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Biology 235 RN :!: > P2 Chapter 17 SPECIAL SENSES > Flashcards

P2 Chapter 17 SPECIAL SENSES Flashcards

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1
Q

Olfactory receptors are found

a) throughout the nasal cavity.
b) only in the superior portion of the nasal cavity.
c) only in the inferior portion of the nasal cavity.
d) from the vestibule to the pharynx.
e) only in the mid-nasal ridges.

A

b) only in the superior portion of the nasal cavity.

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2
Q

The smell receptors that actually bind the odorants and begin signal transduction are located on

a) olfactory hairs.
b) glial cells.
c) basal stem cells.
d) Bowman’s glands.
e) gustatory receptor cells.

A

a) olfactory hairs.

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3
Q

Adaptation of the olfactory sense to the continued presentation of an odorant

a) occurs rapidly.
b) increases sensitivity to that odorant.
c) occurs slowly.
d) does not occur.
e) enhances gustation.

A

a) occurs rapidly.

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4
Q

The olfactory tract

a) projects directly to the primary olfactory cortex and to the limbic system and hypothalamus.
b) conducts impulses directly to the thalamus.
c) contains only motor neurons.
d) receives information from the taste buds.
e) consists of the olfactory and vestibulocochlear nerves

A

a) projects directly to the primary olfactory cortex and to the limbic system and hypothalamus.

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5
Q

These receptor cells provide for the sense of taste.

a) Olfactory hair cells
b) Pacinian corpuscles
c) Basal stem cells
d) Hair cells
e) Gustatory cells

A

e) Gustatory cells

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6
Q

Taste buds are found on

a) the epiglottis.
b) the pharynx.
c) the soft palate.
d) both epiglottis and pharynx.
e) All of these choices

A

e) All of these choices

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7
Q

Which of the following types of papillae do NOT contain taste buds?

a) Vallate
b) Fungiform
c) Foliate
d) Filiform
e) Circumvallate

A

d) Filiform

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8
Q

Which of the following nerves conducts impulses associated with the sense of gustation?

a) Vestibulocochlear
b) Oculomotor
c) Vagus
d) Trigeminal
e) Spinal accessory

A

c) Vagus

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9
Q

Which is NOT considered an accessory structure of the eye?

a) Eyelids
b) Eyelashes
c) Lacrimal apparatus
d) Eyebrows
e) retina

A

e)retina

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10
Q

Which of the following is the space between the upper and lower eyelids?

a) Palpebral fissure
b) Levator palpebrae
c) Lacrimal caruncle
d) Lateral commissure
e) Conjunctiva

A

a) Palpebral fissure

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11
Q

This is a thin mucous membrane that protects the inner aspect of the eyelids and the portion of the sclera covering the anterior surface of the eyeball.

a) Palpebral fissure
b) Conjunctiva
c) Lateral commissure
d) Cornea
e) Choroid

A

b) Conjunctiva

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12
Q

Infection of a sebaceous ciliary gland can result in

a) blood shot eyes.
b) inhibition of tear production.
c) a sty.
d) glaucoma.
e) blindness.

A

c) a sty.

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13
Q

Which is the correct order in the flow of tears?

a) Lacrimal gland, lacrimal sac, lacrimal duct, superior or inferior lacrimal canal, nasolacrimal duct, nasal cavity
b) Lacrimal gland, lacrimal duct, superior or inferior lacrimal canal, nasolacrimal duct, lacrimal sac, nasal cavity
c) Lacrimal gland, lacrimal duct, nasolacrimal duct, superior or inferior lacrimal canal, lacrimal sac, nasal cavity
d) Lacrimal gland, lacrimal duct, superior or inferior lacrimal canal, lacrimal sac, nasolacrimal duct, nasal cavity
e) Lacrimal gland, lacrimal sac, nasolacrimal duct, superior or inferior lacrimal canal, lacrimal duct, nasal cavity

A

d) Lacrimal gland, lacrimal duct, superior or inferior lacrimal canal, lacrimal sac, nasolacrimal duct, nasal cavity

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14
Q

How many extrinsic eye muscles are responsible for moving each eye?

a) 10
b) 12
c) 6
d) 4
e) 20

A

c) 6

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15
Q

Which of the following is the transparent layer on the anterior of the eyeball through which the iris can be observed?

a) Retina
b) Choroid
c) Sclera
d) Ciliary body
e) Cornea

A

c) Sclera

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16
Q

Which structure regulates the amount of light entering the eyeball through the pupil?

a) Retina
b) Cornea
c) Iris
d) Choroid
e) Ciliary muscle

A

b) Cornea

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17
Q

The lens is made of layers of proteins called

a) choroids.
b) ciliary bodies.
c) crystallins.
d) cones.
e) rods.

