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Biology 235 RN :!: > P3 Chapter 26 THE URINARY SYSTEM > Flashcards

P3 Chapter 26 THE URINARY SYSTEM Flashcards

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1
Q

Urine leaves the urinary bladder through the

a. urethra
b. collecting duct
c. ureter
d. renal vein

A

a. urethra

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2
Q

Which of the following structures are found in the renal cortex?

a. distal convoluted tubules
b. renal columns
c. collecting ducts
d. minor calices

A

a. distal convoluted tubules

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3
Q

Fenestrations are associated with the

a. loop of Henle
b. Bowman’s capsule
c. collecting duct
d. glomerulus

A

d. glomerulus

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4
Q

Urine contains

a. waste products of digestion
b. waste products of metabolism
c. only water
d. only water and proteins

A

b. waste products of metabolism

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5
Q

The renal pelvis

a. is formed by the union of minor calyces
b. channels urine toward the renal pyramids
c. contains collecting tubules
d. leads to the ureter

A

d. leads to the ureter

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6
Q

The kidneys help control blood pressure by the secretion of

a. erythropoietin
b. angiotensin
c. aldosterone
d. renin

A

d. renin

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7
Q

Sodium is moved out of the cells of the proximal convoluted tubule and into the interstitial fluid by the process of

a. diffusion
b. facilitated diffusion
c. active transport
d. osmosis

A

c. active transport

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8
Q

The outer region of the three-layered sheet which surrounds the kidney is the

a. renal fascia
b. adipose capsule
c. renal capsule
d. peritoneum

A

a. renal fascia

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9
Q

In renal interstitial fluid

a. sodium chloride has the same concentration from cortex to medulla
b. sodium chloride concentration decreases from cortex to medulla
c. water concentration increases from cortex to medulla
d. sodium chloride concentration increases from cortex to medulla

A

d. sodium chloride concentration increases from cortex to medulla

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10
Q

Filtration of blood

a. occurs in the glomerulus
b. occurs in the renal tubules
c. increases systemic blood pressure
d. causes H+ and K+ to concentrate in blood

A

a. occurs in the glomerulus

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11
Q

The loop of Henle is associated with

a. filtration
b. reabsorption
c. secretion
d. assimilation

A

b. reabsorption

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12
Q

A function of the kidney is to

a. remove nutrients from the blood
b. remove microorganisms from the blood
c. remove metabolic wastes from the blood
d. add vitamins and rare ions to the blood

A

c. remove metabolic wastes from the blood

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13
Q

Which of the following molecules cannot pass the filtration membranes in the kidneys?

a. sodium ions
b. glucose
c. amino acids
d. large proteins

A

d. large proteins

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14
Q

The innermost portion of the three-layered sheet that protects the kidney is the

a. renal fascia
b. adipose capsule
c. renal capsule
d. peritoneum

A

c. renal capsule

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15
Q

The greatly expanded part of the ureter inside the kidney is the

a. renal sinus
b. major calyx
c. minor calyx
d. renal pelvis

A

d. renal pelvis

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16
Q

Reabsorption is the movement of molecules from the _____ into the _____

a. glomerulus, renal tubule
b. tissues, distal convoluted tubule
c. renal tubules, peritubular capillaries
d. proximal convoluted tubule, distal convoluted tubule

A

c. renal tubules, peritubular capillaries

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17
Q

Very little water reabsorption occurs in the

a. thick ascending loop of Henle
b. proximal convoluted tubule
c. thin descending loop of Henle
d. collecting ducts

A

a. thick ascending loop of Henle

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18
Q

Sodium ions move into principal cells of the collecting duct by

a. secondary active transport
b. osmosis
c. sodium pumps
d. diffusion

A

d. diffusion

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19
Q

Glomerular filtrate is produced as a result of

a. reabsorption
b. hydrostatic pressure
c. tubular secretion
d. facilitated diffusion

A

b. hydrostatic pressure

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20
Q

The external opening of the urinary system is the

a. anus
b. urethra
c. external urethral orifice
d. vaginal orifice

A

c. external urethral orifice

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21
Q

The kidneys secrete the hormone erythropoietin which functions to

a. regulate blood pressure
b. activate vitamin D
c. concentrate salt in the nephron
d. control the rate of red blood cell production

A

d. control the rate of red blood cell production

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22
Q

Which of the following accurately represents the pathway of fluid through a juxtamedullary nephron?

