P3 Chapter 24 THE DEGESTIVE SYSTEM Flashcards
The wavelike, rhythmic contractions that move food through the digestive tract are called
a. deglutition
b. peristalsis
c. mucosal contractions
d. absorption
b. peristalsis
Which peritoneal modification supports the large intestine?
a. dorsal mesentery
b. falciform ligament
c. lesser omentum
d. mesocolon
d. mesocolon
The pyloric sphincter is found between the
a. duodenum and jejunum
b. ileum and cecum
c. stomach and esophagus
d. stomach and duodenum
d. stomach and duodenum
The pancreas is stimulated to release its secretions by
a. gastrin
b. HCl in chyme
c. secretin
d. trypsinogen
c. secretin
Which of the following are part of the digestive system, but are not part of the alimentary canal?
a. duodenum, jejunum, ileum
b. stomach, esophagus, pharynx
c. liver, pancreas, gallbladder
d. mouth, pharynx, rectum
c. liver, pancreas, gallbladder
The physical and chemical breakdown of food is completed primarily in the
a. large intestine
b. stomach
c. small intestine
d. cecum
c. small intestine
Gastric glands increase their secretory activity in response to a hormone released from the
a. duodenum
b. stomach
c. pancreas
d. liver
b. stomach
The space between the parietal and visceral peritoneum is the _____ cavity
a. antiperitoneal
b. mediastinal
c. retroperitoneal
d. peritoneal
d. peritoneal
Connective tissue of the mucosa is called the
a. muscularis mucosae
b. rugae
c. lamina propria
d. myenteric plexus
c. lamina propria
The intrinsic factor is produced by _____ cells
a. goblet
b. parietal
c. G
d. chief
b. parietal
The esophageal hiatus is in the
a. esophagus
b. cardiac portion of the stomach
c. mesentery
d. diaphragm
d. diaphragm
Digestion begins in the
a. stomach
b. mouth
c. jejunum
d. esophagus
b. mouth
Taste buds are found in elevations on the dorsal surface of the tongue called
a. papillae
b. emetics
c. Peyer’s patches
d. plicae circularis
a. papillae
Which of the following adult structures is derived from the umbilical vein of the fetus?
a. ligamentum teres
b. coronary ligament
c. portal vein
d. superior mesenteric vein
a. ligamentum teres
Deamination results in the formation of
a. amino acids
b. fatty acids and glycerol
c. monosaccharides
d. ammonia
d. ammonia
Absorption of nutrients occurs primarily in the
a. stomach
b. small intestine
c. colon
d. pancreas
b. small intestine
The myenteric plexus is located in which layer of the alimentary canal?
a. mucosa
b. serosa
c. lamina propria
d. muscularis
d. muscularis
Which hormone is released in response to the presence of fats in the duodenum and has its target cells in the gallbladder?
a. cholecystokinin
b. gastrin
c. enterokinase
d. secretin
a. cholecystokinin
The crypts of Lieberkuhn are
a. gastric pits
b. filled with lymph nodes
c. intestinal glands
d. mucous glands
c. intestinal glands
The nerve plexus that controls secretions by the gastrointestinal tract is located in the
a. mucosa
b. submucosa
c. muscularis
d. serosa
b. submucosa
The inner surface of each lip is attached to the gum by a midline fold of mucous membrane called the
a. labia
b. fauces
c. vermilion
d. labial frenulum
d. labial frenulum
Mumps is a viral infection, inflammation, and enlargement of the
a. lingual tonsils
b. parotid salivary glands
c. tongue and throat
d. uvula and soft palate of the mouth
b. parotid salivary glands
The duct of the parotid gland enters the mouth cavity near the
a. second maxillary molar
b. lingual frenulum
c. base of the tongue
d. floor of the mouth
a. second maxillary molar
Secretion of saliva decreases
a. immediately after food is swallowed
b. when food is tasted
c. when we see or smell food
d. when the body is dehydrated
d. when the body is dehydrated
The deciduous molars (baby teeth molars) are replaced in the adult by the
a. incisors
b. premolars
c. cuspids
d. molars
b. premolars
Salivary amylase digestive activity
a. occurs only in the mouth while the food is being chewed
b. continues until the food is swallowed, then it is halted by esophageal secretions
c. stops as soon as it arrives in the stomach
d. continues in the stomach until the stomach acids deactivate it
d. continues in the stomach until the stomach acids deactivate it
During the act of deglutition
a. deciduous teeth are replaced by permanent ones
b. salivary glands are stimulated to secrete more saliva
c. food moves from the mouth to the stomach
d. food is thoroughly mixed with saliva by action of the tongue and teeth
c. food moves from the mouth to the stomach
What are rugae?
