IOP DX INTENSIVE (On-going) (4//24) Flashcards
- The teachers in a school were told by the administration that if they were able to gain a high performance score in the next quarter, they would be given the opportunity to make their own schedule. This is an example of
a. Expectancy theory
b. Premack principle
c. An incentive
d. A benefit
b. Premack principle
Types of incentives:
Premack principle - reinforcement is relative; reinforce with something that on the surface does not appear to be a reinforcer
(ex. Reward: go take out trash - because they like steppin out for a bit)
Financial rewards - variable pay (incentive to perform better), bonuses and prizes; money!
Recognition - thru recognition programs (feel appreciated)
Travel - travel awards rather than financial reward
- The ERG theory is developed in order to fill the inadequacies in the industrial setting of which of the following theories?
a. Equity Theory
b. Acquired Needs theory
c. Path-goal theory
d. Needs Hierarchy
d. Needs Hierarchy
Maslow’s Needs Hierarchy - Physiological > Safety > Belongingness/Love > Esteem >Self-actualization
Needs on one stage should be relatively satisfied before proceeding
Limitations: Can’t skip or go back a level
Alderfer’s ERG Theory - Existence > Relatedness > Growth
Person can skip or go back level
Also called “frustration-regression” - can’t meet higher needs, get frustrated, regress to lower level
Two-Factor Theory - divided into two factors:
Hygiene factors - result from, but no not involve the job itself (friends, good pay)
Motivators - concern actual tasks and duties (fulfillment and growth from doing job)
Need presence of both for employee to surely be motivated (hygiene factors are MANDATORY for employee to be motivated)
No hygiene, yes motivator - No motivation
Yes hygiene, no motivator - Neutral motivation (here for the money)
Yes hygiene, yes motivator - Is motivated
Expectancy Theory - if employees know hard work means success, they will work hard. If employees know that no matter how hard they try, they won’t succeed, they won’t be motivated.
Expectancy - relationship between amount of effort and resulting outcome
Instrumentality - behaviors result in specific outcome
Valence - how consequence is valid (consequence will work/mean smth to them)
Equity Theory - how fairly we believe we are treated in comparison to others (ratio between inputs and outputs; compare ur ratio to other’s ratios)
Inputs - personal elements we put into a job
Outputs - elements we receive from the job
Employees will try to make the ratios equal
- Birdie was a new employee in a firm. She just joined the company 4 months ago. How many more months before Birdie would have a chance to become a regular employee?
a. 6 more months
b. 34 more months
c. 8 more months
d. 2 more months
d. 2 more months
Types of Employment
Regular Employee - jobs necessary and desirable in business
Casual employee - jobs not directly related or desirable to business of employer
Can ask for regular employment if they’ve rendered service for at least one year (whether continuous or intermittent)
Probationary - 6 months from day the employee started working
Time to check performance, helps company assess if you’re fit for company; helps employee decide if company is right for them
Automatic regular if it passed 8 months and no notice about HR you’re regularized
Educational setting - 3 year probationary period
Contractual employee - hired for specific job for a specific rate of pay
If contract keeps getting renewed, that means your job is desirable - become regular employee
Ex. Project-based, fixed-term
- For the first four months since he entered the company, Robbie wanted to impress his employers and so he always came very early to the office. However, for the next two months, he lost his drive to work hard and thus he was always late. If his performance evaluation shows very high in punctuality, which of the following would be observed?
a. Primacy effect
b. Distribution error
c. Recency effect
d. Contrast effect
a. Primacy effect
Primacy - early impression only
Recency - most recent impression only
- Wolfie needed to gather a large pool of applicants for an executive post in a prestigious company. At the very least, he needed to gather at least five prospective applicants with a college degree. Pressured by the deadline set by his department head, he turned to many methods in order to source applicants. He was able to find five applicants, all of which were high school graduates trying their luck, and accommodated them to the office. Wolfie completed what aspect of the hiring process?
a. Recruitment
b. Placement
c. Selection
d. None, he just wasted his time
d. None, he just wasted his time
Recruitment - ATTRACTING a pool of applicants who are QUALIFIED
Here, hindi naman qualified sila so wala :/
- In order to help increase production, a manager always makes his rounds to observe his subordinates. The manager is employing which of the following?
a. Recency effect
b. Hawthorne effect
c. Primacy effect
d. Contrast effect
b. Hawthorne effect
Hawthorne effect - if you know you’re being observed, you change your behavior
- This is the foundation of all human resources activities.