a. proximal convoluted tubule, distal convoluted tubule, descending loop of Henle, ascending loop of Henle
b. proximal convoluted tubule, descending loop of Henle, ascending loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule
c. distal convoluted tubule, descending loop of Henle, ascending loop of Henle, proximal convoluted tubule
d. distal convoluted tubule, ascending loop of Henle, descending loop of Henle, proximal convoluted tubule

A

b. proximal convoluted tubule, descending loop of Henle, ascending loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule

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23
Q

Urine reaches the urinary bladder through the

a. urethra
b. external urethral orifice
c. ureter
d. renal vein

A

c. ureter

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24
Q

The nephron has two parts. They are the

a. glomerulus and renal tubule
b. capsule and loop of Henle
c. glomerulus and peritubular capillaries
d. renal corpuscle and renal tubule

A

d. renal corpuscle and renal tubule

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25
Q

The visceral layer of Bowman’s capsule is covered with specialized cells called

a. podocytes
b. fenestrations
c. pedicels
d. slits

A

a. podocytes

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26
Q

Increased sodium and chloride ion concentrations in the interstitial fluid of the renal medulla is the result of

a. renin secretion
b. tubular secretion
c. reabsorption of glucose
d. countercurrent mechanism

A

d. countercurrent mechanism

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27
Q

Externally, the kidney is protected and supported by connective tissue and

a. mesentery
b. adipose tissue
c. serous fluid
d. cartilage

A

b. adipose tissue

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28
Q

Renal blood pressure remains fairly constant due to the function of the

a. loop of Henle
b. Bowman’s capsule
c. fenestra
d. juxtaglomerular apparatus

A

d. juxtaglomerular apparatus

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29
Q

Chloride ions are actively reabsorbed from the

a. collecting tubule
b. glomerulus
c. proximal convoluted tubule
d. thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle

A

d. thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle

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30
Q

A patient has symptoms that include painful, frequent urination, and low back pain. Further examination reveals inflammation of the mucosa and submucosa of the urinary bladder. The patient has

a. polycystic disease
b. cystitis
c. bilirubinuria
d. gall stones

A

b. cystitis

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31
Q

Potassium ions are actively secreted into the tubular fluid of the

a. distal convoluted tubule
b. loop of Henle
c. peritubular capillaries
d. ascending limb

A

a. distal convoluted tubule

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32
Q

A patient is brought to the emergency room. Blood evaluation reveals high levels of creatinine, urea, uric acid, and potassium. Family members report failure to urinate, even though the patient consumed a fairly large quantity of water during the day. The patient is experiencing

a. pyelitis
b. urinary tract infection
c. renal failure
d. horseshoe kidney

A

c. renal failure

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33
Q

Most reabsorption occurs in the

a. loop of Henle
b. proximal convoluted tubule
c. Bowman’s capsule
d. distal convoluted tubule

A

b. proximal convoluted tubule

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34
Q

The kidneys receive about _____ percent of the resting cardiac output, although they make up only 1 percent of the total body mass

a. 5-10
b. 10-15
c. 20-25
d. 30-35

A

c. 20-25

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35
Q

Which layer of the endothelial-capsular membrane prevents red blood cells from leaving the blood, but allows all components of the blood plasma to pass through?

a. fenestrated endothelial cells
b. basal lamina
c. fatty acids
d. slit membranes of podocytes

A

a. fenestrated endothelial cells

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36
Q

In cortical nephrons, the

a. glomerulus lies near the renal capsule
b. loop of Henle penetrates far down into the medulla
c. glomerulus is larger then the juxtamedullary nephron glomeruli
d. proximal convoluted tubules are very short

A

a. glomerulus lies near the renal capsule

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37
Q

The proximal convoluted tubule is made up of

a. simple squamous cells
b. columnar cells covered with cilia
c. podocytes
d. cuboidal cells with many microvilli

A

d. cuboidal cells with many microvilli

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38
Q

Normally, net filtration pressure in the kidney is about

a. 5 mm Hg
b. 10 mm Hg
c. 50 mm Hg, the same as in capillaries
d. 80 mm Hg, the same as diastolic blood pressure