a. folds of the mucosa of the stomach
b. folds of the mucosa of the small intestine
c. folds of the peritoneum that attach to the greater and lesser curvatures of the stomach
d. people who love Jamaican music
a. folds of the mucosa of the stomach
The passage of a bolus of semi-solid food from the mouth to the stomach takes about
a. 1/2 second
b. 5 seconds
c. 30 seconds
d. 1 minute
b. 5 seconds
The inner lining of the stomach is made up of
a. simple columnar epithelium
b. simple squamous epithelium
c. stratified squamous epithelium
d. pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
a. simple columnar epithelium
Hydrochloric acid is produced in the stomach by the
a. mucous surface cells
b. goblet cells
c. chief cells
d. parietal cells
d. parietal cells
The thought or smell of food initiates the _____ phase of stomach secretion and motility
a. cephalic
b. buccal
c. gastric
d. intestinal
a. cephalic
During the intestinal phase of gastric digestion
a. gastric secretions and motility increase
b. gastric motility increases, but gastric secretions decrease
c. gastric motility decreases, but gastric secretions increase
d. gastric secretions and motility decrease
d. gastric secretions and motility decrease
Secretion of gastrin and stimulation of the vagus nerve cause
a. decreased stomach motility, relaxation of the esophageal sphincter, and contraction of the pyloric sphincter
b. increased secretion of secretin, inhibition of the smooth muscles of the stomach, and contraction of the pyloric sphincter
c. increased stomach motility, contraction of the esophageal sphincter, and relaxation of the pyloric sphincter
d. decreased secretion of hydrogen ions, inhibition of pepsin secretion, and relaxation of the esophageal muscles
c. increased stomach motility, contraction of the esophageal sphincter, and relaxation of the pyloric sphincter
The ducts of the pancreas and liver connect to the digestive tract at the
a. pylorus of the stomach
b. duodenum
c. jejunum
d. ileum
b. duodenum
Trypsin and chymotrypsin are enzymes of the pancreatic juice that act on
a. proteins
b. fats
c. carbohydrates
d. DNA and RNA
a. proteins
Pepsin action ceases in the duodenum because of the presence of
a. enterokinase enzyme, secreted by the duodenum
b. bile pigments from the liver
c. bicarbonate ions from the pancreas
d. secretin hormone from the duodenum
c. bicarbonate ions from the pancreas
The only substance in bile that aids in digestion is
a. bilirubin
b. bile salts
c. secretin
d. lipase
c. secretin
The hormone that causes contraction of the muscles in the wall of the gallbladder and relaxation of the sphincter of the hepatopancreatic ampulla (sphincter of Oddi) is
a. secretin
b. cholecystokinin
c. gastrin
d. enterokinase
b. cholecystokinin
The cystic duct is attached to the
a. gallbladder
b. pancreas
c. liver
d. duodenum
a. gallbladder
Folds of the small intestine that give the mucosa a velvety appearance and greatly increase the surface area are called
a. circular folds
b. villi
c. microvilli
d. haustra
b. villi
Most carbohydrate digestion takes place in the
a. mouth
b. stomach
c. small intestine
d. large intestine
c. small intestine
There are no lipase enzymes secreted by the gland cells of the
a. mouth
b. stomach
c. pancreas
d. small intestine
d. small intestine
All lipids are absorbed through the brush border of the small intestine by the process of
a. facilitated diffusion
b. simple diffusion
c. active transport d
. pinocytosis
b. simple diffusion
Although over 9 liters of water enter the small intestine, the amount lost in the feces is only about
a. 0.1 liter
b. 1 liter
c. 2 liters
d. 3 liters
a. 0.1 liter
Which digestive gland secretes the most fluid into the digestive tract?
