P3 Chapter 22 THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM Flashcards
Which of the following is NOT a non-specific defense mechanism?
a. flow of saliva
b. phagocytosis
c. neutralization of an antigen by an antibody
d. gastric juice acidity
c. neutralization of an antigen by an antibody
The lymphokine interleukin - 2
a. is toxic only to the target cells
b. promotes phagocytic activity
c. attracts leukocytes chemically
d. stimulates T-cell proliferation
d. stimulates T-cell proliferation
Lymphocytes that destroy cancerous cells in a non-specific fashion are called
a. carcinolytic cells
b. natural killer cells
c. cytotoxic T cells
d. macrophages
b. natural killer cells
Which of the following does NOT function to increase vasodilation and permeability of blood vessels?
a. defensins
b. histamine
c. prostaglandins
d. kinins
a. defensins
The first defensive cells to reach an area of inflammation are the
a. monocytes
b. neutrophils
c. basophils
d. lymphocytes
b. neutrophils
Which of the following is a specific body defense mechanism?
a. phagocytosis
b. inflammation
c. immunity
d. feve
c. immunity
The most abundant type of immunoglobin is
a. IgA
b. IgD
c. IgE
d. IgG
d. IgG
Interferon is produced in response to the presence of
a. viruses
b. specific bacterial cells
c. chemical irritants
d. lymphocytes
a. viruses
The most active phagocytic cells in circulating blood are
a. monocytes and macrophages
b. macrophages and neutrophils
c. neutrophils and monocytes
d. monocytes and lymphocytes
c. neutrophils and monocytes
After recovering from certain diseases, one may have _____ immunity
a. naturally acquired active
b. artificially acquired active
c. naturally acquired passive
d. artificially acquired passive
a. naturally acquired active
The antibodies involved in allergic reactions are
a. called allergens
b. secreted by mast cells
c. in the IgE class
d. produced only after immunization
c. in the IgE class
Normal immune responses require the presence of
a. B lymphocytes
b. T lymphocytes
c. both T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes
d. oxytocin and prolactin
c. both T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes
An immunoglobulin is
a. an antigen
b. an antibody
c. a nucleoprotein
d. found in platelets
b. an antibody
Which of the following cell types is derived from monocytes?
a. neutrophil
b. wandering macrophage
c. mast cell
d. histiocyte
b. wandering macrophage
Natural killer cells are
a. monocytes
b. macrophages
c. lymphocytes
d. neutrophils
c. lymphocytes
A hapten is an antigen that has
a. immunogenicity but not reactivity
b. reactivity but not immunogenicity
c. both immunogenicity and reactivity
d. neither immunogenicity nor reactivity
b. reactivity but not immunogenicity
The structure of a lymphatic vessel is most similar to that of a(n)
a. artery
b. arteriole
c. vein
d. capillary
c. vein
The two collecting ducts that drain the lymphatic trunks are the
a. thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct
b. thoracic duct and left lymphatic duct
c. subclavian duct and bronchomediastinal duct
d. right and left lymphatic ducts
a. thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct
Lymph nodes of the axillary region receive lymph primarily from the
a. scalp and face
b. arm and mammary gland
c. thoracic viscera
d. abdominal viscera
b. arm and mammary gland
The thoracic duct
a. empties into the right subclavian vein
b. drains the right side of the head and neck
c. is the shorter of the two collecting ducts
d. drains lymph from most of the body
d. drains lymph from most of the body
Afferent lymph vessels
a. carry lymph toward lymph nodes
b. carry lymph toward the thoracic duct
c. enter a lymph node at the hilum
d. combine to form lacteals
a. carry lymph toward lymph nodes
The functions of the lymphatic system include
a. returning interstitial fluid to the blood
b. removing proteins from the interstitial space
c. transporting hormones to intestinal smooth muscle
d. transporting the products of lipid digestion from intestine to liver
a. returning interstitial fluid to the blood
Lymphatic vessels are lined with
a. ciliated columnar epithelium
b. pseudostratified ciliated epithelium
c. endothelium
d. white fibrous connective tissue
c. endothelium
Emigration refers to the
a. release of lymphokines
b. lysis of cell walls by lymphotoxins
c. movement of cells in response to chemicals
d. movement of cells from the circulatory system into infected areas
d. movement of cells from the circulatory system into infected areas
Interleukin - 1
a. is toxic only to the target cells
b. promotes phagocytic activity
c. initiates chemotaxis
d. is secreted by monocytes and macrophages
d. is secreted by monocytes and macrophages
B lymphocytes
a. migrate from the thymus to other lymphatic organs
b. secrete antibodies
c. secrete lymphokines
d. are phagocytic
b. secrete antibodies
Complement
a. is produced by eosinophils and neutrophils
b. is chemotactic and attracts phagocytic cells
c. contains enzymes which reduce the inflammatory response
d. lyses B-cells, thus releasing antibodies
b. is chemotactic and attracts phagocytic cells
Medullary sinuses of lymph nodes
a. are filled with lymph
b. contain germinal centers
c. filter blood
d. are strands of lymphocytes
a. are filled with lymph
Efferent lymph vessels
a. carry lymph toward lymph nodes
b. exit a lymph node at the hilum
c. drain relatively large parts of the body
d. combine to form lacteals
b. exit a lymph node at the hilum
In which of the following locations would you expect to find lymph nodes?
