Minty tried to reach. Minty is described as “moody” by Valentina and Rina, but she still responds to their efforts to make her laugh. However, at times, Valentina felt she was not enough of a mother to her child as she would grow up without a father.
Meanwhile, Minty was hospitalized three times already in a year due to excessive crying, attributed to fever. The doctor says that Minty might have a poor overall immune system and need complete immunizations and adequate nutrients, given that she was born with a lower weight than other neonates. Now, at age 2, Minty can stand alone, walk well, and walk-up steps with assistance from Valentina or Rina. Rina described Minty as “madaldal” or talkative. Rina was not surprised because their big family interacts a lot with Minty.
-
“When Minty was around four months old, Rina put dangling toys (mobile) in Minty’s crib, which Minty tried to reach.” What substage under sensorimotor stage is reflected in this line?
A. Reflexes
B. Primary circular reactions.
C. Secondary circular reactions.
D. Coordination of secondary circular reactions.
C. Secondary circular reactions.
Piaget’s Six Substages of Sensorimotor Stage
- Reflexes: Newborns learn about their world through the use of their reflexes, such as when sucking, reaching, and grasping.
- Primary Circular Reactions: During these next 3 months, the infant begins to actively involve his or her own body in some form of repeated activity.
- Secondary Circular Reactions: The infant begins to interact with objects in the environment.
- Coordination of Secondary Circular Reactions: The infant combines these basic reflexes and simple behaviors and uses planning and coordination to achieve a specific goal (ex. getting a toy through crawling)
- Tertiary Circular Reactions: The toddler is considered a “little scientist” and begins exploring the world in a trial-and-error manner, using both motor skills and planning abilities. (ex. throwing a ball to see what will happen)
- Beginning of Representational Thought:
> Object Permanence - understanding that even if something is out of sight, it still exists.
> Stranger Anxiety - which is a fear of unfamiliar people.
Minty was raised by Valentina alone, although she still receives monetary support from Leo. Valentina’s mother, Rina, sometimes helps Valentina in taking care of Minty. Whenever Valentina goes to work, Minty cries and eventually stops after a few minutes, given that Rina is there to comfort her. Minty appears excited when Valentina returns home.
Valentina and Rina love Minty a lot. When Minty was around four months old, Rina put dangling toys (mobile) in Minty’s crib, which Minty tried to reach. Minty is described as “moody” by Valentina and Rina, but she still responds to their efforts to make her laugh. However, at times, Valentina felt she was not enough of a mother to her child as she would grow up without a father.
Meanwhile, Minty was hospitalized three times already in a year due to excessive crying, attributed to fever. The doctor says that Minty might have a poor overall immune system and need complete immunizations and adequate nutrients, given that she was born with a lower weight than other neonates. Now, at age 2, Minty can stand alone, walk well, and walk-up steps with assistance from Valentina or Rina. Rina described Minty as “madaldal” or talkative. Rina was not surprised because their big family interacts a lot with Minty.
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“Now, at age 2, Minty can stand alone, walk well, and walk-up steps with assistance from Valentina or Rina.” What domain of development is reflected in this line?
A. Cognitive
B. Psychosocial
C. Physical
D. All of the above
C. Physical
Minty was raised by Valentina alone, although she still receives monetary support from Leo. Valentina’s mother, Rina, sometimes helps Valentina in taking care of Minty. Whenever Valentina goes to work, Minty cries and eventually stops after a few minutes, given that Rina is there to comfort her. Minty appears excited when Valentina returns home.
Valentina and Rina love Minty a lot. When Minty was around four months old, Rina put dangling toys (mobile) in Minty’s crib, which Minty tried to reach. Minty is described as “moody” by Valentina and Rina, but she still responds to their efforts to make her laugh. However, at times, Valentina felt she was not enough of a mother to her child as she would grow up without a father.
Meanwhile, Minty was hospitalized three times already in a year due to excessive crying, attributed to fever. The doctor says that Minty might have a poor overall immune system and need complete immunizations and adequate nutrients, given that she was born with a lower weight than other neonates. Now, at age 2, Minty can stand alone, walk well, and walk-up steps with assistance from Valentina or Rina. Rina described Minty as “madaldal” or talkative. Rina was not surprised because their big family interacts a lot with Minty.
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“Now, at age 2, Minty can stand alone, walk well, and walk-up steps with assistance from Valentina or Rina.” Based on the given data, you could say that ____________.
A. Minty attained an age-appropriate motor milestone.
B. Minty experienced a global delay in her motor development.
C. Minty needs help from an occupational therapist to attend
to her motor skills.
D. Minty will develop dependence on Valentina or Rina.
A. Minty attained an age-appropriate motor milestone.
Minty was raised by Valentina alone, although she still receives monetary support from Leo. Valentina’s mother, Rina, sometimes helps Valentina in taking care of Minty. Whenever Valentina goes to work, Minty cries and eventually stops after a few minutes, given that Rina is there to comfort her. Minty appears excited when Valentina returns home.
Valentina and Rina love Minty a lot. When Minty was around four months old, Rina put dangling toys (mobile) in Minty’s crib, which Minty tried to reach. Minty is described as “moody” by Valentina and Rina, but she still responds to their efforts to make her laugh. However, at times, Valentina felt she was not enough of a mother to her child as she would grow up without a father.
Meanwhile, Minty was hospitalized three times already in a year due to excessive crying, attributed to fever. The doctor says that Minty might have a poor overall immune system and need complete immunizations and adequate nutrients, given that she was born with a lower weight than other neonates. Now, at age 2, Minty can stand alone, walk well, and walk-up steps with assistance from Valentina or Rina. Rina described Minty as “madaldal” or talkative. Rina was not surprised because their big family interacts a lot with Minty.
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“Now, at age 2, Minty can stand alone…” is an example of
A. Fine motor skills
B. Gross motor skills
C. Cephalocaudal development
D. Proximodistal development
B. Gross motor skills
Cephalocaudel Development - Development starts from the Head
Proximodistal Development - Development starts from the Stomach
Minty was raised by Valentina alone, although she still receives monetary support from Leo. Valentina’s mother, Rina, sometimes helps Valentina in taking care of Minty. Whenever Valentina goes to work, Minty cries and eventually stops after a few minutes, given that Rina is there to comfort her. Minty appears excited when Valentina returns home.
