P3 Chapter 25 METABOLISM & NUTRITION Flashcards
Which of these four series of reactions uses oxygen in the last reaction of the series?
a. glycolysis
b. formation of Acetyl coenzyme A
c. Krebs cycle
d. electron transport chain
d. electron transport chain
Obesity is defined as a body weight more than _____ above a desirable standard due to excessive accumulation of adipose tissue
a. 10 percent
b. 20 percent
c. 30 percent
d. 40 percent
b. 20 percent
The only B vitamin not found in vegetables, the only vitamin containing cobalt, and the only vitamin requiring intrinsic factor for proper absorption is vitamin
a. B1 (thiamine)
b. B2 (riboflavin)
c. B6 (pyridoxine)
d. B12 (cyanocobalamin)
d. B12 (cyanocobalamin)
Which vitamin is essential for the formation of photopigments and, if deficient, leads to nightblindness?
a. A
b. D
c. E
d. K
a. A
Which of the following minerals serves as an antioxidant, prevents chromosome damage, and may play a role in preventing certain birth defects?
a. zinc
b. magnesium
c. chromium
d. selenium,
d. selenium,
The base of the food guide pyramid includes
a. fruits
b. raw leafy vegetables
c. milk and yogurt
d. bread and cereals
d. bread and cereals
Experts in good nutrition recommend that we get about _____ of our calories from complex carbohydrates
a. 50 - 60 percent
b. 30 percent
c. 15 percent
d. 10 percent
a. 50 - 60 percent
During the postabsorptive state, when we exercise, the anaerobically produced lactic acid is
a. oxidized in the skeletal muscles when oxygen becomes available
b. carried to the liver where it is converted into glucose and put back into the blood
c. carried to the kidney where it is excreted
d. converted to ketone bodies, which are used by all cells of the body
b. carried to the liver where it is converted into glucose and put back into the blood
During the absorptive state, amino acids are
a. deaminated and used as an energy source
b. stored by the liver for later use
c. used by most cells for protein synthesis
d. used for gluconeogensis
c. used by most cells for protein synthesis
The main hormone that is active during the absorptive state is
a. insulin
b. glucagon
c. thyroid hormone
d. cortisol
a. insulin
Which molecule will undergo different reactions, depending on whether oxygen is plentiful, or in short supply?
a. acetyl CoA
b. citric acid
c. glucose 6-phosphate
d. pyruvic acid
d. pyruvic acid
After glucose 6-phosphate is formed in a cell it cannot
a. be used to synthesize glycogen
b. diffuse out of the cell
c. be used for the synthesis of the sugar needed in RNA
d. be used in glycolysis
b. diffuse out of the cell
Before amino acids can enter the Krebs cycle, they must undergo
a. lipolysis
b. beta oxidation
c. deamination
d. glycolysis
c. deamination
An increase in urea in the blood would indicate an increase in the breakdown of
a. glucose
b. amino acids
c. fatty acids
d. glycerol
b. amino acids
Acetone, acetoacetic acid, and beta-hydroxybutyric acid are
a. ketone bodies
b. chylomicrons
c. micelles
d. emboli
a. ketone bodies
The majority of fat in the body is stored in fat cells located
a. subcutaneously
b. around the heart
c. in the abdomen
d. around the kidneys
a. subcutaneously
How many oxygen molecules are used during the complete oxidation of one glucose molecule?
a. 2
b. 4
c. 6
d. 8
c. 6
In which cellular compartment does glycolysis occur?
a. nucleus
b. cytoplasm
c. mitochondrion,
d. endoplasmic reticulum
b. cytoplasm
NADH dehydrogenase complex, cytochrome b-c1 complex, and cytochrome oxidase complex are all
a. proton pumps in the mitochondrial membrane
b. enzymes of the Krebs cycle
c. kinases in the glycolysis reactions
d. molecules that transport pyruvic acid into the mitochondrion .
a. proton pumps in the mitochondrial membrane
For every glucose molecule metabolized, how many carbon dioxide molecules are produced?
a. 2
b. 4
c. 6
d. 8
c. 6
Which of the following reactions does NOT occur in the Krebs cycle?
a. production of reduced coenzymes
b. production of carbon dioxide
c. generation of GTP, which is used to produce ATP
d. formation of lactic acid in the absence of oxygen
d. formation of lactic acid in the absence of oxygen
In glycolysis, which of the following ATP energy budgets is correct?