A

b. 10 mm Hg

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39
Q

In the process of renal autoregulation, when the juxtaglomerular apparatus secretes less vasoconstrictor substance

a. the afferent arterioles dilate, increasing glomerular filtration rate
b. the efferent arterioles dilate, allowing blood to flow through the kidney faster
c. the loop of Henle reabsorbs more sodium and chloride ions
d. the collecting tubule reabsorbs less water

A

a. the afferent arterioles dilate, increasing glomerular filtration rate

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40
Q

Which of the following chemicals is an enzyme secreted by the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

a. aldosterone
b. antidiuretic hormone
c. atrial naturetic peptide
d. renin

A

d. renin

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41
Q

Glucose enters the proximal convoluted tubule cells by _____ and leaves the cell into the interstitial fluid by _____

a. simple diffusion, active transport
b. facilitated diffusion, simple diffusion
c. sodium ion-glucose symporters, facilitated diffusion
d. primary active transport, sodium ion-glucose symporters

A

c. sodium ion-glucose symporters, facilitated diffusion

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42
Q

The main region of the kidney tubule that is always impermeable to water is the

a. collecting duct
b. thin descending limb of the loop of Henle
c. proximal convoluted tubule
d. thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle

A

d. thick ascending limb of the loop of Henl

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43
Q

The main regulator of facultative water reabsorption is

a. antidiuretic hormone
b. aldosterone
c. renin
d. angiotensin

A

a. antidiuretic hormone

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44
Q

In the embryo, the metanephric duct develops into the

a. urethra
b. ureter
c. urinary bladder
d. urogenital diaphragm

A

b. ureter

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45
Q

Which of the following occurs by the action of Na+ symporters in the apical memebranes of tuble cells?

a. reabsorption of glucose by proximal convoluted tubule cells
b. reabsorption of amino acids by proximal convoluted tubule cells
c. secretion of hydrogen ions by intercalated cells
d. both a and b

A

d. both a and b

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46
Q

Ions, but not water, are reabsorbed from the tubular fluid in the ascending loop of Henle. Therefore, the osmolarity of the fluid entering the distal convoluted tubule is

a. less than pure water
b. greater than blood
c. greater than the glomerular filtrate
d. less than blood

A

d. less than blood

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47
Q

The most important solutes that contribute to the high osmolarity of the interstitial fluid in the renal medulla are

a. potassium ions, hydrogen ions, and water
b. sodium ions, chloride ions, and urea
c. glucose, proteins, and calcium ions
d. renin, aldosterone, and angiotensin

A

b. sodium ions, chloride ions, and urea

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48
Q

During the micturition reflex ___________

a. sympathetic fibers conduct impulses from the brain that cause contraction of the external urethral sphincter
b. sympathetic fibers conduct impulses from the spinal cord that cause relaxation of the external urethral sphincter
c. parasympathetic fibers conduct impulses from the spinal cord that cause relaxatoin of the detrusor muscle
d. parasympathetic fibers conduct impulses from the spinal cord that cause contraction of the detrusor muscle

A

d. parasympathetic fibers conduct impulses from the spinal cord that cause contraction of the detrusor muscle

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49
Q

The only place in the kidney where filtration occurs is in the

a. renal corpuscle
b. proximal convoluted tubule
c. loop of Henle
d. distal convoluted tubule

A

a. renal corpuscle

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50
Q

Creatinine is produced by the breakdown of creatine phosphate in the skeletal muscles. It is useful for determining glomerular filtration rate (GFR) because it is

a. filtered and reabsorbed but not secreted
b. filtered and extensively secreted but not reabsorbed
c. filtered and secreted to a very small extent
d. secreted but not filtered or reabsorbed

A

c. filtered and secreted to a very small extent

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51
Q

The urinary bladder in the female lies inferior to the

a. small intestines
b. uterus
c. rectum
d. vagina

A

b. uterus

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52
Q

The color of urine is due to the presence of a chemical called

a. urochrome
b. urea
c. creatinine
d. inulin

A

a. urochrome

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53
Q

The normal kidneys are only about _____ as effective at the age of 70 as they are at the age of 40

a. 10 percent
b. 25 percent
c. 50 percent
d. 75 percent

A

c. 50 percent

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54
Q

Which is not a major function of the kidney?

a) regulation of blood ionic composition
b) regulation of blood cell size
c) regulation of blood volume
d) regulation of blood pressure
e) regulation of blood pH

A

b) regulation of blood cell size

55
Q

This is the formation of a new glucose molecule.