Valentina and Rina love Minty a lot. When Minty was around four months old, Rina put dangling toys (mobile) in Minty’s crib, which Minty tried to reach. Minty is described as “moody” by Valentina and Rina, but she still responds to their efforts to make her laugh. However, at times, Valentina felt she was not enough of a mother to her child as she would grow up without a father.
Meanwhile, Minty was hospitalized three times already in a year due to excessive crying, attributed to fever. The doctor says that Minty might have a poor overall immune system and need complete immunizations and adequate nutrients, given that she was born with a lower weight than other neonates. Now, at age 2, Minty can stand alone, walk well, and walk-up steps with assistance from Valentina or Rina. Rina described Minty as “madaldal” or talkative. Rina was not surprised because their big family interacts a lot with Minty.
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“Minty is described as “moody” by Valentina and Rina, but she still responds to their efforts to make her laugh.” Hence, you could categorize Minty’s temperament as
A. Easy temperament
B. Difficult temperament
C. Slow-to-warm-up temperament
D. Warm temperament
C. Slow-to-warm-up temperament
Three Different Temperament Styles:
- Easy/Flexible Termperant (I Can)
- Difficult/Active Temperament (I Won’t)
- Shy/Slow-to-Warm-up Temperament (I Can’t)
Minty was raised by Valentina alone, although she still receives monetary support from Leo. Valentina’s mother, Rina, sometimes helps Valentina in taking care of Minty. Whenever Valentina goes to work, Minty cries and eventually stops after a few minutes, given that Rina is there to comfort her. Minty appears excited when Valentina returns home.
Valentina and Rina love Minty a lot. When Minty was around four months old, Rina put dangling toys (mobile) in Minty’s crib, which Minty tried to reach. Minty is described as “moody” by Valentina and Rina, but she still responds to their efforts to make her laugh. However, at times, Valentina felt she was not enough of a mother to her child as she would grow up without a father.
Meanwhile, Minty was hospitalized three times already in a year due to excessive crying, attributed to fever. The doctor says that Minty might have a poor overall immune system and need complete immunizations and adequate nutrients, given that she was born with a lower weight than other neonates. Now, at age 2, Minty can stand alone, walk well, and walk-up steps with assistance from Valentina or Rina. Rina described Minty as “madaldal” or talkative. Rina was not surprised because their big family interacts a lot with Minty.
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Which line below supports the idea that parenting is bidirectional?
A. Minty was raised by Valentina alone, although she still receives monetary support from Leo.
B. Valentina’s mother, Rina, sometimes helps Valentina in taking care of Minty.
C. Valentina and Rina love Minty a lot.
D. Minty is described as “moody” by Valentina and Rina, but she still responds to their efforts to make her laugh. However, at times, Valentine felt she was not enough of a mother to her child as she would grow up without a father.
D. Minty is described as “moody” by Valentina and Rina, but she still responds to their efforts to make her laugh. However, at times, Valentine felt she was not enough of a mother to her child as she would grow up without a father.
Bidirectional Parenting - means the parent affects the child, and the child affects the parent.
Minty was raised by Valentina alone, although she still receives monetary support from Leo. Valentina’s mother, Rina, sometimes helps Valentina in taking care of Minty. Whenever Valentina goes to work, Minty cries and eventually stops after a few minutes, given that Rina is there to comfort her. Minty appears excited when Valentina returns home.
Valentina and Rina love Minty a lot. When Minty was around four months old, Rina put dangling toys (mobile) in Minty’s crib, which Minty tried to reach. Minty is described as “moody” by Valentina and Rina, but she still responds to their efforts to make her laugh. However, at times, Valentina felt she was not enough of a mother to her child as she would grow up without a father.
Meanwhile, Minty was hospitalized three times already in a year due to excessive crying, attributed to fever. The doctor says that Minty might have a poor overall immune system and need complete immunizations and adequate nutrients, given that she was born with a lower weight than other neonates. Now, at age 2, Minty can stand alone, walk well, and walk-up steps with assistance from Valentina or Rina. Rina described Minty as “madaldal” or talkative. Rina was not surprised because their big family interacts a lot with Minty.
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“Rina described Minty as “madaldal” or talkative. Rina was not surprised because their big family interacts a lot with Minty.” How would Bandura explain Minty’s language development?
A. Due to positive reinforcements from her family when she speaks a new word.
B. Minty’s language skills are in born, pre-wired, and determined highly by genetics.
C. Minty’s language development was shaped by her observation, imitation, and interaction with her family members.
D. Due to Valentina’s usage of infant-directed speech.
C. Minty’s language development was shaped by her observation, imitation, and interaction with her family members.
Perspectives on Language Development:
- Nativist - biological focused; you are meant to speak and learn language.
- Behaviorist - when we learn to speak, our parents reinforces it, so we tend to repeat it.
- Interactionist - combination of nativist and behaviorist.
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Brain Parts Responsible for Language:
- Broca’s Area - An area in front of the left hemisphere near the moro cortex, is responsible for language production; if its damage, you cannot speak.
- Wernicke’s Area - An area of the brain next to the auditory cortex, is responsible for language comprehension; if its damage, you cannot comprehend.
Minty was raised by Valentina alone, although she still receives monetary support from Leo. Valentina’s mother, Rina, sometimes helps Valentina in taking care of Minty. Whenever Valentina goes to work, Minty cries and eventually stops after a few minutes, given that Rina is there to comfort her. Minty appears excited when Valentina returns home.
Valentina and Rina love Minty a lot. When Minty was around four months old, Rina put dangling toys (mobile) in Minty’s crib, which Minty tried to reach. Minty is described as “moody” by Valentina and Rina, but she still responds to their efforts to make her laugh. However, at times, Valentina felt she was not enough of a mother to her child as she would grow up without a father.