a. 2 ATPs produced - 0 ATPs used = net gain of 2 ATPs
b. 4 ATPs produced - 0 ATPs used = net gain of 4 ATPs
c. 4 ATPs produced - 2 ATPs used = net gain of 2 ATPs
d. 2 ATPs produced - 1 ATPs used = net gain of 1 ATP
c. 4 ATPs produced - 2 ATPs used = net gain of 2 ATPs
As a result of glycolysis, there is a net gain of ____ ATP molecules
a. two
b. four
c. twenty
d. thirty two
a. two
Which of these four processes produces the most ATP?
a. glycolysis
b. formation of Acetyl coenzyme A
c. Krebs cycle
d. electron transport chain
d. electron transport chain
Which of these four processes is called anaerobic respiration?
a. glycolysis
b. formation of Acetyl coenzyme A
c. Krebs cycle
d. electron transport chain
a. glycolysis
A coupled chemical reaction that directly transfers a high energy phosphate group from a substrate to ADP, producing ATP is
a. a substrate-level phosphorylation reaction
b. oxidative phosphorylation
c. an electron transport chain reaction
d. photophosphorylation
a. a substrate-level phosphorylation reaction
When, as a result of pyrogens, the body thermostat is set to a higher temperature, you will experience
a. a chill
b. hot flashes
c. hypothermia
d. sweating
a. a chill
When you touch a cool object, you are losing heat by
a. radiation
b. conduction
c. convection
d. evaporation
b. conduction
In the negative feedback mechanism of body temperature heat regulation, in response to a decrease of body temperature, the hypothalamus
a. releases epinephrine and thyroxine
b. sends parasympathetic impulses to the arterioles of the skin
c. releases thyrotropin-releasing hormone
d. sends sympathetic impulses to the blood vessels of the digestive tract
c. releases thyrotropin-releasing hormone
An increase in body temperature of one degree C (Celsius) will increase the rate of biochemical reactions by about
a. 1 percent
b. 5 percent
c. 10 percent
d. 25 percent
c. 10 percent
Too high a core body temperature can be fatal because it causes
a. the blood to coagulate
b. denaturation of proteins
c. cardiac arrythmias
d. nerve impulses from the brain to cease
b. denaturation of proteins
The major regulator of BMR is
a. the hypothalamus
b. diet
c. thyroid hormone
d. exercise
c. thyroid hormone
The amount of energy from food transferred to ATP and available for cellular functions equals about
a. 20 percent
b. 40 percent
c. 75 percent
d. 90 percent
b. 40 percent
An example of anabolism is the
a. series of reactions in the Krebs cycle
b. breakdown of glucose into pyruvic acid
c. electron transport chain of reactions
d. formation of protein molecules from amino acids
d. formation of protein molecules from amino acids
The hunger and satiety centers for regulation of food intake are located in the
a. hypothalamus
b. cerebral cortex
c. medulla oblongata
d. cerebellum
a. hypothalamus
Each gram of fat yields about _____ kilocalories
a. two
b. four
c. nine
d. twenty
c. nine
Vitamin D deficiency causes
a. rickets and osteomalacia
b. night blindness
c. scurvy
d. pernicious anemia
a. rickets and osteomalacia
The function of HDLs (high density lipoproteins) is to
a. transport triglyerides from adipose cells to the liver
b. transport triglycerides from hepatocytes to adipose cells
c. deliver cholesterol in blood to cells throughout the body so they can use it to repair their membranes and synthesize steroid hormones
d. pick up excess cholesterol from body cells and the blood and return it to the liver
d. pick up excess cholesterol from body cells and the blood and return it to the liver
Which of the following are minerals that function as coenzymes?
a. calcium, iron, magnesium
b. iodine, sodium chloride
c. magnesium, cobalt, zinc
d. copper, lead, aluminum
a. calcium, iron, magnesium
The energy for metabolism is primarily transfered by molecules of
a. transferase
b. cofactor
c. ATP
d. oxygen
c. ATP
Body temperature is ultimately regulated by the
a. skin
b. hypothalamus
c. cerebral cortex
d. amount of glucose ingested
b. hypothalamus
The electron transport chain
a. involves four classes of carrier molecules
b. is a stepwise release of energy for the generation of ATP
c. consists of specialized molecules located in the cytoplasm
d. requires acetyl CoA and the process of beta oxidation
b. is a stepwise release of energy for the generation of ATP
Which hormone stimulates gluconeogenesis?