A

c) crystallins.

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18
Q

What lies between the lens and the retina?

a) Vitreous chamber
b) Anterior chamber
c) Anterior cavity
d) Cornea
e) Aqueous humor

A

a) Vitreous chamber

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19
Q

Which layer of dense connective tissue serves to protect the inner parts of the eyeball?

a) Sclera
b) Pupil
c) Iris
d) Cornea
e) Retina

A

a) Sclera

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20
Q

Which darkly pigmented structure reduces light reflection within the eyeballs?

a) Sclera
b) Conjunctiva
c) Iris
d) Choroid
e) Retina

A

d) Choroid

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21
Q

Which of the types of receptors listed below is primarily used for detecting light rays under bright light conditions?

a) olfactory hair cells
b) rods
c) cones
d) ganglion neurons
e) amacrine cells

A

c) cones

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22
Q

The first step in the visual transduction process that occurs in the retina is

a) activation of amacrine cells.
b) absorption of scattered light by the pigmented epithelium.
c) interruption of the dark current.
d) absorption of light by photopigments.
e) generation of action potentials in the optic nerve.

A

d) absorption of light by photopigments.

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23
Q

Binocular vision

a) gives better depth perception.
b) provides more accurate color vision.
c) is only seen in humans.
d) occurs when one eye focuses on two separate objects.
e) is all of these choices

A

a) gives better depth perception.

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24
Q

What structure vibrates back and forth when sound waves strike it?

a) cochlea
b) pinna
c) tympanic membrane
d) organ of Corti
e) vestibulocochlear nerve

A

c) tympanic membrane

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25
Q

Which of the structures listed below converts vibrations in the endolymph into action potentials?

a) macula
b) pinna
c) tympanic membrane
d) organ of Corti
e) cupula

A

d) organ of Corti

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26
Q

Which of the following structures carries action potentials generated by sound transduction?

a) vagus nerve
b) basilar membrane
c) tympanic membrane
d) organ of Corti
e) vestibulocochlear nerve

A

e) vestibulocochlear nerve

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27
Q

Which of the following structures senses change in rotational acceleration of the head in order to help maintain dynamic equilibrium?

a) cochlea
b) semicircular canals
c) maculae of the vestibule
d) organ of Corti
e) vestibulocochlear nerve

A

b) semicircular canals

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28
Q

From which of the following layers of the developing embryo do the eyes develop?

a) endoderm
b) mesoderm
c) ectoderm
d) more than one layer contributes
e) none of these choices

A

c) ectoderm

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29
Q

How many days after fertilization do the eyes begin to develop?

a) 5
b) 150
c) 10
d) 22
e) 55

A

d) 22

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30
Q

During embryonic development, the lens of the eye develops directly from an invagination of the lens placodes called the

a) optic groove.
b) optic vesicle.
c) optic stalk.
d) prosencephalon.
e) lens vesicle.

A

e) lens vesicle.

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31
Q

During embryonic development, the first portion of the ear to develop is the

a) middle ear.
b) internal ear.
c) external ear.
d) bony labyrinth.
e) membranous labyrinth.

A

b) internal ear.

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32
Q

How many days after fertilization do the ears begin to develop?

a) 5
b) 150
c) 10
d) 22
e) 55

A

d) 22

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33
Q

During embryonic development, the middle ear develops from a structure called the first

a) pharyngeal pouch.
b) pharyngeal cleft.
c) otic placodes.
d) otic vesicle.
e) rhombencephalon.

A

a) pharyngeal pouch.

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34
Q

During embryonic development, the external ear develops from a structure called the first

a) pharyngeal pouch.
b) pharyngeal cleft.
c) otic placodes.
d) otic vesicle.
e) rhombencephalon.