a. Job evaluation
b. Job analysis
c. Job description
d. Job design
b. Job analysis
Job analysis - foundation for almost all human resources activities; study tasks, conditions, competencies, everything needed for the job
Job description - summary of tasks and job requirements (written output from job analysis)
Job design - optimal way a job should be performed (Gilbreth’s motion study
Job Evaluation - determining job’s worth (salary structure)
Internal pay equity - comparing jobs within organization
External pay equity - comparing job within external market
Conduct salary surveys
Just asking (unethical)
Using salary firms (sila yung magtanong for you)
- Jehn wanted to conduct a training, but before she began, she started reviewing the company finances in order to ensure adequate resources. She coordinated with the different departments for a prospective schedule. Jehn is conducting which of the following?
a. Organizational analysis
b. Task Analysis
c. Person Analysis
d. Training Needs Analysis
a. Organizational analysis
Training
Acquisition of skills in order to improve performance
Needs analysis - to determine the type and extent of training needed
Organizational - Resource analysis, organizational factors to facilitate/inhibit training
Task - identify tasks performed and KSAOs needed
Person - which employees need training and in what areas
- To support her family, Jehn began working as an ESL teacher in the morning and a waitress in a 24-hr diner. This is an example of what?
a. Job sharing
b. Part-time
c. Outsourcing
d. Moonlighting
d. Moonlighting
Moonlighting - have two jobs
Job Sharing - Share work with someone else, do same thing tapos you split the work
Part-time - Don’t complete full work hours of company, just part of the day
Outsourcing - Hire an outside agency to provide you manpower
- Every doll house Jehn makes, she will receive 150 pesos. This is an example of what type of incentive?
a. Gainsharing
b. Merit pay
c. Pay-for-performance
d. Profit sharing
c. Pay-for-performance
Individual incentives
Can experience benefit/incentive immediately
Pay for performance - how much individual produces (objective data)
Merit-pay - based on performance appraisal scores (subjective data)
Group Incentives
if company grows, everyone gets incentivized
Company likes it cuz it fosters loyalty to company
Profit sharing - employees are given a share of profits above a certain amount
Gainsharing - group effort, provide financial incentives based on improvements (gains) in organizational performance (go beyond)
Stock options - can purchase stock in future at present day market price (day options were granted)
- Merit pay is based on ______.
a. The amount of production
b. Number of products they can individually produce
c. Employee performance
d. The profit of the company
c. Employee performance
See number 10
- Jehn decided to stop going to group studies because she realized that she cannot study as much when surrounded by other people. This is an example of
a. Social interdependence
b. Social inhibition
c. Social facilitation
d. Coaction
b. Social inhibition
Social inhibition - negative effect yung presence of others
Social facilitation - positive effect yung presence of others
- Jehn is a guidance counselor in a school. Which of Jehn’s actions is not considered as an organizational citizenship behavior?
a. Jehn gets along well with her workmates.
b. Jehn washes the plates she used in the office.
c. Jehn offers her help to her workmates whenever they ask for it
d. None of the above
14. Which of the following is based on Murray’s psychogenic needs?
a. Two-factor theory
b. Equity theory
c. Acquired Needs theory
d. IMPACT theory
d. IMPACT theory
Organizational Citizenship Behaviors - things u do kahit hindi kasama sa job description, ginagawa mo kasi ur a good person
All are OCBs
- Which of the following is based on Murray’s psychogenic needs?
a. Two-factor theory
b. Equity theory
c. Acquired Needs theory
d. IMPACT theory
c. Acquired Needs theory
Murray’s Psychogenic Needs (Power, Affiliation, Achievement) were applied to industrial setting by Davif McClelland; motivations for being a leader
IMPACT THEORY - there is a best leadership style for a specific kind of org climate
Informational style - climate of ignorance
Magnetic style - climate of despair
Position style - climate of instability
Affiliation style - climate of anxiety
Coercive style - climate of crisis
Tactical style - climate of disorganization
- What should you assess if you have an applicant for the police officer position?
a. Cognitive ability
b. Psychomotor ability
c. Physical ability
d. All of the above
d. All of the above
- Jehn learned that an employee from another department would be fired due to violation of rules. She immediately went to her close friends in the company and shared the news. What type of informal communication would be observed?
a. Single-strand grapevine
b. Probability grapevine
c. Cluster grapevine
d. Gossip grapevine
d. Gossip grapevine
INFORMAL COMMUNICATION PROCESS: GRAPEVINES
Gossip - you choose who you want to pass message to
Single-strand - one by one, pass the message
Probability - random who you pass message to
FORMAL COMMUNICATION PROCESS
Downward Communication - superior to subordinate
Bulletin board, policy manual, etc.