a. salivary glands
b. liver
c. pancreas
d. Brunner’s glands
c. pancreas
Which two regions of the large intestine are retroperitoneal?
a. ascending colon and sigmoid colon
b. descending colon and sigmoid colon
c. ascending colon and descending colon
d. transverse colon and sigmoid colon
c. ascending colon and descending colon
Tubular glands formed by simple columnar epithelium and goblet cells that extend the full thickness of the mucosa are found in the
a. esophagus
b. stomach
c. liver
d. large intestine
d. large intestine
Which of the digestive tract movements does NOT occur in the large intestine?
a. peristalsis
b. haustral churning
c. segmentation
d. mass peristalsis
c. segmentation
In the embryo, the inner lining of most of the digestive tract is formed from
a. ectoderm
b. mesoderm
c. endoderm
d. mesenchyme
c. endoderm
Dentists recommend that plaque be removed from the teeth at least every
a. 24 hours
b. week
c. month
d. 6 months
a. 24 hours
The second leading cause of cancer deaths in males, after deaths from lung cancer, is
a. pancreatic cancer
b. colorectal cancer
c. cancer of the mouth and tongue
d. stomach cancer
b. colorectal cancer
Gallstones are formed from the fusion of crystallized
a. cholesterol
b. bile salts
c. bilirubin
d. sodium chloride
a. cholesterol
Which of the following is NOT a function of hepatocytes?
a. secretion of digestive enzymes
b. secretion of bile
c. detoxifying alcohol
d. synthesizing cholesterol
a. secretion of digestive enzymes
The branch of dentistry that is concerned with the prevention and correction of abnormally aligned teeth is
a. endodontics
b. peridontics
c. peridontics
d. paradontics
c. peridontics
Which of following processes is the function of the smooth muscle layer of the digestive system?
a) Ingestion
b) Secretion
c) Mixing and propulsion
d) Absorption
e) None of these choices
c) Mixing and propulsion
Which of following processes is the primary function of the mouth?
a) Ingestion
b) Secretion
c) Mixing and propulsion
d) Absorption
e) None of these choices
a) Ingestion
Which of the following processes is the primary function of the villi of the small intestine?
a) Ingestion
b) Secretion
c) Mixing and propulsion
d) Absorption
e) None of these choices
d) Absorption
Which of the following accessory organs produces a fluid to soften food?
a) Teeth
b) Salivary glands
c) Liver
d) Gallbladder
e) Pharynx
b) Salivary glands
Which of the following accessory organs produces a fluid that functions to emulsify dietary fats?
a) Teeth
b) Salivary glands
c) Liver
d) Gallbladder
e) Pharynx
c) Liver
Which of the following accessory organs stores bile?
a) Teeth
b) Salivary glands
c) Liver
d) Gallbladder
e) Pharynx
d) Gallbladder
The capability of the GI tract to move material along its length is called
- Motility
- Propulsion
- Digestion
- Defecation
a) 1 only
b) 2 only
c) 3 only
d) 4 only
e) Both 1 and 2
e) Both 1 and 2
Which layer of the GI tract is composed of areolar connective tissue containing blood and lymph vessels?
a) Mucosa
b) Lamina propria
c) MALT
d) Muscularis
e) Epithelium
b) Lamina propria
Which layer of the GI tract is composed of areolar connective tissue that binds the mucosa to the muscularis?
a) Submucosa
b) Lamina propria
c) Epithelium
d) Serosa
e) None of these choices
a) Submucosa
v
Which layer functions by secreting a lubricating fluid?
a) Serosa
b) Submucosa
c) Muscularis
d) Mucosa
e) MALT
a) Serosa
Which structure is composed of prominent lymphatic nodules that function in the immune response?
a) Mucosa
b) Lamina propria
c) MALT
d) Submucosa
e) Serosa
c) MALT
Which plexus is located between the longitudinal and circular smooth muscle layers of the muscularis?
a) ENS
b) Myenteric plexus
c) Submucosal plexus
d) Digestive plexus
e) Absorption plexus
b) Myenteric plexuss
Why do emotions such as anger or fear slow digestion?