a. abdominal region
b. ventricles of the brain
c. legs and feet
d. arms and hands
a. abdominal region
Lymph from the cisterna chyli empties into the
a. liver
b. thoracic lymphatic duct
c. left brachiocephalic vein
d. heart
b. thoracic lymphatic duct
The largest single mass of lymphatic tissue in the adult human body is the
a. liver
b. spleen
c. thymus
d. pancreas
b. spleen
After phagocytosis, which intracellular chemicals kill microbe by a process called a respiratory burst?
b. lethal oxidants
b. lysozyme
c. defensins
d. complement
b. lethal oxidants
The proper sequence of phases in the process of phagocytosis is
a. adherence, ingestion, chemotaxis
b. adherence, chemotaxis, ingestion
c. chemotaxis, adherence, ingestion
d. chemotaxis, ingestion, adherence
c. chemotaxis, adherence, ingestion
The first stage of inflammation is
a. tissue repair
b. vasodilation and increased permeability of blood vessels
c. phagocyte migration and cytolysis by complement
d. activation of cell mediated immunity
b. vasodilation and increased permeability of blood vessels
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens
a. are a large group of bacterial related antigens that cause many diseases
b. are located only on viruses, not bacteria
c. are difficult to produce antibodies against because they are constantly mutating
d. mark the surfaces of all your body cells except your red blood cells
d. mark the surfaces of all your body cells except your red blood cells
Antigen presenting cells (APCs) include
a. macrophages
b. killer T cells
c. neutrophils
d. plasma cells
a. macrophages
When stimulated, T cells that display the CD8 molecule develop into
a. plasma cells
b. cytotoxic (killer) T cells
c. memory cells
d. helper T cells
b. cytotoxic (killer) T cells
Cytotoxic T cells kill target cells directly by secreting
a. cytokines
b. antibodies
c. lysozyme
d. perforin and lymphotoxin
d. perforin and lymphotoxin
How many antibodies per second can a plasma cell produce?
a. 2
b. 20
c. 200
d. 2000
d. 2000
Lack of reactivity of T cells and B cells to fragments of your own proteins is known as
a. immunological tolerance
b. self-recognition
c. positive selection
d. negative selection
a. immunological tolerance
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) enters cells that display the _____ molecule on their surface
a. CD8
b. MHC 1,
c. CD4
d. MHC 2
c. CD4
The most successful tissue transplants are
a. autografts
b. isogfrafts
c. allografts
d. xenografts
a. autografts
Which of the following is NOT a function of the lymphatic and immune system?
a) Draining excess interstitial fluid
b) Maintaining water homeostasis in the body
c) Transporting dietary lipids
d) Carrying out immune responses
b) Maintaining water homeostasis in the body
What is the major difference between lymph and interstitial fluid?
a) Composition of electrolytes
b) White blood cells are present in lymph
c) Location
d) Types of proteins present
e) Red blood cells are present in interstitial fluid
c) Location
Lack of resistance is also known as:
a) Pathogenic
b) Innate
c) Specific
d) Susceptibility
e) Lymphatic
d) Susceptibility
What causes lymph from the small intestines to appear white?
a) Proteins
b) WBC
c) RBC
d) Lipids
e) Carbohydrates
d) Lipids
Which of the following is not considered an organ of the immune system?
a) Spleen
b) Lymph node
c) Red bone marrow
d) Thymus
e) Pancreas
e) Pancreas
The left subclavian vein receives lymph from the
a) Left axillary vein
b) Lumbar trunk
c) Jugular trunk
d) Thoracic duct
e) Right lymphatic duct
d) Thoracic duct
The skeletal muscle and respiratory pumps are used in the
a) Lymphatic system
b) Cardiovascular system
c) Immune system
d) Lymphatic and Immune systems only
e) Lymphatic, Immune and Cardiovascular systems
e) Lymphatic, Immune and Cardiovascular systems
Which organ produces a hormone that promotes the maturation of T cells?
a) Spleen
b) Lymph node
c) Red bone marrow
d) Thymus
e) Pancreas
d) Thymus
In which part of the thymus are T cells thought to die?