A

b) pharyngeal cleft.

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35
Q

Presbycusis refers to age-associated

a) progressive loss of hearing in one ear.
b) progressive loss of hearing in both ears.
c) progressive loss of near-vision.
d) otitis media.
e) vertigo.

A

b) progressive loss of hearing in both ears.

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36
Q

Cataract leads to blindness due to

a) loss of transparency of the lens.
b) a high intraocular pressure.
c) photophobia.
d) scotoma.
e) trachoma.

A

a) loss of transparency of the lens.

37
Q

Which of the following molecules is capable of detecting light rays that strike the photopigments in the retina?

a) cGMP
b) opsin portion of rhodopsin
c) cis-retinal
d) melanin
e) retinal isomerase

A

c) cis-retinal

38
Q

Which of the following statements accurately describes the changes in the membrane potential of a photoreceptor cell when light rays strike its photopigments?

a) The photoreceptor cell undergoes rapid depolarization.
b) The photoreceptor cell undergoes hyperpolarization.
c) A graded potential proportional to the intensity of the light stimulus occurs in the photoreceptor cell.
d) No changes in the membrane potential occur.
e) The photoreceptor cell creates action potentials at a frequency proportional to the intensity of the light stimulus.

A

b) The photoreceptor cell undergoes hyperpolarization.

39
Q

The axons of the ganglion neurons of the retina terminate in the

a) optic disk.
b) optic chiasm.
c) visual cortex of cerebrum.
d) lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus.
e) primary somatosensory area of cerebral cortex.

A

d) lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus.

40
Q

Which sensory structure in the inner ear is capable of sensing rapid rotation of your head to the left?

a) macula of the saccule
b) macule of the utricle
c) crista of a semicircular duct
d) organ of Corti
e) None of these choices can sense angular acceleration.

A

c) crista of a semicircular duct

41
Q

Which of the following are structures of the membranous labyrinth of the inner that are involved in dynamic and static equilibrium?

a) vestibule
b) saccule
c) cochlear duct
d) semicircular ducts
e) More than one of these is correct

A

e) More than one of these is correct

42
Q

Which of the following structures contains otoliths (ear stones)?

a) macula of the saccule
b) cupula of the crista
c) tectorial membrane of the organ of Corti
d) basilar membrane of the cochlear duct
e) tympanic membrane

A

a) macula of the saccule

43
Q

The vestibular nuclei of the brainstem that control equilibrium receives sensory information from all the following areas EXCEPT the

a) utricle and saccule.
b) semicircular ducts.
c) eyes
d) proprioceptors in the neck muscles.
e) nociceptors in the distal limbs.

A

e) nociceptors in the distal limbs.

44
Q

Nerve impulses for the sense of hearing are initiated in the spiral organ (organ of Corti) and then travel through the _____ to the _____.

a) cochlear branch of cranial nerve VIII; pons
b) cochlear branch of cranial nerve VIII; medulla oblongata
c) vestibular branch of cranial nerve VIII; pons
d) vestibular branch of cranial nerve VIII; medulla oblongata
e) facial nerve; auditory cortex

A

b) cochlear branch of cranial nerve VIII; medulla oblongata

45
Q

Bipolar neurons associated with sensory receptors are found in the

a. retina
b. taste buds
c. inner ear
d. finger tips

A

a. retina

46
Q

Which of the following is not a primary taste sensation?

a. sweet
b. salty
c. pungent
d. bitter

A

c. pungent

47
Q

The olfactory receptors are examples of

a. thermoreceptors
b. mechanoreceptors
c. chemoreceptors
d. proprioceptors

A

c. chemoreceptors

48
Q

The external auditory meatus passes through the

a. occipital bone
b. cribriform plate of the ethmoid
c. temporal bone
d. nasal cavities

A

c. temporal bone

49
Q

Which of the following helps maintain proper air pressure in the middle ear?

a. stapedius muscle
b. Eustachian tube
c. external auditory meatus
d. osseous labyrinth

A

b. Eustachian tube

50
Q

Endolymph is found within the

a. scala vestibuli
b. scala tympani
c. cochlear duct
d. otolith

A

c. cochlear duct

51
Q

Which of the following generates an impulse in hair cells?