a) Because they stimulate the parasympathetic nerves supplying the GI tract
b) Because they stimulate the somatic nerves that supply the GI tract
c) Because they stimulate the sympathetic nerves that supply the GI tract
d) They do not affect digestion
e) Because all emotions are controlled by the Vagus nerve
c) Because they stimulate the sympathetic nerves that supply the GI tract
Which portion of the peritoneum drapes over the transverse colon and coils of the small intestine?
a) Greater omentum
b) Falciform ligament
c) Lesser omentum
d) Mesentery
e) Mesocolon
a) Greater omentum
Which portion of the peritoneum attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall and diaphragm?
a) Greater omentum
b) Falciform ligament
c) Lesser omentum
d) Mesentery
e) Mesocolon
b) Falciform ligament
Which portion of the peritoneum is largely responsible for carrying blood and lymph vessels to the intestines?
a) Greater omentum
b) Falciform ligament
c) Lesser omentum
d) Mesentery
e) Mesocolon
e) Mesocolon
In the mouth, the tooth sockets are lined with
a) Gingivae
b) Cementum
c) Periodontal ligament
d) Pulp
e) Root
c) Periodontal ligament
Deciduous molars are replaced by
a) Bicuspids
b) Molars
c) Incisors
d) Canines
e) Wisdom teeth
a) Bicuspids
Which of the following layers of the GI tract contains skeletal muscle?
a) Muscularis
b) Mucosa
c) Serosa
d) Submucosa
a) Muscularis
How many stages of deglutition are there?
a) 2
b) 3
c) 4
d) 5
e) 8
b) 3
Which structure of the stomach allows greater distension for food storage?
a) Cardia
b) Fundus
c) Pylorus
d) Rugae
e) Sphincter
d) Rugae
Which of the following cells secrete hydrochloric acid?
a) Mucous cells
b) Parietal cells
c) Chief cells
d) Serosa cells
e) Chyme cells
b) Parietal cells
Which cell secretes the hormone that promotes production of hydrochloric acid?
a) Neck cell
b) Chief cell
c) G cell
d) Chyme cell
e) Parietal cell
c) G cell
How long can food stay in the fundus before being mixed with gastric juices?
a) 10 minutes
b) 20 minutes
c) 30 minutes
d) 45 minutes
e) 1 hour
e) 1 hour
Which major duct carries a fluid rich in bicarbonate ions?
a) Pancreatic duct
b) Hepatopancreatic duct
c) Cystic duct
d) Bile duct
e) Hepatic duct
a) Pancreatic duct
Which of the following pancreatic enzymes digests lipids?
a) Trypsin
b) Elastase
c) Lipase
d) Pepsin
e) All of these choices
c) Lipase
This of the following structures is found on the liver and is a remnant of the umbilical cord in a fetus?
a) Coronary ligament
b) Falciform ligament
c) Round ligament
d) Kupffer ligament
e) Bile ductules
c) Round ligament
Which of the following is the principle bile pigment?
a) Stercobilin
b) Bilirubin
c) Biliverdin
d) Both Stercobilin and Bilirubin
e) All of these choices
b) Bilirubin
Which of the following is NOT a function of the liver?
a) Conversion of carbohydrates
b) Protein metabolism
c) Storage of bilirubin
d) Phagocytosis
e) Storage of vitamins
c) Storage of bilirubin
Which of the following small intestine cells secrete lysozyme?
a) Goblet cells
b) Absorptive cells
c) Mucosa cells
d) Paneth cells
e) S cells
d) Paneth cells
Brunner’s glands
a) Secrete an acidic mucus
b) Secrete an alkaline juice
c) Secrete an alkaline mucus
d) Secrete an acidic juice
c) Secrete an alkaline mucus
Which of the following enzymes acts to produce monoglycerides as one product?
a) Lipase
b) Amylase
c) Trypsin
d) Phosphatase
e) Ligase
a) Lipase
Which of the following pancreatic enzymes acts on glycogen and starches?
a) Chymotrypsin
b) Amylase
c) Trypsin
d) Phosphatase
e) Nucleosidase
b) Amylase
Which of the following pancreatic enzymes acts on peptide bonds?