a) glycolysis
b) gluconeogenesis
c) glucosamine
d) glucose
e) calcitriol

A

b) gluconeogenesis

56
Q

Which of the following is a waste product normally excreted by the kidneys?

a) urea
b) glucose
c) insulin
d) cholesterol
e) carbon dioxide

A

a) urea

57
Q

This is smooth dense irregular connective tissue that is continuous with the outer coat of the ureter.

a) adipose capsule
b) renal capsule
c) renal hilus
d) renal cortex
e) renal medulla

A

b) renal capsule

58
Q

The portion of the kidney that extends between the renal pyramids is called the

a) renal columns
b) renal medulla
c) renal pelvis
d) calyces
e) renal papilla

A

a) renal columns

59
Q

Which is the correct order of blood flow through the kidneys?

a) renal artery > segmental artery > interlobular artery > peritubular capillaries > afferent arterioles
b) interlobar arteries > arcuate arteries > glomerular capillaries > arcuate veins
c) arcuate veins > arcuate arteries > glomerular capillaries > renal vein
d) renal vein > segmental arteries > interlobar arteries > efferent arterioles
e) interlobar veins > afferent arterioles > efferent arterioles > glomerular capillaries

A

b) interlobar arteries > arcuate arteries > glomerular capillaries > arcuate veins

60
Q

) Which is the correct order of filtrate flow?

a) glomerular capsule, proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule (DCT), collecting duct
b) nephron loop, glomerular capsule, PCT, DCT, collecting duct
c) ascending limb of loop, PCT, DCT, collecting duct
d) collecting duct, DCT, PCT, collecting duct, glomerular capsule
e) PCT, glomerular capsule, DCT, collecting duct, nephron loop

A

a) glomerular capsule, proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule (DCT), collecting duct

61
Q

Which structure of the nephron reabsorbs the most substances?

a) glomerular capsule
b) nephron loop
c) ascending limb
d) collecting duct
e) proximal convoluted tubule

A

e) proximal convoluted tubule

62
Q

This is the structure of the nephron that filters blood.

a) glomerular capsule
b) nephron loop
c) ascending limb
d) collecting duct
e) renal tubule

A

a) glomerular capsule

63
Q

This term means the return of substances into the blood stream from the filtrate.

a) reabsorption
b) filtration
c) secretion
d) excretion
e) none of these choices

A

a) reabsorption

64
Q

This is a nephron process that results in a substance in blood entering the already formed filtrate.

a) reabsorption
b) filtration
c) secretion
d) excretion
e) none of these choices

A

c) secretion

65
Q

This layer of filtration membrane is composed of collagen fibers and proteoglycans in a glycoprotein matrix.

a) glomerular endothelial cells
b) basal lamina
c) pedicels
d) filtration slits
e) slit membrane

A

b) basal lamina

66
Q

This occurs when stretching triggers contraction of smooth muscle walls in afferent arterioles.

a) glomerular filtration rate
b) tubulomerular feedback
c) myogenic mechanism
d) renal autoregulation
e) capsular hydrostatic pressure

A

c) myogenic mechanism

67
Q

This occurs when a substance passes from the fluid in the tubular lumen through the apical membrane, across the cytosol, and then into the interstitial fluid.

a) paracellular reabsoprtion
b) transcellular reabsoprtion
c) apical reasborption
d) basolateral reabsorption
e) active transport

A

b) transcellular reabsoprtion

68
Q

The proximal convoluted tubules reabsorb which percentage of filtered water?

a) 25%
b) 50%
c) 65%
d) 80%
e) 99%

A

c) 65%

69
Q

Which of the following is NOT a way angiotensin II affects the kidneys?

a) It increases GFR
b) It can decrease GFR
c) It enhances reabsorption of certain ions
d) It stimulates the release of aldosterone
e) None of these choices

A

a) It increases GFR

70
Q

Urea recycling can cause a buildup of urea in the

a) renal capsule
b) nephron loop
c) ascending tubule
d) renal medulla
e) renal pelvis

A

d) renal medulla

71
Q

Increased secretion of hydrogen ions would result in a(n) ______________ of blood ____________?

a) increase, pressure
b) decrease, volume
c) increase, sodium levels
d) decrease, pH
e) increase, urea

A

d) decrease, pH

72
Q

Increased secretion of aldosterone would result in a(n) ______________ of blood ____________?