Meanwhile, Minty was hospitalized three times already in a year due to excessive crying, attributed to fever. The doctor says that Minty might have a poor overall immune system and need complete immunizations and adequate nutrients, given that she was born with a lower weight than other neonates. Now, at age 2, Minty can stand alone, walk well, and walk-up steps with assistance from Valentina or Rina. Rina described Minty as “madaldal” or talkative. Rina was not surprised because their big family interacts a lot with Minty.
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If Minty forgets what happened in her first two years of life, this means that ___________.
A. Minty may have delayed brain development which could lead to impairment in learning.
B. Minty may have acquired a biological predisposition to develop neurocognitive and learning disorders.
C. Minty may have damages in her Broca’s area.
D. Minty is normal.
D. Minty is normal.
Infant Memory:
Infantile Amnesia - the inability to recall memories from the first few years of life.
>Biological Perspective - immaturity of the hippocampus.
>Cognitive Perspective - lack of linguistic skills of babies to mentally represent events.
>Social Perspective - lack of sense of self.
Minty was raised by Valentina alone, although she still receives monetary support from Leo. Valentina’s mother, Rina, sometimes helps Valentina in taking care of Minty. Whenever Valentina goes to work, Minty cries and eventually stops after a few minutes, given that Rina is there to comfort her. Minty appears excited when Valentina returns home.
Valentina and Rina love Minty a lot. When Minty was around four months old, Rina put dangling toys (mobile) in Minty’s crib, which Minty tried to reach. Minty is described as “moody” by Valentina and Rina, but she still responds to their efforts to make her laugh. However, at times, Valentina felt she was not enough of a mother to her child as she would grow up without a father.
Meanwhile, Minty was hospitalized three times already in a year due to excessive crying, attributed to fever. The doctor says that Minty might have a poor overall immune system and need complete immunizations and adequate nutrients, given that she was born with a lower weight than other neonates. Now, at age 2, Minty can stand alone, walk well, and walk-up steps with assistance from Valentina or Rina. Rina described Minty as “madaldal” or talkative. Rina was not surprised because their big family interacts a lot with Minty.
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“Whenever Valentina goes to work, Minty cries and eventually stops after a few minutes, given that Rina is there to comfort her. Minty appears excited when Valentina returns home.” What attachment style is present in Minty’s case?
A. Secure attachment style.
B. Ambivalent/Resistant attachment style.
C. Avoidant attachment style.
D. Disorganized/disoriented attachment style.
A. Secure attachment style.
Attachment Styles:
Low Avoidance, Low Anxiety = Secure
Low Avoidance, High Anxiety = Anxious
High Avoidance, Low Anxiety = Avoidant
High Avoidance, High Anxiety = Fearful
Minty, now at the age of five, started to attend a preparatory school nearby. Minty developed adaptive life skills, such as putting her clothes properly, managing her spoon and fork neatly, cutting out pictures using scissors, and copying simple shapes at school. Minty can also balance herself while standing on one foot with her eyes closed, skip, jump, and hop with good balance, and generally has better coordination than in her previous years.
Minty experienced sudden adjustments at home as her parents decided to live together again. Leo gave Minty a doll named “Chaka,” whom she liked. Minty regarded Chaka as her “best friend,” and she accompanied her in her plays like “lutu-lutuan” or kitchen-play and “bahay-bahayan.” Chaka has witnessed how Minty explored her genitals whenever she was
in a private room.
At first, she had no issues with the set-up of her family, not until such a time that her father spanked her as she was trying to help her mother do the chores. She’s trying to understand why her father did that, such as maybe it is a way her father shows her love, just like he said. Nonetheless, Minty described Leo as strict, punishing, and hostile. It’s a good thing Valentina was there to call out Leo’s behavior, saying that he should be happy that Minty is willing to help and learn. As a result, this event has resulted in a heated argument. That event was a “memorable” memory, according to her, and she now perceives herself as a “pasaway na bata” or stubborn child for making her father spank her.
At school, Minty was described as friendly by her teachers. She engages in play with her classmates. Minty socialized well in their group class activities and contributed to her team. Moreover, Minty was also seen to display her ability to stay focused at school for an extended period.
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The following are examples of Minty’s attained fine motor skills at the age of five EXCEPT
A. Managing her spoon and fork neatly.
B. Cutting out pictures using scissors.
C. Copying simple shapes at school.
D. Minty can also balance herself while standing on one foot with her eyes closed.
D. Minty can also balance herself while standing on one foot with her eyes closed.
Minty, now at the age of five, started to attend a preparatory school nearby. Minty developed adaptive life skills, such as putting her clothes properly, managing her spoon and fork neatly, cutting out pictures using scissors, and copying simple shapes at school. Minty can also balance herself while standing on one foot with her eyes closed, skip, jump, and hop with good balance, and generally has better coordination than in her previous years.
Minty experienced sudden adjustments at home as her parents decided to live together again. Leo gave Minty a doll named “Chaka,” whom she liked. Minty regarded Chaka as her “best friend,” and she accompanied her in her plays like “lutu-lutuan” or kitchen-play and “bahay-bahayan.” Chaka has witnessed how Minty explored her genitals whenever she was
in a private room.
At first, she had no issues with the set-up of her family, not until such a time that her father spanked her as she was trying to help her mother do the chores. She’s trying to understand why her father did that, such as maybe it is a way her father shows her love, just like he said. Nonetheless, Minty described Leo as strict, punishing, and hostile. It’s a good thing Valentina was there to call out Leo’s behavior, saying that he should be happy that Minty is willing to help and learn. As a result, this event has resulted in a heated argument. That event was a “memorable” memory, according to her, and she now perceives herself as a “pasaway na bata” or stubborn child for making her father spank her.
At school, Minty was described as friendly by her teachers. She engages in play with her classmates. Minty socialized well in their group class activities and contributed to her team. Moreover, Minty was also seen to display her ability to stay focused at school for an extended period.