a. aldosterone
b. insulin
c. parathormone
d. cortisol
d. cortisol
A nutrient
a. provides energy for metabolic processes
b. rearranges atoms within a molecule
c. transports electrons along the transport chain
d. serves as a carrier molecule within the Kreb’s cycle
a. provides energy for metabolic processes
In fatty acid metabolism, which molecule enters the Krebs cycle?
a. the entire fatty acid
b. ketone bodies
c. acetyl CoA
d. NADH
c. acetyl CoA
Essential amino acids are those that
a. cannot be synthesized by humans
b. can be synthesized by humans
c. are necessary only in trace amounts
d. are needed in large quantities daily
a. cannot be synthesized by humans
In the transitional step between glycolysis and the Krebs cycle
a. glucose enters the mitochondria
b. pyruvic acid undergoes decarboxylation
c. coenzyme A brings FAD and NAD to the mitochondria
d. coenzyme Q adds electrons to glucose
b. pyruvic acid undergoes decarboxylation
Within a living cell, the oxidation of one molecule is always coupled with the simultaneous _____ of another molecule
a. phosphorylation
b. dehydrogenation
c. chemiosmosis
d. reduction
d. reduction
Chemical reactions that break down complex organic molecules into simpler ones are called:
a) Metabolism
b) Anabolism
c) Catabolism
d) Metatheses
e) Oxidation reactions
c) Catabolism
Chemical reactions that combine simple molecules and monomers to form complex structures are known as
a) Metabolism
b) Anabolism
c) Catabolism
d) Metatheses
e) None of these choices
b) Anabolism
When the terminal phosphate is cut off of ATP what is formed?
a) Adenosine diphosphate
b) GTP
c) Adenosine monophosphate
d) Metabolic water
e) Glucose
a) Adenosine diphosphate
Oxidation is
a) The removal of protons
b) The removal of electrons
c) The addition of protons
d) The addition of electrons
e) None of these choices
b) The removal of electrons
Reduction is the
a) The removal of protons
b) The removal of electrons
c) The addition of protons
d) The addition of electrons
e) None of these choices
d) The addition of electrons
Which of the following is a derivative of riboflavin?
a) NAD
b) FAD
c) Lactic acid
d) Pyruvic acid
e) ADP
b) FAD
Which of the following is NOT a form of phosphorylation?
a) Reduction phosphorylation
b) Substrate level phosphorylation
c) Oxidative phosphorylation
d) Photophosphorylation
e) None of these choices
a) Reduction phosphorylation
Glycogenesis is NOT
a) performed by the hepatocytes
b) performed by muscle fibers
c) one way to make glycogen
d) one way to make glucose
e) only seen in the liver
d) one way to make glucose
Which process describes the synthesis of triglycerides?
a) Gluconeogensis
b) Lipogenesis
c) Phosphorylation
d) Glycolysis
e) Lipolysis
b) Lipogenesis
Which reaction describes the oxidization of acetyl CoA to produce carbon dioxide, ATP, NADH + H+ and FADH2?
a) Glycolysis
b) Formation of acetyl co-A
c) Krebs cycle
d) Electron transport chain
e) Phosphorylation
c) Krebs cycle
Glycolysis, formation of acetyl CoA, Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain are all involved in:
a) Lipogensis
b) Gluconeogenesis
c) Glucose catabolism
d) Formation of Glycogen
e) Formation of vitamin C
c) Glucose catabolism
Which of the following is the key regulator of the rate of glycolysis?
a) ATP
b) NADH
c) Phosphofructokinase
d) Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
e) FAD
c) Phosphofructokinase
Where can pyruvate dehydrogenase be found?
a) Cytosol of the cell
b) Plasma membrane
c) Lysozyme
d) Mitochondria
e) Interstitial fluid
d) Mitochondria
The most abundant product of the reactions of the Krebs cycle is
a) Carbon dioxide
b) GTP
c) Reduced coenzymes
d) pyruvate
e) water
c) Reduced coenzymes
The net result of the complete oxidation of glucose does NOT include:
a) water
b) carbon dioxide
c) ATP
d) oxygen
e) waste heat
d) oxygen
How many reactions take place during the Krebs cycle?
a) 4
b) 6
c) 8
d) 10
e) 12
c) 8
Accumulation of a large amount of H+ between the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes, is described as
a) Proton pump
b) Chemiosmosis
c) Krebs cycle
d) ATP synthesis
e) Glycolysis
b) Chemiosmosis
How many ATPs can come from substrate level phosphorylation during glycolysis?