a) increase, potassium
b) decrease, volume
c) increase, calcium levels
d) decrease, pH
e) increase, sodium

A

Increased secretion of aldosterone would result in a(n) ______________ of blood ____________?

e) increase, sodium

73
Q

An analysis of the physical, chemical, and microscopic properties of urine is called

a) urinalysis
b) filtration study
c) concentration study
d) diuretic
e) osmolarity

A

a) urinalysis

74
Q

Water accounts for which percentage of the total volume of urine?

a) 25%
b) 50%
c) 75%
d) 80%
e) 95%

A

e) 95%

75
Q

This is a test to measure kidney function.

a) Plasma creatinine
b) Renal study
c) Kidney assay
d) Dialysis
e) Hilus study

A

a) Plasma creatinine

76
Q

This transports urine from the kidney to the bladder.

a) Urethra
b) Ureter
c) Descending nephron loop
d) Renal hilus
e) None of these choices

A

b) Ureter

77
Q

This layer of the ureter is composed of connective tissue, collagen and elastic fibers.

a) Mucosa
b) Transitional epithelium
c) Lamina propria
d) Adventitia
e) Lamina elastica

A

c) Lamina propria

78
Q

This lies in the anterior corner of the trigone of the bladder.

a) Urethral sphincter
b) Adventitia bundle
c) Ureter
d) Internal urethral orifice
e) Muscularis bundle

A

d) Internal urethral orifice

79
Q

This is composed of dense irregular tissue that runs continuous with the ureter?

a) A
b) B
c) C

A

c) C

80
Q

This layer’s main function is to protect the kidney from trauma and hold it in place within the abdominal cavity

a) A
b) B
c) C

A

b) B

81
Q

This layer runs deep to the peritoneum on the anterior surface of the kidneys.

a) A
b) B
c) C

A

a) A

82
Q

This can be divided into the cortical zone and the juxtamedullary zone

a) A
b) D
c) E
d) F
e) G

A

a) A

83
Q

Each kidney can have anywhere from 8 to 18 of these.

a) I
b) J
c) K
d) L
e) H

A

c) K

84
Q

This structure is the apex of a renal pyramid.

a) E
b) D
c) G
d) K
e) L

A

a) E

85
Q

Urine formed by the nephrons first drains into these

a) H
b) I
c) J
d) K
e) L

A

d) K

86
Q

What two structures comprise the renal corpuscle?

a) A and B
b) C and D
c) E and F
d) K and L
e) N and O

A

a) A and B

87
Q

Describe the structural features of the renal corpuscle that enhance its blood filtering capacity.

A

Endothelial cells of the glomerular capillaries are fenestrated. Their basement membranes are part of the filtering mechanism. Podocytes with filtration slits between pedicels wrap the glomerular capillaries. The large surface area also contributes to filtering ability, as does the high glomerular hydrostatic pressure created by the arrangement of the afferent and efferent arterioles, in which the diameter of the efferent arteriole is smaller than that of the afferent arteriole.

88
Q

Where is the distal convoluted tubule?

a) D
b) E
c) J
d) K
e) L

A

a) D

89
Q

Where is the arcuate vein?

a) E
b) F
c) G
d) H
e) I

A

d) H

90
Q

Where is the ascending limb of the nephron loop?

a) C
b) D
c) J
d) K
e) L

A

e) L

91
Q

Where is the corticomedullary junction?

a) G
b) J
c) M
d) N
e) O

A

b) J

92
Q

Where is the papillary duct?

a) C
b) F
c) H
d) N
e) O

A

d) N

93
Q

What does line “M” point to?

a) Arcuate artery
b) Arcuate vein
c) Collecting duct
d) Descending loop
e) Efferent arteriole

A

c) Collecting duct

94
Q

What is line “C” pointing to?

a) Distal convoluted tubule
b) Interlobular artery
c) Efferent arteriole
d) Arcuate artery
e) Corticomedullary junction

A

c) Efferent arteriole

95
Q

What is line “A” pointing to?

a) Fenestration
b) Pedicel
c) Filtration slit
d) Basal lamina
e) Lumen of the glomerulus

A

a) Fenestration

96
Q

What is line “B” pointing to?

a) Fenestration
b) Pedicel
c) Filtration slit
d) Basal lamina
e) Lumen of the glomerulus

A

b) Pedicel

97
Q

What is line “C” pointing to?

a) Fenestration
b) Pedicel
c) Filtration slit
d) Basal lamina
e) Lumen of the glomerulus

A

c) Filtration slit

98
Q

Describe in detail how the renin angiotensin negative feedback loop helps regulate blood pressure and glomerular filtration rate in response to dehydration.