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Leo gave Minty a doll named “Chaka,” whom she liked. Minty regarded Chaka as her “best friend,” and she accompanied her in her plays like “lutu-lutuan” or kitchen-play and “bahay-bahayan.” This is an example of _________.
A. Egocentrism
B. Animism
C. Centration
D. Conservation
B. Animism
Pre-operational Stage:
- Symbolic Function Substage (2-4)
- Intuitive Thought Substage (4-7)
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Cognitive Abilities during Pre-operational Stage:
- Pretend Play
- Egocentrism
- Conservation Error: Centration
- Classification Error: Transductive
- Animism
Minty, now at the age of five, started to attend a preparatory school nearby. Minty developed adaptive life skills, such as putting her clothes properly, managing her spoon and fork neatly, cutting out pictures using scissors, and copying simple shapes at school. Minty can also balance herself while standing on one foot with her eyes closed, skip, jump, and hop with good balance, and generally has better coordination than in her previous years.
Minty experienced sudden adjustments at home as her parents decided to live together again. Leo gave Minty a doll named “Chaka,” whom she liked. Minty regarded Chaka as her “best friend,” and she accompanied her in her plays like “lutu-lutuan” or kitchen-play and “bahay-bahayan.” Chaka has witnessed how Minty explored her genitals whenever she was
in a private room.
At first, she had no issues with the set-up of her family, not until such a time that her father spanked her as she was trying to help her mother do the chores. She’s trying to understand why her father did that, such as maybe it is a way her father shows her love, just like he said. Nonetheless, Minty described Leo as strict, punishing, and hostile. It’s a good thing Valentina was there to call out Leo’s behavior, saying that he should be happy that Minty is willing to help and learn. As a result, this event has resulted in a heated argument. That event was a “memorable” memory, according to her, and she now perceives herself as a “pasaway na bata” or stubborn child for making her father spank her.
At school, Minty was described as friendly by her teachers. She engages in play with her classmates. Minty socialized well in their group class activities and contributed to her team. Moreover, Minty was also seen to display her ability to stay focused at school for an extended period.
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Given the age and background of Minty, Piaget would assume that she is in what cognitive developmental stage?
A. Sensorimotor stage
B. Preoperational stage
C. Concrete operational stage
D. Formal operational stage
B. Preoperational stage
Stages of cognitive Development of Jean Piaget:
1.Sensorimotor Stage (Birth to 2 years)
>Key Feature: Learning through senses and actions.
>What Happens: Babies explore the world by touching, looking, sucking, and grasping. They learn about object permanence, realizing that things still exist even when they can’t see them.
- Preoperational Stage (2 to 7 years)
>Key Feature: Developing language and imagination.
>What Happens: Children start to think symbolically and use words or pictures to represent objects. They are very egocentric, meaning they have difficulty seeing things from perspectives other than their own. They also engage in pretend play. - Concrete Operational Stage (7 to 11 years)
>Key Feature: Logical thinking about concrete events.
>What Happens: Kids begin to think logically about concrete events and understand the concept of conservation (that quantity doesn’t change even when its shape does). They can classify objects into different sets and understand reversibility (e.g., that you can reverse an action). - Formal Operational Stage (12 years and up)
>Key Feature: Abstract and hypothetical thinking.
>What Happens: Adolescents develop the ability to think about abstract concepts. They can systematically plan for the future, think about hypothetical situations, and use deductive reasoning.
Minty, now at the age of five, started to attend a preparatory school nearby. Minty developed adaptive life skills, such as putting her clothes properly, managing her spoon and fork neatly, cutting out pictures using scissors, and copying simple shapes at school. Minty can also balance herself while standing on one foot with her eyes closed, skip, jump, and hop with good balance, and generally has better coordination than in her previous years.
Minty experienced sudden adjustments at home as her parents decided to live together again. Leo gave Minty a doll named “Chaka,” whom she liked. Minty regarded Chaka as her “best friend,” and she accompanied her in her plays like “lutu-lutuan” or kitchen-play and “bahay-bahayan.” Chaka has witnessed how Minty explored her genitals whenever she was
in a private room.
At first, she had no issues with the set-up of her family, not until such a time that her father spanked her as she was trying to help her mother do the chores. She’s trying to understand why her father did that, such as maybe it is a way her father shows her love, just like he said. Nonetheless, Minty described Leo as strict, punishing, and hostile. It’s a good thing Valentina was there to call out Leo’s behavior, saying that he should be happy that Minty is willing to help and learn. As a result, this event has resulted in a heated argument. That event was a “memorable” memory, according to her, and she now perceives herself as a “pasaway na bata” or stubborn child for making her father spank her.
At school, Minty was described as friendly by her teachers. She engages in play with her classmates. Minty socialized well in their group class activities and contributed to her team. Moreover, Minty was also seen to display her ability to stay focused at school for an extended period.
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“Minty regarded Chaka as her “best friend,” and she accompanied her in her plays like “lutu-lutuan” or kitchen-play and “bahay-bahayan.” This is an example of ___________.
A. Pretend play.
B. Unoccupied play.
C. Solitary play.
D. Onlooker play.
A. Pretend play.
Types of Play for Children:
- Unoccupied (0-3months) - lowest form of play; you do not interact, you don’t actually play.
- Solitary (0-2years) - you play alone.
- Onlooker (2years) - you just observe other people play but you dont interact.
- Parallel (2+years) - you play together but do not interact with one another. (ex. coloring but only share crayons)
- Associative (3-4years) - you play together and share toys but does not have the same goal (ex. building lego)
- Cooperative (4+years) - highest form of play; you interact with one another and working with the same goal.
Minty, now at the age of five, started to attend a preparatory school nearby. Minty developed adaptive life skills, such as putting her clothes properly, managing her spoon and fork neatly, cutting out pictures using scissors, and copying simple shapes at school. Minty can also balance herself while standing on one foot with her eyes closed, skip, jump, and hop with good balance, and generally has better coordination than in her previous years.