a) 0
b) 1
c) 2
d) 3
e) 4
c) 2
What hormone stimulates glycogenesis?
a) Insulin
b) Glucase
c) Estrogen
d) Lactic acid
e) Protease
a) Insulin
What hormone stimulates gluconeogenesis?
a) Insulin
b) Human Growth hormone
c) Epinephrine
d) Thyroid hormone
e) Cortisol
e) Cortisol
Glycogenolysis is _____ and stimulated by _____.
a) Anabolic, Insulin
b) Catabolic, Epinephrine
c) Catabolic, Insulin
d) Anabolic, Epinephrine
e) Metathesis, Insulin
b) Catabolic, Epinephrine
Thyroid hormones:
a) Aid in glycogenesis
b) Inhibit gluconeogensis
c) Inhibit lipogenesis
d) Promote glycolysis
e) Promote gluconeogenesis
d) Promote glycolysis
Which of the following transport dietary lipids?
a) Apoproteins
b) Low density lipoproteins
c) Chylomicrons
d) Very low density lipoproteins
e) High density lipoproteins
c) Chylomicrons
Most cholesterol medications are designed to:
a) Inhibit excretion of bile in the feces
b) Promote the absorption of cholesterol
c) Decrease the filtration of cholesterol
d) Inhibit glucose absorption
e) None of these choices
e) None of these choices
Where does glycolysis take place?
a) Cytosol
b) Plasma membrane
c) Nucleus
d) Mitochondria
e) Golgi Apparatus
a) Cytosol
Where does the Krebs cycle take place?
a) Cytosol
b) Plasma membrane
c) Nucleus
d) Mitochondria
e) Golgi Apparatus
d) Mitochondria
Lipogenesis occurs when
a) More calories are consumed than required for ATP need
b) Less calories are consumed than required for ATP need
c) More cholesterol is consumed than required for ATP need
d) Less cholesterol is consumed than required for ATP need
e) Gluconeogenesis fails
a) More calories are consumed than required for ATP need
Excess amino acids in the body are
a) Excreted in urine
b) Excreted in feces
c) Converted into glucose
d) Stored as ATP
e) Converted into proteins
c) Converted into glucose
Liver cells convert:
a) Urea into ammonia
b) Ammonia into lactic acid
c) Lactic acid into urea
d) Pyruvic acid into urea
e) Ammonia into urea
e) Ammonia into urea
Glucose-6-phosphate
a) Can be used to make ribose-5-phosphate
b) Can be dephosphorylated to glucose
c) Can be used to synthesize glycogen
d) Can be converted to pyruvic acid
e) All of these choices
e) All of these choices
Which of the following are used in “metabolic crossroads”?
a) Pyruvic acid
b) Glycogen
c) Ribose
d) ATP
e) Lipase
a) Pyruvic acid
In the absorptive state
a) Storage of energy is important
b) Filtration is important
c) Reabsorption is important
d) Synthesis is important
e) Production of heat is important
a) Storage of energy is important
In the absorptive state, most glucose that enters the liver is converted to
a) Pyruvic acid
b) Glycogen
c) Amino acids
d) Insulin
e) Glucase
b) Glycogen
Keto acids
a) Can enter the Krebs cycle
b) Are used for ATP production
c) Can be used to make lipids
d) Can enter Krebs or be used for ATP production
e) Convert into aldehydes in the liver
d) Can enter Krebs or be used for ATP production
Which of the following is NOT a postabsorptive state reaction?
a) Breakdown of liver glycogen
b) Lipogenesis
c) Gluconeogenesis using lactic acid
d) Gluconeogenesis using amino acids
e) None of these choices
b) Lipogenesis
Cardiac muscles can produce ATP from
a) Lactic acid
b) Pyruvic acid
c) Glucose-6-phosphate
d) Proteins
e) Lipids
a) Lactic acid
The most dramatic metabolic change that occurs with fasting is
a) Decrease in the formation of ketone bodies
b) Increase in ATP production
c) Inhibition of insulin
d) Decrease in heart rate and blood pressure
e) Increase in lipolysis
e) Increase in lipolysis
Why is Calorie always spelled with a capital “C”?
a) It is named after Dr. Calorie
b) It is named for the country where it was discovered
c) It is named after the province where it was discovered
d) To distinguish it from the chemistry term calory
e) None of these choices
e) None of these choices
Which of the following is a factor that does NOT affect heat production?