A

Dehydration causes a decrease in blood volume and pressure, which then decreases glomerular filtration rate (GFR). The juxtaglomerular( JG) cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus sense decreased stretch and macula densa cells sense decreased water. The JG cells secrete renin, which converts angiotensinogen in blood to angiotensin I. The latter is converted to angiotensin II by angiotensin converting enzymes in the lungs. Angiotensin II causes constriction of efferent arterioles, increased thirst, greater ADH secretion from the posterior pituitary, and increased secretion of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex. Blood volume is increased, which increases venous return, stroke volume, cardiac output, and blood pressure. GFR is also increased.

99
Q

What is line “D” pointing to?

a) Fenestration
b) Pedicel
c) Filtration slit
d) Basal lamina
e) Lumen of the glomerulus

A

d) Basal lamina

100
Q

Describe the flow of blood through the kidneys.

A

Kidneys receive 20 to 25% of the resting cardiac output via the renal arteries. The renal arteries branch to form segmental arteries, which branch to form interlobar arteries (through renal columns) to arcuate arteries (over bases of pyramids) to interlobular arteries. The interlobular arteries branch to form afferent arterioles to each nephron. Afferent arterioles branch to form glomerular capillaries where filtration occurs. Glomerular capillaries merge to form efferent arterioles, which then branch to form peritubular capillaries. Juxtamedullary nephrons also have vasa recta capillaries around them. Peritubular capillaries merge to form peritubular veins and with the vasa recta to form interlobular veins to arcuate veins to interlobar veins. Blood exits the kidney via renal veins.

101
Q

Trace the flow of a water molecule through the nephrons from the afferent arteriole to the minor calyx.

A

The water would flow from the afferent arteriole into the glomerulus, where it would be filtered into the Bowman’s capsule. From the Bowman’s capsule, it would enter the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT). Most of its companion water molecules would be reabsorbed into the blood from the PCT. The next part of the trip would take the water molecule through the descending of the nephron loop, where more of its companion water molecules would be reabsorbed. From there, the water molecule would climb the ascending nephron loop and move into the distal convoluted tubule (DCT). Toward the end of the DCT and most of the collecting duct, there are principal cells that respond to ADH and can reabsorb more water molecules. If not reabsorbed in the DCT or the collecting duct, the water molecule would move into the papillary duct that drains into the minor calyx.

102
Q

Discuss the importance of countercurrent flow to the functioning of the nephron

A

Countercurrent flow refers to the flow of fluid in opposite directions in parallel tubing (tubules and blood vessels). The arrangement allows gradients to develop between tubular fluid, blood, and interstitial fluid. Gradients allow for reabsorption of large amounts of water and ions from the tubular fluid.

103
Q

Fluid flowing from point N in the figure will go to which structure next?

a) G
b) H
c) C
d) B
e) K

A

a) G

104
Q

Fluid flowing from point G in the figure will go to which structure next?

a) N
b) H
c) I
d) M
e) K

A

c) I

105
Q

Fluid flowing from point H in the figure will go to which structure next?

a) L
b) B
c) I
d) G
e) N

A

b) B

106
Q

Fluid flowing from point B in the figure will go to which of the following structures?

a) J
b) M
c) I
d) G
e) H

A

a) J

107
Q

Which vessel in the diagram is the afferent arteriole?

a) C
b) D
c) E
d) F
e) L

A

a) C

108
Q

Which vessel in the diagram is the interlobular vein?

a) C
b) D
c) E
d) F
e) L

A

c) E

109
Q

Which vessel(s) in the diagram are the vasa recta?

a) C
b) D
c) E
d) M
e) L

A

e) L

110
Q

Which vessel in the diagram is the interlobular artery?

a) D
b) E
c) F
d) L

A

a) D

111
Q

Which vessel in the diagram is the arcuate artery?

a) C
b) D
c) E
d) F
e) L

A

d) F

112
Q

Which vessel(s) in the diagram are the peritubular capillaries?