a) Chymotrypsin
b) Amylase
c) Pepsin
d) Phosphatase
e) Nucleosidase
a) Chymotrypsin
Which hormone functions to counteract the effect of gastric acid in the small intestine?
a) Pepsin
b) Secretin
c) Gastrin
d) Cholecystokinin
e) Amylase
b) Secretin
Which hormone is stimulated by high levels of dietary fat in the small intestine?
a) Pepsin
b) Secretin
c) Gastrin
d) Cholecystokinin
e) Amylase
d) Cholecystokinin
Which digestive aid, produced by the stomach, begins digestion by denaturing proteins?
a) Bicarbonate ion
b) mucus
c) Bile
d) Hydrochloric acid
e) Water
d) Hydrochloric acid
Which structure regulates the flow of material into the colon?
a) Ileocecal sphincter
b) Pyloric sphincter
c) Appendix
d) Sigmoid colon
e) Anal canal
a) Ileocecal sphincter
Which of the following is NOT a primary function of the large intestine?
a) Mechanical digestion
b) Chemical digestion
c) Absorption
d) Feces formation
e) Regulation of blood glucose
e) Regulation of blood glucose
What is line A pointing to?
a) Lumen
b) MALT
c) Mucosa
d) Submucosa
e) Muscularis
b) MALT
What layer is composed of areolar connective tissue and epithelium?
a) A
b) B
c) C
d) D
e) none of these
e) none of these
Which layer contains the lamina propria?
a) A
b) B
c) C
d) D
e) E
b) B
Which structure consists of calcified connective tissue?
a) A
b) B
c) E
d) F
e) G
b) B
What is line F pointing to?
a) Pulp cavity
b) Cementum
c) Root canal
d) Alveolar bone
e) Gingival sulcus
b) Cementum
Which structure has an opening called the apical foramen?
a) A
b) F
c) G
d) H
e) I
c) G
Which the portion of the stomach connects to the duodenum?
a) A
b) E
c) D
d) B
c) D
What does line G point to?
a) Pylorus
b) Pyloric sphincter
c) Rugae
d) Pyloric antrum
e) Greater curvature
d) Pyloric antrum
This is the area where pyloric stenosis occurs
a) E
b) F
c) G
d) B
e) I
a) E
What is line I pointing to?
a) Greater curvature
b) Lesser curvature
c) Body
d) Fundus
e) Cardia
d) Fundus
Which of the following cells secrete mucus?
a) B
b) C
c) D
d) E
a) B
Which of the following cells secretes intrinsic factor?
a) A
b) B
c) C
d) D
e) E
c) C
Which of the following cells secretes gastrin?
a) A
b) B
c) C
d) D
e) E
e) E
Which of the following cells secretes pepsinogen?
a) A
b) B
c) C
d) D
e) E
d) D
Describe the structures and functions of the enteric nervous system
The ENS consists of the submucosal plexus in the submucosa and the myenteric plexus in the muscularis. Both contain sensory and motor neurons, as well as ANS postganglionic fibers of both divisions. The myenteric plexus also contains parasympathetic ganglia. The submucosal plexus regulates movements of the mucosa, secretion from glands in the gastrointestinal tract, and vasoconstriction of blood vessels in the gastrointestinal tract. The myenteric plexus regulates gastric motility
Explain why food does not normally go up into your nasal cavity or down into your lungs when you swallow-even if you are standing on your head when you swallow.
Presence of food in the oropharynx stimulates the deglutition center in the medulla and pons to move the soft palate and uvula upward to close off the nasopharynx, thus keeping food out of the nasal cavity. At the same time, the larynx rises and the epiglottis moves down and back to seal off the larynx, which is further closed by the vocal cords, thus keeping food from entering the lower respiratory tract
Describe the role of the liver in protein metabolism
Hepatocytes deaminate amino acids. The amine group is converted to toxic ammonia. Hepatocytes convert the toxic ammonia to less toxic urea for excretion in urine. The liver also synthesizes many proteins, including most plasma proteins.
Identify the protein-hydrolyzing enzymes in the digestive tract, and name their sources. Why are these enzymes released in an inactive form?