Minty experienced sudden adjustments at home as her parents decided to live together again. Leo gave Minty a doll named “Chaka,” whom she liked. Minty regarded Chaka as her “best friend,” and she accompanied her in her plays like “lutu-lutuan” or kitchen-play and “bahay-bahayan.” Chaka has witnessed how Minty explored her genitals whenever she was
in a private room.
At first, she had no issues with the set-up of her family, not until such a time that her father spanked her as she was trying to help her mother do the chores. She’s trying to understand why her father did that, such as maybe it is a way her father shows her love, just like he said. Nonetheless, Minty described Leo as strict, punishing, and hostile. It’s a good thing Valentina was there to call out Leo’s behavior, saying that he should be happy that Minty is willing to help and learn. As a result, this event has resulted in a heated argument. That event was a “memorable” memory, according to her, and she now perceives herself as a “pasaway na bata” or stubborn child for making her father spank her.
At school, Minty was described as friendly by her teachers. She engages in play with her classmates. Minty socialized well in their group class activities and contributed to her team. Moreover, Minty was also seen to display her ability to stay focused at school for an extended period.
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“Chaka has witnessed how Minty explored her genitals whenever she was in a private room.” Based on Minty’s background, you could say that ___________.
A. Minty’s father allegedly abused Minty sexually.
B. Minty’s classmates might have introduced this activity to her.
C. Minty’s mother set an example to Minty for exploration.
D. Minty is normal.
D. Minty is normal.
Sexual Development:
Early Childhood
> Curiosity about the body and about others’ bodies is a natural part of early childhood.
> As children grow, they are more likely to show their genitals to siblings or peers, and to take off their clothes and touch each other.
> Masturbation is common for both boys (more common/openly) and girls.
Minty, now at the age of five, started to attend a preparatory school nearby. Minty developed adaptive life skills, such as putting her clothes properly, managing her spoon and fork neatly, cutting out pictures using scissors, and copying simple shapes at school. Minty can also balance herself while standing on one foot with her eyes closed, skip, jump, and hop with good balance, and generally has better coordination than in her previous years.
Minty experienced sudden adjustments at home as her parents decided to live together again. Leo gave Minty a doll named “Chaka,” whom she liked. Minty regarded Chaka as her “best friend,” and she accompanied her in her plays like “lutu-lutuan” or kitchen-play and “bahay-bahayan.” Chaka has witnessed how Minty explored her genitals whenever she was
in a private room.
At first, she had no issues with the set-up of her family, not until such a time that her father spanked her as she was trying to help her mother do the chores. She’s trying to understand why her father did that, such as maybe it is a way her father shows her love, just like he said. Nonetheless, Minty described Leo as strict, punishing, and hostile. It’s a good thing Valentina was there to call out Leo’s behavior, saying that he should be happy that Minty is willing to help and learn. As a result, this event has resulted in a heated argument. That event was a “memorable” memory, according to her, and she now perceives herself as a “pasaway na bata” or stubborn child for making her father spank her.
At school, Minty was described as friendly by her teachers. She engages in play with her classmates. Minty socialized well in their group class activities and contributed to her team. Moreover, Minty was also seen to display her ability to stay focused at school for an extended period.
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“At first, she had no issues with the set-up of her family, not until such a time that her father spanked her as she was trying to help her mother do the chores.” Which is wrong about spanking?
A. Many studies have shown that physical punishment, including spanking, hitting, and other means of causing pain, can lead to increased aggression, antisocial behavior, physical injury, and mental health problems for children.
B. Parents and caregivers make every effort to avoid physical punishment and called for the banning of physical discipline in all U.S. schools.
C. Children who were spanked at least twice a week by their mothers scored 2.66 points higher on a measure of aggression and rule breaking than those who were never spanked.
D. Based on the Filipino Children’s Report, corporal punishment causes higher self-esteem and self-discipline to children and youth.
D. Based on the Filipino Children’s Report, corporal punishment causes higher self-esteem and self-discipline to children and youth.
Baumrind’s Parenting Styles:
High Control, High Warmth = Authoritative (Inductive Techniques)
> There is a discipline but there is an explanation
> Create positive relationships, enforce rules.
Low Control, High Warmth = Permissive (Rebellion)
> You always give what the kid wants
> Don’t enforce rules, ‘kids will be kids’.
High Control, Low Warmth = Authoritarian (Power Assertion)
> .There is a discipline but no explanation.
> Focus on obedience, punishment over discipline.
Low Control, Low Warmth = Neglectful (Withdrawal of Love)
> It’s like the kid does not exist
> Provide little guidance, nurturing, or attention.
Minty, now at the age of five, started to attend a preparatory school nearby. Minty developed adaptive life skills, such as putting her clothes properly, managing her spoon and fork neatly, cutting out pictures using scissors, and copying simple shapes at school. Minty can also balance herself while standing on one foot with her eyes closed, skip, jump, and hop with good balance, and generally has better coordination than in her previous years.
Minty experienced sudden adjustments at home as her parents decided to live together again. Leo gave Minty a doll named “Chaka,” whom she liked. Minty regarded Chaka as her “best friend,” and she accompanied her in her plays like “lutu-lutuan” or kitchen-play and “bahay-bahayan.” Chaka has witnessed how Minty explored her genitals whenever she was
in a private room.
At first, she had no issues with the set-up of her family, not until such a time that her father spanked her as she was trying to help her mother do the chores. She’s trying to understand why her father did that, such as maybe it is a way her father shows her love, just like he said. Nonetheless, Minty described Leo as strict, punishing, and hostile. It’s a good thing Valentina was there to call out Leo’s behavior, saying that he should be happy that Minty is willing to help and learn. As a result, this event has resulted in a heated argument. That event was a “memorable” memory, according to her, and she now perceives herself as a “pasaway na bata” or stubborn child for making her father spank her.
At school, Minty was described as friendly by her teachers. She engages in play with her classmates. Minty socialized well in their group class activities and contributed to her team. Moreover, Minty was also seen to display her ability to stay focused at school for an extended period.
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Which line below is a manifestation of theory of mind?
A. At first, she had no issues with the set-up of her family, not until such a time that her father spanked her as she was trying to help her mother do the chores.