a) Capsule
b) Trabeculae
c) Epithelial cells
d) Thymic (Hassall’s) corpuscles
e) T cells do not die in the thymus
d) Thymic (Hassall’s) corpuscles
Which of the following is a function of the lymphatic system?
a) Drain excessive interstitial fluid
b) Transport dietary lipids
c) Carry out immune responses
d) All of these are functions of the lymphatic system
e) None of these are functions of the lymphatic system
d) All of these are functions of the lymphatic system
Which of the following is a function of the spleen?
a) Removes worn out blood cells
b) Circulates lymph
c) Cleanses interstitial fluid
d) Cleanses lymph
e) Traps microbes with mucus
a) Removes worn out blood cells
Which of these does NOT provide a physical or chemical barrier?
a) Macrophages
b) Saliva
c) Urine
d) Mucus
e) Stratified squamous epithelium
a) Macrophages
Which of these provides a non-specific cellular disease resistance mechanism?
a) Macrophages
b) T lymphocytes
c) B lymphocytes
d) Memory B cells
e) Stratified squamous epithelium
a) Macrophages
Which anti-microbial substances reduce viral replication (in uninfected cells)?
a) Transferrins
b) Perforins
c) Complement proteins
d) Defensins
e) Interferons
e) Interferons
Which anti-microbial substances promote cytolysis, phagocytosis and inflammation?
a) Transferrins
b) Perforins
c) Complement proteins
d) Defensins
e) Interferons
c) Complement proteins
Which of the following is NOT a sign of inflammation?
a) Redness
b) Pain
c) Heat
d) Mucus production
e) Swelling
d) Mucus production
Which of the following intensifies the effect of interferons and promotes the rate of repair?
a) Complement proteins
b) Perforin
c) Fever
d) Macrophages
e) Natural killer cells
c) Fever
20) Which chemical(s) do NOT induce vasodilation and permeability (increased fluid flow) to an infection site?
a) Histamines
b) Kinins
c) Perforin
d) Leukotrienes
e) Complement
c) Perforin
When B and T cells are fully developed and mature, they are described as being
a) Immunocompetent
b) Pluripotent stem cells
c) Primary lymphatic cells
d) Specifically promoted
e) Germ cells
a) Immunocompetent
Which of the following induces the production of a specific antibody?
a) Phagocytosis
b) Antigen
c) Antibody
d) Defensin
e) Immunoglobulin
b) Antigen
Which of the following stimulates an immune response ONLY when it is attached to a large carrier molecule?
a) Epitope
b) Antigen
c) Hapten
d) MHC antigen
e) CD8
c) Hapten
Genetic recombination generates diversity in what part (s) of the immune system?
a) Antigen receptors
b) MHC antigen
c) Hapten
d) MHC antigen and antigen receptors
e) Epitopes
d) MHC antigen and antigen receptors
Which class of cells includes macrophages, B cells and dendritic cells?
a) Antigen presenting cells
b) Primary lymphocytes
c) T cells
d) RBC
e) Epitope cells
a) Antigen presenting cells
To become activated, which of the following requires being bound to a foreign antigen AND simultaneous costimulation?
a) B Cell
b) T Cell
c) Interferon
d) MHC antigen
e) Antigen presenting cell
b) T Cell
Which cells display CD4 proteins and interact with MHC Class II antigens?
a) Cytotoxic T cells
b) Helper T Cells
c) Memory T Cells
d) MHC antigens
e) B cells
b) Helper T Cells
Which T cell toxin fragments DNA?
a) Perforin
b) Tumor antigen
c) Interferons
d) Lymphotoxin
e) Toxin T
d) Lymphotoxin
Which class of antibodies is mainly found in sweat, tears, breast milk and GI secretions?
a) IgG
b) IgA
c) IgM
d) IgD
e) IgE
b) IgA
Which of the following leads to inflammation, enhancement of phagocytosis and lysis of microbes?
a) Classical complement system
b) Alternative complement system
c) Apoptosis
d) Classical and Alternative complement systems
e) Hapten activation
d) Classical and Alternative complement systems
Which action makes microbes more susceptible to phagocytosis?
a) Opsonization
b) Cytolysis
c) Inflammation
d) Complement
e) Hybridoma
a) Opsonization
Which of the following is an inactive, self responsive cell?
a) Deleted cell
b) Hybridoma cell
c) Epitopic cell
d) Anergy cell
e) Natural killer cell
d) Anergy cell
The inability of the immune system to protect the body from a pathogen causes
a) immunodeficiency diseases
b) allergy
c) autoimmune disease
d) transplantations
e) graft
a) immunodeficiency diseases
An acute allergic response can lead to:
a) transplantation
b) retroviruses
c) anaphylactic shock
d) passive immunity
e) active immunity
c) anaphylactic shock
Natural exposure to an infectious agent leads to:
a) Passive immunity
b) Active immunity
c) Both of these choices
d) None of these choices
b) Active immunity
Which class of antibodies indicates a recent invasion?