Upward Communication - subordinate to superior, serial communication usually employed (talk to immediate head then messaged passed until CEO)
Focus group, exit interviews, suggestion boxes
- People with this trait are more likely to emerge as leaders than their counterpart except
a. Extraversion
b. Neuroticism
c. Openness
d. None of the above
b. Neuroticism
- A group was instructed by the department head to organize a play for the upcoming Christmas party. A man, who was a member of the theater guild in college, was chosen by his group mates to be the leader. The man would be said to have
a. Expert power
b. Referent power
c. Legitimate power
d. Coercive power
a. Expert power
FOUR SOURCES OF POWER
Expert - leader cuz you have experience/expertise
Stepping stone to other sources of power
Referent - leader cuz people have positive feelings towards u
Produces most loyal followers
Legitimate - leader cuz of your position
Most likely for people to follow u
Coercive - leader cuz you control rewards and punishment
Seen in army
Positions can have multiple sources of power
- Which of the following is a characteristic of legitimate power?
a. They can produce the most committed followers.
b. They are best at making the subordinates comply to their orders
c. Commonly found in the army
d. It is a stepping stone to other sources of power
b. They are best at making the subordinates comply to their orders
See number 18
- Harvey, a senior in the firm, helps Mike, a new employee, not only to adapt to the policies but to also climb the corporate ladder. This type of training is referred to as
a. Apprenticeship
b. Coaching
c. Mentoring
d. Internship
c. Mentoring
Coaching - Teach you how to adjust to company
Mentoring - Teach how to adjust and succeed in company
Apprenticeship - For craft/handiwork industry
- Before the integrity test was developed, which among the following was conducted in order to assess the honesty of the applicants?
a. Trustworthiness scale
b. Polygraph test
c. Realistic job previews
d. Woodworth Personal Data Sheet
b. Polygraph test
Polygraph test was deemed too invasive so they switched to integrity tests
- Julia learned that her aunt, Gretchen, was seeing her cousin Nicole’s boyfriend, Atong, behind her back. She immediately shared this news to her mother, Marjorie. Julia can be called what?
a. Julia is a liaison
b. Julia is a deadender
c. Julia is an isolate
d. Julia is a well-raised daughter
a. Julia is a liaison
Liaison - receive more than half of the info and they pass it to others (nagkalat ng chismis)
Deadender - receive more than half of info but DON’T pass it to others
Isolate - receive less than half of info
- During their father’s wake, Gretchen and Marjorie were summoned by Duterte regarding their feud. They talked for hours about it until the two of them reached a conclusion. Before separating, Duterte asked the two of them to shake hands. What did Gretchen and Marjorie employ?
a. Arbitration
b. Mediation
c. Counseling
d. None of the above because a fight ensued afterwards
b. Mediation
Mediation - Get 3rd party to help reach conclusion, mediator just wants yall to get along
Arbitration - 3rd party decides for both of you, arbitrator will hear both of u out then judge/decide
- Claudine is a famous lawyer. She knows all there is to know about the law, and she can recite from memory all the provisions of the Constitution easily. Due to this, she always wins her case because of her vast knowledge. However, Claudine finds her life and her career boring because she feels that there is no challenge anymore. She is currently experiencing
a. Career plateau
b. Structural plateau
c. Life plateau
d. Content plateau
d. Content plateau
Career Plateau - umbrella term; feeling stuck in your career
Content Plateau - one has mastered the job; there is no more challenge
Structural Plateau - you can’t get promoted any further; org prevents you from moving up
Life Plateau - loss of direction, low self esteem
- All the new employees of Barretto Company are tasked to perform a dance routine in the upcoming company Christmas party. The employees are participating in the company’s
a. Ritual
b. Annual socialization
c. Hazing procedure
d. Performance appraisal
a. Ritual
- Which of the following is not preferred by the employees?
a. Job rotation
b. Job enrichment
c. Job enlargement
d. Job appraisal
c. Job enlargement
Job enlargement - add more responsibilities but no increase in pay
Can be good if one’s job is repetitive
Job rotation - experience different positions in company
Job enrichment - feel autonomy and growth in job
What employees want
- The HR department’s priority in hiring is the top 1 applicant, followed by the top 2, then the top three applicants. This is called which method of hiring selection?
a. Top-down
b. Rule of three
c. Passing score
d. Banding
a. Top-down
Top-Down - priority in hiring, move down the list from best to worst
Rule of Three - get best 3 candidates
Passing Score - if you meet criteria, you can move on to next step
Banding - Grouping scores into ranges
- Which of the following is a question considered to be as biased and unfair to the applicants?
a. In case of fire and the fire alarm would not work, what should you do?
b. You are assisting a band to their performance schedule when unfortunately, one member got lost on the way to the venue. What would be the best step to do as the manager?
c. What is the next action to take when a band member falls down from the stage and loses consciousness?
d. While handling the payroll, the computer crashed. Can you give me a similar encounter in your past where you have to be resourceful?
d. While handling the payroll, the computer crashed. Can you give me a similar encounter in your past where you have to be resourceful?