Pepsin from the stomach, trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase, and elastase from the pancreas, and aminopeptidase and dipeptidase from the small intestine are the proteases in the GI tract. The enzymes are not activated until they are in the lumen of the stomach or small intestine because they would otherwise digest the proteins in the cells that produce them.
Describe the structural characteristics of the small intestine that enhance its function as the major absorber of nutrients.
All structures increase surface area to increase the rate of reabsorption: great length (10’ in living humans), microvilli on plasma membrane of each epithelial cell, villi (fingerlike projections of mucosa), and circular folds (permanent ridges in the mucosa).
Name the structure labeled F
a) Parietal cell
b) Gastric glands
c) Gastric pit
d) Chief cell
e) Simple columnar epithelium
c) Gastric pit
Name the structure labeled G
a) Parietal cell
b) Gastric glands
c) Gastric pit
d) Chief cell
e) Simple columnar epithelium
b) Gastric glands
Name the layer labeled A
a) Submucosa
b) Serosa
c) Longitudinal muscle
d) Mucosa
e) Circular muscle
e) Circular muscle
Name the layer labeled B
a) Submucosa
b) Serosa
c) Longitudinal muscle
d) Mucosa
e) Circular muscle
c) Longitudinal muscle
Name the layer labeled C
a) Submucosa
b) Serosa
c) Longitudinal muscle
d) Mucosa
e) Circular muscle
b) Serosa
Name the layer labeled E
a) Submucosa
b) Serosa
c) Longitudinal muscle
d) Mucosa
e) Circular muscle
d) Mucosa
Name the layer labeled D
a) Submucosa
b) Serosa
c) Longitudinal muscle
d) Mucosa
e) Circular muscle
a) Submucosa
The enzyme, produced in the organ labeled C, which digests DNA is called:
a) Deoxyribonuclease
b) Ribonuclease
c) Salivary amylase
d) Pepsin
e) sucrase
:
a) Deoxyribonuclease
The enzyme, produced in the organ labeled C, that produces fatty acids and monoglycerides during digestion is called:
a) Sucrase
b) Pancreatic lipase
c) Salivary amylase
d) Trypsin
e) Elastase
b) Pancreatic lipase
The enzyme, produced in the organ labeled D, that produces both glucose and galactose as products is called
a) lactase
b) pancreatic lipase
c) sucrase
d) pepsin
e) nucleases
a) lactase
The enzyme, produced in the organ labeled D, that produces only glucose as a product is called:
a) maltase
b) pancreatic lipase
c) sucrase
d) pepsin
e) nucleases
a) maltase
Which of the following disorders involving the organ labeled E can result from viruses, drugs and chemicals such as alcohol?
a) heartburn
b) mumps
c) pancreatitis
d) hepatitis
e) vomiting
d) hepatitis
Which of the following disorders can occur in the organ labeled B?
a) Appendicitis
b) mumps
c) pancreatitis
d) hepatitis
e) peptic ulcers
e) peptic ulcers
Which of the following is the forerunner of the gastrointestinal tract?
a) primitive gut
b) foregut
c) midgut
d) hindgut
e) endoderm
a) primitive gut
Which of the following is NOT a change in the digestive system associated with aging?
a) Decreased secretory mechanisms
b) Decreased motility of the digestive organs
c) Loss of strength and tone of the muscular tissue
d) changes in neurosensory feedback regarding enzyme and hormone release
e) All of these are age related changes in the digestive system
e) All of these are age related changes in the digestive system
Which of the following is a contribution of the digestive system to the muscular system?
a) Small intestine absorbs dietary calcium and phosphorous salts.
b) The liver can convert lactic acid to glucose.
c) Small intestine absorbs vitamin D.
d) Excess dietary calories are stored as triglycerides in adipose cells.
e) The liver synthesizes most plasma proteins
b) The liver can convert lactic acid to glucose.
Which type of hepatitis is spread via fecal contamination of objects such as food, clothing, toys, and eating utensils and is characterized by loss of appetite, malaise, nausea, diarrhea, fever, and chills.
a) Hepatitis A
b) Hepatitis B
c) Hepatitis C
d) Hepatitis D
e) Hepatitis E
a) Hepatitis A