B. She’s trying to understand why her father did that, such as maybe it is a way her father shows her love, just like he said.
C. Nonetheless, Minty described Leo as strict, punishing, and hostile.
D. It’s a good thing Valentina was there to call out Leo’s behavior, saying that he should be happy that Minty is willing to help and learn.
B. She’s trying to understand why her father did that, such as maybe it is a way her father shows her love, just like he said.
Theory of Mind - The ability to think about other people’s thoughts.
Components of Theory of Mind:
> Diverse-desires - understanding that two people may have different desires regarding the same object
> Diverse-beliefs - understanding that two people may hold different beliefs about an object.
> Knowledge access (knowledge/ignorance) - understanding that people may or may not have access to information.
> False belief - understanding that someone might hold a belief based on false information.
Minty, now at the age of five, started to attend a preparatory school nearby. Minty developed adaptive life skills, such as putting her clothes properly, managing her spoon and fork neatly, cutting out pictures using scissors, and copying simple shapes at school. Minty can also balance herself while standing on one foot with her eyes closed, skip, jump, and hop with good balance, and generally has better coordination than in her previous years.
Minty experienced sudden adjustments at home as her parents decided to live together again. Leo gave Minty a doll named “Chaka,” whom she liked. Minty regarded Chaka as her “best friend,” and she accompanied her in her plays like “lutu-lutuan” or kitchen-play and “bahay-bahayan.” Chaka has witnessed how Minty explored her genitals whenever she was
in a private room.
At first, she had no issues with the set-up of her family, not until such a time that her father spanked her as she was trying to help her mother do the chores. She’s trying to understand why her father did that, such as maybe it is a way her father shows her love, just like he said. Nonetheless, Minty described Leo as strict, punishing, and hostile. It’s a good thing Valentina was there to call out Leo’s behavior, saying that he should be happy that Minty is willing to help and learn. As a result, this event has resulted in a heated argument. That event was a “memorable” memory, according to her, and she now perceives herself as a “pasaway na bata” or stubborn child for making her father spank her.
At school, Minty was described as friendly by her teachers. She engages in play with her classmates. Minty socialized well in their group class activities and contributed to her team. Moreover, Minty was also seen to display her ability to stay focused at school for an extended period.
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“Minty described Leo as strict, punishing, and hostile.” Leo applies what kind of parenting style according to Baumrind?
A. Authoritarian parenting style
B. Authoritative parenting style
C. Permissive parenting style
D. Uninvolved parenting style
A. Authoritarian parenting style
Minty, now at the age of five, started to attend a preparatory school nearby. Minty developed adaptive life skills, such as putting her clothes properly, managing her spoon and fork neatly, cutting out pictures using scissors, and copying simple shapes at school. Minty can also balance herself while standing on one foot with her eyes closed, skip, jump, and hop with good balance, and generally has better coordination than in her previous years.
Minty experienced sudden adjustments at home as her parents decided to live together again. Leo gave Minty a doll named “Chaka,” whom she liked. Minty regarded Chaka as her “best friend,” and she accompanied her in her plays like “lutu-lutuan” or kitchen-play and “bahay-bahayan.” Chaka has witnessed how Minty explored her genitals whenever she was
in a private room.
At first, she had no issues with the set-up of her family, not until such a time that her father spanked her as she was trying to help her mother do the chores. She’s trying to understand why her father did that, such as maybe it is a way her father shows her love, just like he said. Nonetheless, Minty described Leo as strict, punishing, and hostile. It’s a good thing Valentina was there to call out Leo’s behavior, saying that he should be happy that Minty is willing to help and learn. As a result, this event has resulted in a heated argument. That event was a “memorable” memory, according to her, and she now perceives herself as a “pasaway na bata” or stubborn child for making her father spank her.
At school, Minty was described as friendly by her teachers. She engages in play with her classmates. Minty socialized well in their group class activities and contributed to her team. Moreover, Minty was also seen to display her ability to stay focused at school for an extended period.
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“That event was a “memorable” memory, according to her, and she now perceives herself as a “pasaway na bata” or stubborn child for making her father spank her.” This is an example of what kind of memory?
A. Semantic memory
B. Episodic memory
C. Sensory memory
D. Working memory
B. Episodic memory
Types of Memory:
> Sensory/Sensory Register - Fastest memory to disappear
Short-term/Working
Long-term/Permanent
>Declarative Explicit (Conscious)
>Semantic (ex. General Facts)
>Episodic (ex. Time)
> Autobiographical (ex. Personal Narratives)
>Non-Declarative Implicit (Unconscious)
> Procedural (ex. Writing)
Minty, now at the age of five, started to attend a preparatory school nearby. Minty developed adaptive life skills, such as putting her clothes properly, managing her spoon and fork neatly, cutting out pictures using scissors, and copying simple shapes at school. Minty can also balance herself while standing on one foot with her eyes closed, skip, jump, and hop with good balance, and generally has better coordination than in her previous years.
Minty experienced sudden adjustments at home as her parents decided to live together again. Leo gave Minty a doll named “Chaka,” whom she liked. Minty regarded Chaka as her “best friend,” and she accompanied her in her plays like “lutu-lutuan” or kitchen-play and “bahay-bahayan.” Chaka has witnessed how Minty explored her genitals whenever she was
in a private room.
At first, she had no issues with the set-up of her family, not until such a time that her father spanked her as she was trying to help her mother do the chores. She’s trying to understand why her father did that, such as maybe it is a way her father shows her love, just like he said. Nonetheless, Minty described Leo as strict, punishing, and hostile. It’s a good thing Valentina was there to call out Leo’s behavior, saying that he should be happy that Minty is willing to help and learn. As a result, this event has resulted in a heated argument. That event was a “memorable” memory, according to her, and she now perceives herself as a “pasaway na bata” or stubborn child for making her father spank her.
At school, Minty was described as friendly by her teachers. She engages in play with her classmates. Minty socialized well in their group class activities and contributed to her team. Moreover, Minty was also seen to display her ability to stay focused at school for an extended period.