a) Exercise
b) Hormones
c) Nervous system
d) Ingestion of food
e) Blood volume
e) Blood volume
Which of the following is a mechanism of heat transfer that involves direct contact?
a) Conduction
b) Convection
c) Radiation
d) Evaporation
e) Metabolic rate
a) Conduction
The higher the relative humidity
a) The higher the rate of radiation
b) The lower the rate of conduction
c) The higher the rate of convection
d) The lower the rate of thermoregulation
e) The lower the rate of evaporation
n
e) The lower the rate of evaporation
The heat promoting center stimulates parts of the brain that
a) Decrease smooth muscle tone
b) Increase blood glucose
c) Stimulates skeletal muscle activity
d) Inhibits the sympathetic division
e) None of these choices
c) Stimulates skeletal muscle activity
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone is secreted by the
a) Anterior pituitary
b) Hypothalamus
c) Cerebral cortex
d) Liver
e) Kidney
b) Hypothalamus
Food induced thermogenesis
a) Accounts for 30% of total energy expended
b) Is known as insensible loss
c) Is inhibited by the hypothalamus
d) Is the opposite of ketosis
e) None of these choices
e) None of these choices
Neuropeptide Y stimulates
a) Release of insulin
b) Inhibition of glucagons
c) Thirst centers
d) Thermogenesis
e) Food intake
e) Food intake
Which of the following is not a major nutrient the body needs?
a) Carbohydrates
b) Glycogen
c) Proteins
d) Minerals
e) Vitamins
b) Glycogen
Provitamins are
a) Building blocks of vitamins
b) Broken down glucose molecules
c) Derivatives of minerals
d) Found only in the blood
e) Not stored in the body
a) Building blocks of vitamins
Which of the following is a fat-soluble vitamin?
a) Vitamin B
b) Vitamin E
c) Vitamin C
d) Vitamin O
e) None of these choices
b) Vitamin E
Antioxidant vitamins
a) Are found in plasma membranes
b) Are vitamin derivatives
c) Can inactivate oxygen free radicals
d) Are all excreted in feces
e) Are all stored in adipose cells
c) Can inactivate oxygen free radicals
Briefly outline the possible fates of glucose in the body.
1) immediate oxidation for ATP production
2) synthesis of amino acids for protein synthesis
3) synthesis of glycogen for storage in liver and skeletal muscle
4) formation of triglycerides via lipogenesis for long term storage after glycogen stores are full
5) excretion in urine if blood glucose is very high
What are the possible fates of pyruvic acid in the body? What is the primary determinant of the fate of pyruvic acid? What is the fate of compounds to which pyruvic acid may be converted?
Pyruvic acid in the presence of low oxygen is reduced to lactic acid, which is converted to either glycogen or carbon dioxide. In the presence of high oxygen levels, pyruvic acid is converted to an acetyl unit, which may be carried into the Krebs cycle by coenzyme A or converted into fatty acids, ketone bodies, or cholesterol.
Identify the different types of lipoproteins and describe the function of each
Chylomicrons transport dietary lipids in the lymph and blood. Very low density lipoproteins transport endogenous triglycerides from hepatocytes to adipocytes for storage. Low density lipoproteins transport cholesterol through the body for use in repair of membranes and synthesis of steroid hormones and bile salts. High density lipoproteins transport excess cholesterol to the liver for elimination.
Describe the role of the hypothalamus in regulation of food intake.
The hypothalamus contains the neurons of the feeding center that stimulate eating and of the satiety center that signal fullness. Two nuclei in the hypothalamus that help regulate food intake are the arcuate and paraventricular nuclei. The hormone leptin, released by adipocytes, inhibits release of neuropeptide Y from the arcuate nucleus and thereby decreases food intake. Melanocortin also decreases food intake. It is thought that changes in blood chemistry (in terms of nutrients and hormone balance), as well as distention of the gastrointestinal tract, initiate appropriate hypothalamic activity.
Which vitamins are considered “antioxidant vitamins?” Why is this role so important?
Vitamins C, E, and beta carotene (a provitamin) are antioxidants that inactivate oxygen free radicals. Free radicals damage cell membranes, DNA, and other cell structures. They also contribute to the formation of atherosclerotic plaque. Antioxidant vitamins may also decrease cancer risk, delay aging, and decrease the risk of cataract formation.