a. contact with the basilar membrane
b. movement of perilymph
c. bending of stereocilia
d. breakdown of photopsin

A

c. bending of stereocilia

52
Q

The round window connects to the

a. scala tympani
b. incus
c. scala vestibuli
d. basilar membrane

A

a. scala tympani

53
Q

Nerve fibers that synapse with hair cells in the organ of Corti unite to form part of the _____ nerve

a. optic
b. oculomotor
c. olfactory
d. vestibulocochlear

A

d. vestibulocochlear

54
Q

Which of the following represents the correct pathway leading to the perception of sound?

a. tympanic membrane, ossicles, endolymph, perilymph, hair cells
b. tympanic membrane, ossicles, perilymph, endolymph, hair cells
c. ossicles, tympanic membrane, endolymph, perilymph, hair cells
d. ossicles, perilymph, tympanic membrane, endolymph, hair cells

A

b. tympanic membrane, ossicles, perilymph, endolymph, hair cells

55
Q

Which of the following is associated with equilibrium?

a. vestibular membrane
b. basilar membrane
c. otolithic membrane
d. ciliary processes

A

c. otolithic membrane

56
Q

Otoliths are

a. crystals
b. hair cells
c. taste cells
d. bipolar neurons

A

a. crystals

57
Q

Which of the following is part of the vascular tunic of the eye?

a. cornea
b. retina
c. choroid
d. sclera

A

c. choroid

58
Q

When entering a dark room on a sunny day, it takes some time to be able to see because

a. it takes time for the retina to rebuild its rhodopsin
b. the rods of the eye work only in bright light, and it takes time for the cones to develop an action potential in dim light
c. the iris dilates very slowly after being subjected to bright light
d. the optic nerve fatigues in bright light, and takes time to recover

A

a. it takes time for the retina to rebuild its rhodopsin

59
Q

Each crista in the semicircular ducts is covered by a gelatinous material called the

a. macula
b. utricle
c. cupula
d. auricle

A

c. cupula

60
Q

Which of the following is not involved in retinal image formation?

a. stimulation of photoreceptors
b. refraction of light rays
c. pupillary constriction
d. lens accommodation

A

a. stimulation of photoreceptors

61
Q

The point of greatest visual acuity is the

a. optic disk
b. utricle
c. optic chiasm
d. central fovea

A

d. central fovea

62
Q

Intraocular pressure is primarily due to the

a. aqueous humor
b. iris
c. lens
d. vitreous body

A

a. aqueous humor

63
Q

As they extend from the retina to the brain, nerve fibers

a. from the nasal half of each retina cross to reach the opposite visual cortex
b. from the temporal half of each retina cross to reach the opposite visual cortex
c. from both nasal and temporal portions of the retina cross to reach the opposite visual cortex
d. travel straight from each retina to the visual cortex, without crossing or synapsing

A

a. from the nasal half of each retina cross to reach the opposite visual cortex

64
Q

Which cranial nerve carries visual impulses to the brain?

a. I
b. II
c. IV
d. X

A

b. 11

65
Q

Aqueous humor drains from the anterior chamber into the

a. vitreous body
b. lacrimal duct
c. ciliary processes
d. canal of Schlemm

A

d. canal of Schlemm

66
Q

Sound waves are translated into nerve impulses in the

a. cochlea
b. saccule
c. middle ear
d. utricle

A

a. cochlea

67
Q

A reflex reaction to loud sounds prevents damage to the inner ear. This reaction is due to contraction of

a. hair cells
b. tensor tympani & stapedius muscles
c. the Eustachian tube
d. the pinna, allowing it to fold over the external auditory meatus

A

b. tensor tympani & stapedius muscles

68
Q

The oval window connects to the

a. Eustachian tube
b. basilar membrane
c. utricle
d. stapes

A

d. stapes

69
Q

As a result of an injury, a person cannot see at all with the left eye, but has no trouble seeing with the right eye. The injury has probably severed the

a. optic chiasm
b. left optic tract
c. left optic nerve
d. right optic nerve

A

c. left optic nerve

70
Q

Pitch is

a. the frequency of a sound vibration
b. the loudness of a sound
c. the angle light travels through the lens to reach the fovea centralis
d. measured in decibels