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“She now perceives herself as a “pasaway na bata” or stubborn child for making her father spank her.” This is an example of
A. Self-concept
B. Self-esteem
C. Self-worth
D. Self-awareness
A. Self-concept
A. Self-concept - How you see yourself
B. Self-esteem - Puri; External
C. Self-worth - Dangal; Internal; Regardless kung anong tingin niyo sakin, alam ko kung ano yung value ko
D. Self-awareness - Being able to be tuned with your action
Minty, now at the age of five, started to attend a preparatory school nearby. Minty developed adaptive life skills, such as putting her clothes properly, managing her spoon and fork neatly, cutting out pictures using scissors, and copying simple shapes at school. Minty can also balance herself while standing on one foot with her eyes closed, skip, jump, and hop with good balance, and generally has better coordination than in her previous years.
Minty experienced sudden adjustments at home as her parents decided to live together again. Leo gave Minty a doll named “Chaka,” whom she liked. Minty regarded Chaka as her “best friend,” and she accompanied her in her plays like “lutu-lutuan” or kitchen-play and “bahay-bahayan.” Chaka has witnessed how Minty explored her genitals whenever she was
in a private room.
At first, she had no issues with the set-up of her family, not until such a time that her father spanked her as she was trying to help her mother do the chores. She’s trying to understand why her father did that, such as maybe it is a way her father shows her love, just like he said. Nonetheless, Minty described Leo as strict, punishing, and hostile. It’s a good thing Valentina was there to call out Leo’s behavior, saying that he should be happy that Minty is willing to help and learn. As a result, this event has resulted in a heated argument. That event was a “memorable” memory, according to her, and she now perceives herself as a “pasaway na bata” or stubborn child for making her father spank her.
At school, Minty was described as friendly by her teachers. She engages in play with her classmates. Minty socialized well in their group class activities and contributed to her team. Moreover, Minty was also seen to display her ability to stay focused at school for an extended period.
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“At school, Minty was described as friendly by her teachers. She engages in play with her classmates. Minty socialized well in their group class activities and contributed to her team.” This line reflects what kind of play?
A. Cooperative play.
B. Associative play.
C. Parallel play.
D. Onlooker play.
A. Cooperative play.
Minty, now at the age of five, started to attend a preparatory school nearby. Minty developed adaptive life skills, such as putting her clothes properly, managing her spoon and fork neatly, cutting out pictures using scissors, and copying simple shapes at school. Minty can also balance herself while standing on one foot with her eyes closed, skip, jump, and hop with good balance, and generally has better coordination than in her previous years.
Minty experienced sudden adjustments at home as her parents decided to live together again. Leo gave Minty a doll named “Chaka,” whom she liked. Minty regarded Chaka as her “best friend,” and she accompanied her in her plays like “lutu-lutuan” or kitchen-play and “bahay-bahayan.” Chaka has witnessed how Minty explored her genitals whenever she was
in a private room.
At first, she had no issues with the set-up of her family, not until such a time that her father spanked her as she was trying to help her mother do the chores. She’s trying to understand why her father did that, such as maybe it is a way her father shows her love, just like he said. Nonetheless, Minty described Leo as strict, punishing, and hostile. It’s a good thing Valentina was there to call out Leo’s behavior, saying that he should be happy that Minty is willing to help and learn. As a result, this event has resulted in a heated argument. That event was a “memorable” memory, according to her, and she now perceives herself as a “pasaway na bata” or stubborn child for making her father spank her.
At school, Minty was described as friendly by her teachers. She engages in play with her classmates. Minty socialized well in their group class activities and contributed to her team. Moreover, Minty was also seen to display her ability to stay focused at school for an extended period.
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“Minty was also seen to display her ability to stay focused at school for an extended period.” This line refers to ________.
A. Divided attention.
B. Multitasking.
C. Selective attention.
D. Sustained attention.
D. Sustained attention.
Minty, at the age of ten, developed her love for volleyball. She decided to join the volleyball team of their school and gained a lot of friends. Minty’s “with high honors” awards make her one of the “intelligent” students in their class. As per the teacher’s report, Minty excelled well in reading and vocabulary.
Meanwhile, Minty is also a friend of her classmates, and she defends those who are recipients of bullying. For instance, Jacob, her classmate with a specific learning disorder, has been receiving criticism from her classmates, saying that he doesn’t belong in the school. Jacob performs well in the class except for subjects that require numerical calculations. Minty calmly called out the bullying behavior, talked privately to Jacob, and reminded him she was there for him. Minty also developed a close friendship with Joseph. Joseph identifies as “queer” and they get along so well. His classmates also bullied Joseph, and Minty has always been “to the rescue” to defend her friends. Minty revealed that she cared about the impact of bullying on her friends, and partially, she wanted to please others also.
At home, Minty likes to organize her toys in boxes. She puts her dolls in a yellow box, cooking toys in the red box, and art materials in the blue box. Minty also goes to school alone, saying that she already knows how to go to their school since it is just one tricycle ride away.
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“At home, Minty likes to organize her toys in boxes. She puts her dolls in a yellow box, cooking toys in the red box, and art materials in the blue box.” What cognitive milestone is present in this case?
A. Seriation
B. Categorization
C. Conservation
D. Spatial thinking.
B. Categorization
> Classification - sorting of toys according to categories
Identity - a piece of chalk is still a chalf even if when the piece broke into two.
Reversibility - (2+3=5 and 5-3=2), (water turns into ice when placed in a frezzer and an ice will turn into water when melted)
Conservation - same amount of water despite having different containers
Decentration - focusing on both height and width; focusing on many other qualities
Seriation - arrangement according to height
Spatial thinking - sense of direction; directions/way to school/time
Course and effect - weighing scale.
Minty, at the age of ten, developed her love for volleyball. She decided to join the volleyball team of their school and gained a lot of friends. Minty’s “with high honors” awards make her one of the “intelligent” students in their class. As per the teacher’s report, Minty excelled well in reading and vocabulary.