Why are 10 of the amino acids in the human body designated as essential amino acids?
Essential amino acids are amino acids that must be present in the diet because they cannot be synthesized in the body in adequate amounts. They include isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine. The amino acids arginine and histidine can be synthesized only in inadequate amounts. Thus, these amino acids must be supplied in the die
What is the difference between a complete protein and an incomplete protein?
Complete proteins contain sufficient amounts of all essential amino acids. Incomplete proteins do not contain all essential amino acids.
Which of the following is NOT a fate that awaits glucose 6-phophate after it is formed in a cell?
a) Synthesis of glycogen
b) Release of glucose into the blood stream
c) Synthesis of nucleic acids
d) Glycolysis
e) Gluconeogenesis
e) Gluconeogenesis
Which hormone(s) dominate(s) the absorptive state?
a) Insulin
b) Glucagon
c) HGH
d) All of these
e) None of these
a) Insulin
Which hormone is the primary hormone involved in protein breakdown in the postabsorptive state?
a) Glucagon
b) Epinephrine
c) Cortisol
d) Glucagon
e) Thyroid Hormone
c) Cortisol
Which of the following helps the core temperature to increase?
a) Constriction of blood vessels of the skin.
b) Increase in cellular respiration.
c) Shivering.
d) Thyroid hormone induced increase in metabolic rate.
e) All of these are methods for core temperature increase.
e) All of these are methods for core temperature increase.
Which of the following is NOT a factor that affects the metabolic rate and the rate of heat production?
a) Hormones
b) Nervous system
c) Food ingestion
d) Age
e) All of these are factors
e) all of these are factors
Where is the body’s thermostat located?
a) Cerebral cortex
b) Preoptic area of the hypothalamus
c) Postoptic area of the hypothalamus
d) Thalamus
e) Cerebellum
b) Preoptic area of the hypothalamus
Which mineral is the most abundant mineral in the body?
a) Calcium
b) Sodium
c) Magnesium
d) Phosphorus
e) Iron
a) Calcium
Which nutrient is required by the thyroid gland to synthesize thyroid hormones?
a) Calcium
b) Magnesium
c) Iodide
d) Manganese
e) Sodium
c) Iodide
Which of the following is NOT a function of phosphorus in the body?
a) Formation of bones and teeth
b) Constitute a major buffer system of blood
c) Component of DNA and RNA
d) Component of many enzymes
e) Affects distribution of water through osmosis
e) Affects distribution of water through osmosis
Which of the following is needed for the synthesis of thyroid hormones?
a) Zinc
b) Chromium
c) Selenium
d) Cobalt
e) Copper
c) Selenium
Which vitamin is essential for the absorption of calcium and phosphorus from the GI tract?
a) A
b) D
c) E
d) K
e) C
b) D
Which vitamin deficiency can result in rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults?
a) A
b) B
c) C
d) D
e) E
d) D
Which vitamin deficiency can result in hemolytic anemia?
a) A
b) B
c) C
d) D
e) E
e) E
Which of the following disorders is a disorder in which protein intake is deficient despite normal or nearly normal caloric intake?
a) Marasmus
b) Kwashiorkor
c) Bulimia
d) Malnutrition
e) None of these
b) Kwashiorkor
Which of the following describes a severe and often fatal disorder caused by exposure to high temperatures?
a) Heat cramps
b) Heat exhaustion
c) Heat prostration
d) Heatstroke
e) None of these
d) Heatstroke
e
Which of the following is a protein-calorie under-nutrition that results in retarded growth, low weight, muscle wasting, emaciation, and dry skin?
a) Marasmus
b) Kwashiorkor
c) Malnutrition
d) Both Marasmus and Kwashiorkor
e) Both Kwashiorkor and Malnutrition
a) Marasmus
Which of the following is a potential cause of hypothermia?
a) Overwhelming cold stress
b) Metabolic diseases
c) Drugs
d) All of these
e) None of these
d) All of these
Which hormones are the main stimulating hormones in the postabsorptive state process of glycogenolysis?
a) Epinephrine
b) Glucagon
c) Cortisol
d) Epinephrine and Glucagon
e) Glucagon and Cortisol
d) Epinephrine and Glucagon
Which of the following is not a molecule at the “metabolic crossroads”?
a) Glucose 6-phosphate
b) Pyruvic acid
c) Acetyl coenzyme a
d) Glycogen
e) All of these are molecules at the “metabolic crossroads”
d) Glycogen