Interview Questions (Unstructured)
Past-focused - Behavioral (give example of what you’ve done in the past)
Biased; not everyone has the same experiences
Future-Focused - Situational (what will you do in this specific situation)
Organization Fit - extent to which an applicant will fit in org’s culture/climate
- This is the extent to which a person views himself as valuable and worthy.
a. Self-esteem
b. Self-worth
c. Self confidence
d. Self value
a. Self-esteem
- Employees who feel good about themselves desire to perform better than those who see themselves of lesser worth. This idea is seen in what theory?
a. Consistency theory
b. Equity theory
c. Expectancy theory
d. IMPACT theory
a. Consistency theory
Consistency Theory - There is a positive relationship between self-esteem and performance (if high self-esteem, better performance)
31 All of the following is false except
a. Chronic self-esteem is also called self-efficacy.
b. Situational self-esteem is the view of a person on himself based on the opinion of others on a particular situation
c. Socially influenced self-esteem is an individual’s feeling about himself in doing a particular task, like baking cakes or socializing to other people
d. None of the above
d. None of the above
A - Self-efficacy is situational self-esteem (how well can you do in particular task)
B - Socially influenced self-esteem
C - Situational self-esteem
32 Which of the following is not a method of increasing employee self-esteem?
a. Self-esteem workshops
b. Supervisor behavior
c. Experience with success
d. Behavioral modeling
d. Behavioral modeling
Applied in internships
Behavioral Modeling - Interns need to see what good performance looks like; for motivation
Self-esteem workshop - Teach how to increase self-esteem
Supervisor Behavior - Pygmalion effect
Experience with Success - if you succeed, your self-esteem grows
33 In reference to the theory of Albert Bandura, which of the following sources of self-efficacy is closely related to letting employees experience success to boost their self worth?
a. Performance attainment
b. Verbal persuasion
c. Vicarious experiences
d. Physiological and emotional arousal
a. Performance attainment
Related to experience of success
Verbal persuasion - verbal encouragement, kaya mo yan
Vicarious experience - see others succeed/do well
Physiological/emotional arousal - Too strong or too mellow emotions lead to reduced performance
34 John believes that he is intelligent while Michael sees himself as dumb. In testing, we can expect that John should do better while Michael should do poorly based on which of the following?
a. Galatea effect
b. Golem effect
c. Pygmalion effect
d. Rosenthal effect
a. Galatea effect
Galatea Effect - self-expectation; how you expect yourself to do affects your performance
Pygmalion/Rosenthal Effect - High expectation of leader leads to high performance
Golem Effect - Low expectation of leader leads to low performance
35 The concept of frustration-regression is applied by which of the following theories?
a. Maslow’s theory
b. Alderfer’s theory
c. Hackman’s theory
d. Herzberg’s theory
b. Alderfer’s theory
See number 2
36 Benny is the CEO of Benny Industries, the primary manufacturer of musical instruments in the Philippines. He is always involved in planning, organizing, and controlling the activities of employees. According to the path-goal theory, Benny employs what leadership style?
a. Instrumental-style
b. Participative style
c. Supportive style
d. Achievement oriented style
a. Instrumental-style
Based on Path-Goal theory - subordinates are the life of the organization; leader should adjust to needs of employees
Instrumental Style - Leader tells employees what to do, need employees to meet goals
Participative Style - Employees have lots of ideas, let them participate in decision making
Supportive Style - Employees thrive in family-like environment, more on making friends
Achievement-Oriented Style - Employees are competitive, leader sets challenging goals
37 Leaders who obtained their power on the basis of their position have _____.
a. Expert power
b. Legitimate power
c. Coercive power
d. Referent power
b. Legitimate power
38 Research indicates that to some extent, people are “born” with a desire to lead or not lead, as somewhere between 17% and 30%. This idea that leaders possess traits different from other people is called _____.
a. Leader performance
b. Leadership through vision
c. Leadership through power
d. Leader emergence
d. Leader emergence
Situational Leadership Theory
What will you do depending on what kind of subordinates you have? (able - capacity to do it; unwilling/insecure - motivation to do it)
DIrecting approach - unable, unwilling/insecure
Coaching approach - unable but willing
Emotional approach - able, unwilling/insecure
Delegating approach - able and willing
39 ________ is the extent to which group members like and trust one another, are committed to accomplishing a team goal, and share a feeling of group pride.
a. Group think
b. Group stability
c. Group homogeneity
d. Group cohesiveness
d. Group cohesiveness
Closeness of group, if group is too cohesive, there is a tendency to have group think.
40 Groups perform at their optimum capacity when group size is small. According to research, groups have greatest member satisfaction and performance when they have approximately _______.
a. 8 members
b. 5 members
c. 10 members
d. 3 members
b. 5 members
Also prevent social loafing