Meanwhile, Minty is also a friend of her classmates, and she defends those who are recipients of bullying. For instance, Jacob, her classmate with a specific learning disorder, has been receiving criticism from her classmates, saying that he doesn’t belong in the school. Jacob performs well in the class except for subjects that require numerical calculations. Minty calmly called out the bullying behavior, talked privately to Jacob, and reminded him she was there for him. Minty also developed a close friendship with Joseph. Joseph identifies as “queer” and they get along so well. His classmates also bullied Joseph, and Minty has always been “to the rescue” to defend her friends. Minty revealed that she cared about the impact of bullying on her friends, and partially, she wanted to please others also.
At home, Minty likes to organize her toys in boxes. She puts her dolls in a yellow box, cooking toys in the red box, and art materials in the blue box. Minty also goes to school alone, saying that she already knows how to go to their school since it is just one tricycle ride away.
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“Minty also goes to school alone, saying that she already knows how to go to their school since it is just one tricycle ride away.” What cognitive milestone is present in this case?
A. Number and mathematics.
B. Inductive and deductive reasoning.
C. Spatial thinking.
D. Transitive inference.
C. Spatial thinking.
Advances in Selected Cognitive Abilities during Middle Childhood:
> Spatial Thinking - Directions/Way to Schoo/Time
Course and Effect - Weighing Scale
Categorization - Confused with class inclusion
Seriation and Transitive Inference - Shortest to Longest; If A is Bigger than B.
Inductive and Deductive Reasoning - Generalizing
Conservation - Shape of the clay
Number and Mathematics - Mathematics Operations
Minty, at the age of ten, developed her love for volleyball. She decided to join the volleyball team of their school and gained a lot of friends. Minty’s “with high honors” awards make her one of the “intelligent” students in their class. As per the teacher’s report, Minty excelled well in reading and vocabulary.
Meanwhile, Minty is also a friend of her classmates, and she defends those who are recipients of bullying. For instance, Jacob, her classmate with a specific learning disorder, has been receiving criticism from her classmates, saying that he doesn’t belong in the school. Jacob performs well in the class except for subjects that require numerical calculations. Minty calmly called out the bullying behavior, talked privately to Jacob, and reminded him she was there for him. Minty also developed a close friendship with Joseph. Joseph identifies as “queer” and they get along so well. His classmates also bullied Joseph, and Minty has always been “to the rescue” to defend her friends. Minty revealed that she cared about the impact of bullying on her friends, and partially, she wanted to please others also.
At home, Minty likes to organize her toys in boxes. She puts her dolls in a yellow box, cooking toys in the red box, and art materials in the blue box. Minty also goes to school alone, saying that she already knows how to go to their school since it is just one tricycle ride away.
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According to psychoanalytic theory, Minty is in what stage of psychosexual development?
A. Oral stage.
B. Anal stage.
C. Phallic stage.
D. Latency stage.
D. Latency stage.
Psychosexual Development:
Minty, at the age of ten, developed her love for volleyball. She decided to join the volleyball team of their school and gained a lot of friends. Minty’s “with high honors” awards make her one of the “intelligent” students in their class. As per the teacher’s report, Minty excelled well in reading and vocabulary.
Meanwhile, Minty is also a friend of her classmates, and she defends those who are recipients of bullying. For instance, Jacob, her classmate with a specific learning disorder, has been receiving criticism from her classmates, saying that he doesn’t belong in the school. Jacob performs well in the class except for subjects that require numerical calculations. Minty calmly called out the bullying behavior, talked privately to Jacob, and reminded him she was there for him. Minty also developed a close friendship with Joseph. Joseph identifies as “queer” and they get along so well. His classmates also bullied Joseph, and Minty has always been “to the rescue” to defend her friends. Minty revealed that she cared about the impact of bullying on her friends, and partially, she wanted to please others also.
At home, Minty likes to organize her toys in boxes. She puts her dolls in a yellow box, cooking toys in the red box, and art materials in the blue box. Minty also goes to school alone, saying that she already knows how to go to their school since it is just one tricycle ride away.
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Given the cognitive milestones attained by Minty in the item number 36 and 37, Minty’s _________ may have significantly developed according to the biological perspective.
A. Amygdala
B. Thalamus
C. Prefrontal cortex
D. Hypothalamus
C. Prefrontal cortex
A. Amygdala - Emotions
B. Thalamus - Relay Center
C. Prefrontal cortex -
D. Hypothalamus - Sex, Hunger
Minty, at the age of ten, developed her love for volleyball. She decided to join the volleyball team of their school and gained a lot of friends. Minty’s “with high honors” awards make her one of the “intelligent” students in their class. As per the teacher’s report, Minty excelled well in reading and vocabulary.
Meanwhile, Minty is also a friend of her classmates, and she defends those who are recipients of bullying. For instance, Jacob, her classmate with a specific learning disorder, has been receiving criticism from her classmates, saying that he doesn’t belong in the school. Jacob performs well in the class except for subjects that require numerical calculations. Minty calmly called out the bullying behavior, talked privately to Jacob, and reminded him she was there for him. Minty also developed a close friendship with Joseph. Joseph identifies as “queer” and they get along so well. His classmates also bullied Joseph, and Minty has always been “to the rescue” to defend her friends. Minty revealed that she cared about the impact of bullying on her friends, and partially, she wanted to please others also.
At home, Minty likes to organize her toys in boxes. She puts her dolls in a yellow box, cooking toys in the red box, and art materials in the blue box. Minty also goes to school alone, saying that she already knows how to go to their school since it is just one tricycle ride away.
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“Minty’s “with high honors” awards make her one of the “intelligent” students in their class.” According to Sternberg, this line is an example of __________.
A. Analytical intelligence.
B. Practical intelligence.
C. Creative intelligence.
D. Fluid intelligence.
A. Analytical intelligence.
Sternberg’s Intelligence Theory:
- Analytical Intelligence - Academic problem solving and computation
- Practical Intelligence - Street smarts and common sense
- Creative Intelligence - Imaginative and innovative problem solving