A

a. the frequency of a sound vibration

71
Q

The blind spot is the area where

a. there are more rods than cones
b. there are more cones than rods
c. there are no rods or cones
d. the iris attaches to the cornea

A

c. there are no rods or cones

72
Q

Perilymph fills the

a. anterior cavity
b. bony labyrinth
c. membranous labyrinth
d. rods and cones

A

b. bony labyrinth

73
Q

Sensory stimulation to the posterior 1/3 of the tongue is conducted by the

a. hypoglossal nerve
b. glossopharyngeal nerve
c. vagus nerve
d. trigeminal nerve

A

b. glossopharyngeal nerve

74
Q

A sty is caused by

a. infection of the sebaceous ciliary glands
b. paralyzing the levator palpebrae superioris muscle
c. damage to the ceruminous glands
d. infection of the Meibomian glands

A

a. infection of the sebaceous ciliary glands

75
Q

Which of the following conditions is not related to lens pathology?

a. glaucoma
b. hypermetropia
c. cataract
d. presbyopia

A

a. glaucoma

76
Q

Recent research in the sense of smell suggests that we can detect _____ different scents

a. seven
b. seventy
c. thousands of
d. millions of

A

c. thousands of

77
Q

Circumvallate papillae are located on the

a. posterior region of the tongue
b. sides of the tongue
c. tip of the tongue
d. soft palate and pharynx

A

a. posterior region of the tongue

78
Q

The lowest taste threshold of the four primary tastes is for

a. sweet
b. salt
c. sour
d. bitter

A

d. bitter

79
Q

The “white” of the eye, which gives shape to the eyeball, makes it more rigid, and protects its inner parts is the

a. cornea
b. sclera
c. choroid
d. conjunctiva

A

b. sclera

80
Q

Most of the refraction of light entering the eye occurs at the

a. conjunctiva
b. cornea
c. lens
d. retina

A

b. cornea

81
Q

During accommodation for near vision

a. the cornea becomes more curved
b. the iris dilates and lets in more light
c. the lens increases in curvature
d. the eyeball shortens to bring the image in focus

A

c. the lens increases in curvature

82
Q

Constriction of the pupil is brought about by contraction of the

a. ciliary muscle
b. circular muscle of the iris
c. extrinsic muscles of the eye
d. cornea

A

b. circular muscle of the iris

83
Q

Photopigment in the rods and cones is imbedded in the

a. mitochondria
b. Golgi complex
c. synapse region between these cells and the horizontal cells
d. membrane folds of the outer segment of these cells

A

d. membrane folds of the outer segment of these cells

84
Q

The most common type of color blindness is

a. red-blue color blindness
b. red-green color blindness
c. blue-green color blindness
d. total color blindness

A

b. red-green color blindness

85
Q

In daylight, rods contribute little to vision because

a. they become totally depolarized
b. the mitochondria cannot generate enough energy
c. the rhodopsin is bleached as fast as it is regenerated
d. the outer segments lose their photopigments

A

c. the rhodopsin is bleached as fast as it is regenerated

86
Q

When light hits the rods

a. Na+ channels close and less inhibitory neurotransmitter is released
b. the outer segment depolarizes and initiates a nerve impulse
c. they inhibit the activity of bipolar cells
d. more photopigment is manufactured

A

a. Na+ channels close and less inhibitory neurotransmitter is released

87
Q

The neural receptors for the sense of hearing are located in the

a. outer ear
b. middle ear
c. inner ear
d. brain

A

c. inner ear

88
Q

High intensity (loud) sounds can cause deafness because they are most damaging to the

a. hair cells of the spiral organ of Corti
b. secondary tympanic membrane
c. bones of the middle ear
d. tympanic membrane

A

a. hair cells of the spiral organ of Corti

89
Q

Meniere’s syndrome is caused by

a. bacterial infection of the middle ear
b. increased number of blood vessels growing over the ear drum
c. increased amount of endolymph that enlarges the membranous labyrinth
d. excessive stimulation of the vestibular apparatus by motion

A

c. increased amount of endolymph that enlarges the membranous labyrinth

Biology 235 RN :!: (29 decks)

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