a) IgA
b) IgE
c) IgM
d) IgD
e) IgG
c) IgM
Which of the following cells is part of the body’s second line of defense?
a) Mucous cells
b) Germ cells
c) B and T Lymphocytes
d) Natural killer cells
e) None of these choices
b) Germ cells
Which of the following cells is the most variable cell in the immune system?
a) Natural killer cell
b) Monocyte
c) RBC
d) Lymphocyte
e) Macrophage
d) Lymphocyte
The primary response will peak how many days after an exposure?
a) 1 day or less
b) 2–7
c) 10–17
d) 20–30
e) Over a month
c) 10–17
Which type of immunity defends against any type of invader?
a) Nonspecific
b) Specific
c) Cell mediated
d) Antibody mediated immunity
e) None of these choices
a) Nonspecific
The ability of an antigen to react specifically with the antibodies or cells it has provoked is called
a) Specificity
b) Immunogenicity
c) Reactivity
d) Epitopes
e) Immune Response
c) Reactivity
Which of the following is a small hormone that can stimulate or inhibit many normal cell functions?
a) Enzyme
b) Kinins
c) Cytokine
d) MHC
e) Leukocyte
c) Cytokine
Which type of adaptive immunity will result from intravenous injection of immunoglobulins?
a) naturally acquired active immunity
b) naturally acquired passive immunity
c) artificially acquired active immunity
d) artificially acquired passive immunity
e) None of these choices
d) artificially acquired passive immunity
Which type of adaptive immunity will result from mother-to-baby IgA transfer via breast feeding?
a) naturally acquired active immunity
b) naturally acquired passive immunity
c) artificially acquired active immunity
d) artificially acquired passive immunity
e) None of these choices
b) naturally acquired passive immunity
Natural passive immunity is associated with which of the following?
a) Vaccination
b) Exposure to a microbe resulting in antibody formation
c) Receiving booster shots
d) Transfer of IgG from mother to fetus
e) Intravenous injection of antibodies
d) Transfer of IgG from mother to fetus
Which cells increase the permeability of blood vessels by releasing histamine?
a) neutrophils
b) eosinophils
c) lymphocytes
d) mast cells
e) macrophages
d) mast cells
Which cytokine released by macrophages acts on the hypothalamus to raise the body temperature during fever?
a) Interleukin-1
b) Interleukin-2
c) Interleukin-4
d) Gamma interferon
e) Perforin
a) Interleukin-1
Antigens that induce an allergic reaction are called
a) lymphotoxin
b) perforin
c) granulysin
d) interleukin-1
e) allergen
e) allergen
Which cell is considered to be the most important cell in the immune system?
a) Cytotoxic T Cells
b) B lymphocytes
c) T Helper cells
d) Eosinophils
e) macrophages
c) T Helper cells
Which of the following is NOT an effect of aging on the immune system?
a) Increased susceptibility to infections
b) Increased susceptibility to malignancies
c) Decreased response to vaccines
d) Increased response of T cells to antigens
e) Decreased production of antibodies
d) Increased response of T cells to antigens
Which of the following is an effect of stress on the immune system?
a) Increased activity of T lymphocytes
b) Increased activity of B lymphocytes
c) Activation of the immune system
d) Inhibition of the immune system
e) Increased production of antibodies
d) Inhibition of the immune system
Which cells of the immune system are the primary targets the HIV virus?
a) B cells
b) helper T cells
c) cytotoxic T cells
d) antigen-presenting cells
e) all of these cells are affected by HIV
b) helper T cells
Which type of allergic reaction is the most common type?
a) Type I (anaphylactic) reaction
b) Type II (cytotoxic ) reaction
c) Type III (immune-complex) reactions
d) Type IV (cell-mediated) reactions
e) All of these types are common allergic reactions.
a) Type I (anaphylactic) reaction
) Which of the following organ systems is NOT aided by the MALT (mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue)?
a) Respiratory system
b) Digestive system
c) Muscular system
d) Urinary system
e) Reproductive system
c) Muscular system
Which of the following is an incorrect matching of immune system cells and their functions?
a) Macrophage – process and presentation of foreign antigens to T cells
b) Dendritic cell – processes and presents antigen to T and B cells
c) B cells – process and presents antigen to helper T cells
d) Plasma cell – produces and secretes antibodies
e) All of these are correct matching of the cells and their functions
e) All of these are correct matching of the cells and their functions
