P9 BIOCHEMISTRY

Question 1

mention at least 2 functions of bone

Answer 1

• Support and attachment for muscles, ligaments, tendons, and joints
• protects internal organs
• Mineral reservoir for calcium and phosphate homeostasis
• Support blood formation

Question 2

this x-ray is indicative of

Answer 2

Rickets

Question 3

Children’s form of osteomalacia

Answer 3

Rickets

Question 4

insufficient dietary calcium
Insufficient vitamin D fortification or insufficient exposure to sun light.
are all causes for developing

Answer 4

Osteomalacia

Question 5

rickets signs

Answer 5

bowed legs, and deformities of the pelvis, ribs, and skull

Question 6

Identify the disease seen
under the microscope

Answer 6

Osteoporosis

Question 6

mention at least 2 risk factors for osteoporosis

Answer 6

• Female gender
• age > 70
• asian / Caucasian
• early menopause

Question 7

mention at least 3 modifiable osteoporosis risk factors

Answer 7

• Smoking
• Alcohol abuse
• Excessive caffeine consumption
• Excessive dietary protein consumption
• Lack of dietary calcium
• Lack of sunlight exposure

Question 8

causes of 2ndry osteoporosis

Answer 8

• Metabolic bone disease, such as hyperparathyroidism
• Neoplasia, as with multiple myeloma or metastatic carcinoma
• Malnutrition
• Drug therapy, as with corticosteroids
• Prolonged immobilization

Question 9

Factors that Affect Peak Bone Mass

Answer 9

• Gender (M>F )
• Race (Blacks >Whites)
• Genetics
• Gonadal steroids
• Growth hormone
• Calcium intake
• Exercise

Question 10

dense outer surface ofbonethat forms a protective layer around the internal cavity

Answer 10

Cortical / compact bone

Question 11

porousbonecomposed of trabeculatedbonetissue

Answer 11

Trabecular / cancellous bone

Question 12

the spongy tissue inside. It contains stem cells which differentiate to give rise to the different types of blood cells.

Answer 12

bone marrow

Question 13

most prominent type composing bones

Answer 13

Collagen Type I

Question 14

mention the 4 organic proteins composing bones

Answer 14

fibronectin, osteocalcin, osteopontin, osteonectin

Question 15

Growth factor proteins/cytokines composing bones

Answer 15

TGF beta / IGF / FGF

Question 16

2 inorganic salts forming hydroxyapatite.

Answer 16

calcium phosphate and calcium hydroxide

Question 17

Mature bone cells, spiders shaped, help maintain bone tissue.

Answer 17

Osteocytes

Question 18

Bone generating cells that Forms the matrix and collagen

Answer 18

Osteoblasts

Question 19

bone resorption is a function of which bone cells

Answer 19

Osteoclasts

Question 20

Differentiate to form osteoblasts

Answer 20

Mesenchymal stem cells

Question 21

Produce growth factors for haematopoesis
Help osteoclasts to form

Answer 21

Mesenchymal stem cells

Question 22

a lifelong process where mature bone tissue is removed from the skeleton

Answer 22

bone resorption

Question 23

new bone tissue formation is a process known as

Answer 23

ossification or new bone formation

Question 24

what are the 5 steps of bone remodelling cycle

Answer 24

activation, resorption, reversal, formation and termination

Question 25

in which stage are Osteoclast precursor cells recruited from the circulation and activated

Answer 25

the activation stage

Question 26

which phase is terminated by apoptosis of osteoclasts

Answer 26

Resorption phase

Question 27

enzyme that generates osteoclasts pump protons

Answer 27

Carbonic Anhydrase II

Question 28

bone resorption switches to formation happens in which phase

Answer 28

the reversal phase

Question 29

osteoblasts synthesize and secrete a type 1collagen-rich osteoid matrix. & osteoblasts play a part in regulating osteoid mineralization is known to be part of which phase

Answer 29

formation phase

Question 30

is a factor through which osteoblasts regulate osteoclasts, and bone formation is coupled to bone resorption

Answer 30

RANKL

Question 31

During bone remodeling, mature osteoblasts synthesize bone-specific proteins , mention at least 2 of them

Answer 31

-Osteocalcin - Bone-specific alkaline phosphatase - Procollagen-I extension peptide

Question 32

Bone turnover markers are physiologically elevated during

Answer 32

childhood, growth, and during fracture healing

Question 33

Local factors that affect bone remodelling

Answer 33

- Cytokines - Local stress - pH - Temperature - PO2

Question 34

General factors that affect bone remodelling

Answer 34

- Genetics - Calcium availability - Sex steroids - Thyroxine / GH - Mechanical usage