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UNIT 9 MULTI-SYSTEMS > P9 BIOCHEMISTRY > Flashcards

P9 BIOCHEMISTRY Flashcards

1
Q

mention at least 2 functions of bone

A
  • Support and attachment for muscles, ligaments, tendons, and joints
  • protects internal organs
  • Mineral reservoir for calcium and phosphate homeostasis
  • Support blood formation
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2
Q

this x-ray is indicative of

A

Rickets

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3
Q

Children’s form of osteomalacia

A

Rickets

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4
Q

insufficient dietary calcium
Insufficient vitamin D fortification or insufficient exposure to sun light.
are all causes for developing

A

Osteomalacia

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5
Q

rickets signs

A

bowed legs, and deformities of the pelvis, ribs, and skull

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6
Q

Identify the disease seen
under the microscope

A

Osteoporosis

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6
Q

mention at least 2 risk factors for osteoporosis

A
  • Female gender
  • age > 70
  • asian / Caucasian
  • early menopause
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7
Q

mention at least 3 modifiable osteoporosis risk factors

A
  • Smoking
  • Alcohol abuse
  • Excessive caffeine consumption
  • Excessive dietary protein consumption
  • Lack of dietary calcium
  • Lack of sunlight exposure
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8
Q

causes of 2ndry osteoporosis

A
  • Metabolic bone disease, such as hyperparathyroidism
  • Neoplasia, as with multiple myeloma or metastatic carcinoma
  • Malnutrition
  • Drug therapy, as with corticosteroids
  • Prolonged immobilization
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9
Q

Factors that Affect Peak Bone Mass

A
  • Gender (M>F )
  • Race (Blacks >Whites)
  • Genetics
  • Gonadal steroids
  • Growth hormone
  • Calcium intake
  • Exercise
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10
Q

dense outer surface ofbonethat forms a protective layer around the internal cavity

A

Cortical / compact bone

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11
Q

porousbonecomposed of trabeculatedbonetissue

A

Trabecular / cancellous bone

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12
Q

the spongy tissue inside. It contains stem cells which differentiate to give rise to the different types of blood cells.

A

bone marrow

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13
Q

most prominent type composing bones

A

Collagen Type I

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14
Q

mention the 4 organic proteins composing bones

A

fibronectin, osteocalcin, osteopontin, osteonectin

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15
Q

Growth factor proteins/cytokines composing bones

A

TGF beta / IGF / FGF

16
Q

2 inorganic salts forming hydroxyapatite.

A

calcium phosphate and calcium hydroxide

17
Q

Mature bone cells, spiders shaped, help maintain bone tissue.

A

Osteocytes

18
Q

Bone generating cells that Forms the matrix and collagen

A

Osteoblasts

19
Q

bone resorption is a function of which bone cells

A

Osteoclasts

20
Q

Differentiate to form osteoblasts

A

Mesenchymal stem cells

21
Q

Produce growth factors for haematopoesis
Help osteoclasts to form

A

Mesenchymal stem cells

22
Q

a lifelong process where mature bone tissue is removed from the skeleton

A

bone resorption

23
Q

new bone tissue formation is a process known as

A

ossification or new bone formation

24
Q

what are the 5 steps of bone remodelling cycle

A

activation, resorption, reversal, formation and termination

25
Q

in which stage are Osteoclast precursor cells recruited from the circulation and activated

A

the activation stage

26
Q

which phase is terminated by apoptosis of osteoclasts

A

Resorption phase

27
Q

enzyme that generates osteoclasts pump protons

A

Carbonic Anhydrase II

28
Q

bone resorption switches to formation happens in which phase

A

the reversal phase

29
Q

osteoblasts synthesize and secrete a type 1collagen-rich osteoid matrix. & osteoblasts play a part in regulating osteoid mineralization is known to be part of which phase

A

formation phase

30
Q

is a factor through which osteoblasts
regulate osteoclasts, and bone formation
is coupled to bone resorption

A

RANKL

31
Q

During bone remodeling, mature osteoblasts synthesize bone-specific proteins , mention at least 2 of them

A

-Osteocalcin
- Bone-specific alkaline phosphatase
- Procollagen-I extension peptide

32
Q

Bone turnover markers are physiologically elevated during

A

childhood, growth, and during fracture healing

33
Q

Local factors that affect bone remodelling

A
  • Cytokines
  • Local stress
  • pH
  • Temperature
  • PO2
34
Q

General factors that affect bone remodelling

A
  • Genetics
  • Calcium availability
  • Sex steroids
  • Thyroxine / GH
  • Mechanical usage

UNIT 9 MULTI-SYSTEMS (24 decks)

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