a) C
b) D
c) E
d) M
e) L

A

d) M

113
Q

An increase in permeability of the filtration membrane due to disease, injury, or irritation of kidney cells by substances such as bacterial toxins, ether, or heavy metals indicates which condition?

a) albuminuria
b) lucosuria
c) robilinogenuria
d) ketonuria
e) bilirubinuria

A

a) albuminuria

114
Q

Anorexia, starvation, or a diet too low in carbohydrates indicates which condition?

a) albuminuria
b) glucosuria
c) urobilinogenuria
d) ketonuria
e) bilirubinuria

A

d) ketonuria

115
Q

Stress, causing excessive amounts of epinephrine secretion which stimulates glycogen breakdown, indicates which condition? This condition can also indicate diabetes mellitus.

a) albuminuria
b) glucosuria
c) urobilinogenuria
d) hematuria
e) bilirubinuria

A

b) glucosuria

116
Q

Excessive urine concentration of a normal breakdown product of hemoglobin, caused by pernicious anemia, infectious hepatitis, jaundice or cirrhosis, indicates which condition?

a) albuminuria
b) glucosuria
c) urobilinogenuria
d) hematuria
e) bilirubinuria

A

c) urobilinogenuria

117
Q

This substance gives bile its major pigmentation:

a) ketone bodies
b) erythrocytes
c) casts
d) bilirubin
e) glucose

A

d) bilirubin

118
Q

These are tiny masses of material, hardened in the lumen of the urinary tubule and are flushed out when filtrate builds up behind them:

a) ketone bodies
b) erythrocytes
c) casts
d) microbes
e) urobilinogen

A

c) casts

119
Q

Candida albicans and E. coli are which type of abnormal constituent of urine:

a) ketone bodies
b) erythrocytes
c) casts
d) microbes
e) urobilinogen

A

d) microbes

120
Q

Which is the normal pH range of urine in humans?

a) 8.1 – 10.6
b) 4.6 – 8.0
c) 1.0 – 3.0
d) 3.1 – 4.0
e) 10.0 – 12.0

A

b) 4.6 – 8.0

121
Q

What is the normal volume of urine produced in humans?

a) 1L / hr
b) 2L / day
c) 2L / hr
d) 3L / week
e) 10L / 24 hours

A

b) 2L / day

122
Q

What is the normal specific gravity range of urine in humans?

a) 2.350 – 3.700
b) 0.002 – 1.000
c) 4.6 – 8.0
d) 1.001 – 1.035
e) 1.04 – 2.60

A

d) 1.001 – 1.035

123
Q

Parasympathetic division of ANS regulates kidney functions.

T or F

A

F

124
Q

This hormone is released when the blood volume increases.

a) Parathyroid Hormone
b) Renin
c) ADH
d) Atrial Natriuretic Peptide
e) Aldosterone

A

d) Atrial Natriuretic Peptide

125
Q

Consumption of salty food will cause an increase in this hormone.

a) Aldosterone
b) Renin
c) ANH
d) Angiotensin-II
e) ADH

A

e) ADH

126
Q

Absence of angiotensin converting enzyme will lead to

a) decreased blood pressure
b) increased blood pressure
c) will not have any effect on blood pressure
d) All of these choices are correct.
e) None of these choices is correct.

A

a) decreased blood pressure

127
Q

. In males, both the urinary system and the _________ use the urethra.

a) integument
b) reproductive system
c) respiratory system
d) digestive system

A

b) reproductive system

128
Q

The kidneys release _________ to raise blood pressure

A

renin

129
Q

The kidneys convert some of the bilirubin from hemoglobin breakdown to ________, a yellow pigment.

A

urobilin

130
Q

Shock wave lithotripsy is often used to treat which condition?

a) renal calculi
b) urinary tract infections
c) glomerulonephritis
d) polycystic kidney disease
e) urinary bladder cancer

A

a) renal calculi

131
Q

Excessive calcium ingestion and low water intake can lead to which condition?

a) renal calculi
b) urinary tract infections
c) glomerulonephritis
d) polycystic kidney disease
e) urinary bladder cancer

A

a) renal calculi

132
Q

Inflammation of the kidneys is called

a) cystitis
b) nephrotic syndrome
c) pyelonephritis
d) urethritis

A

c) pyelonephritis

133
Q
A

Biology 235 RN :!: (29 decks)

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