P3 Chapter 25 METABOLISM & NUTRITION Flashcards
Which of these four series of reactions uses oxygen in the last reaction of the series?
a. glycolysis
b. formation of Acetyl coenzyme A
c. Krebs cycle
d. electron transport chain
d. electron transport chain
Obesity is defined as a body weight more than _____ above a desirable standard due to excessive accumulation of adipose tissue
a. 10 percent
b. 20 percent
c. 30 percent
d. 40 percent
b. 20 percent
The only B vitamin not found in vegetables, the only vitamin containing cobalt, and the only vitamin requiring intrinsic factor for proper absorption is vitamin
a. B1 (thiamine)
b. B2 (riboflavin)
c. B6 (pyridoxine)
d. B12 (cyanocobalamin)
d. B12 (cyanocobalamin)
Which vitamin is essential for the formation of photopigments and, if deficient, leads to nightblindness?
a. A
b. D
c. E
d. K
a. A
Which of the following minerals serves as an antioxidant, prevents chromosome damage, and may play a role in preventing certain birth defects?
a. zinc
b. magnesium
c. chromium
d. selenium,
d. selenium,
The base of the food guide pyramid includes
a. fruits
b. raw leafy vegetables
c. milk and yogurt
d. bread and cereals
d. bread and cereals
Experts in good nutrition recommend that we get about _____ of our calories from complex carbohydrates
a. 50 - 60 percent
b. 30 percent
c. 15 percent
d. 10 percent
a. 50 - 60 percent
During the postabsorptive state, when we exercise, the anaerobically produced lactic acid is
a. oxidized in the skeletal muscles when oxygen becomes available
b. carried to the liver where it is converted into glucose and put back into the blood
c. carried to the kidney where it is excreted
d. converted to ketone bodies, which are used by all cells of the body
b. carried to the liver where it is converted into glucose and put back into the blood
During the absorptive state, amino acids are
a. deaminated and used as an energy source
b. stored by the liver for later use
c. used by most cells for protein synthesis
d. used for gluconeogensis
c. used by most cells for protein synthesis
The main hormone that is active during the absorptive state is
a. insulin
b. glucagon
c. thyroid hormone
d. cortisol
a. insulin
Which molecule will undergo different reactions, depending on whether oxygen is plentiful, or in short supply?
a. acetyl CoA
b. citric acid
c. glucose 6-phosphate
d. pyruvic acid
d. pyruvic acid
After glucose 6-phosphate is formed in a cell it cannot
a. be used to synthesize glycogen
b. diffuse out of the cell
c. be used for the synthesis of the sugar needed in RNA
d. be used in glycolysis
b. diffuse out of the cell
Before amino acids can enter the Krebs cycle, they must undergo
a. lipolysis
b. beta oxidation
c. deamination
d. glycolysis
c. deamination
An increase in urea in the blood would indicate an increase in the breakdown of
a. glucose
b. amino acids
c. fatty acids
d. glycerol
b. amino acids
Acetone, acetoacetic acid, and beta-hydroxybutyric acid are
a. ketone bodies
b. chylomicrons
c. micelles
d. emboli
a. ketone bodies
The majority of fat in the body is stored in fat cells located
a. subcutaneously
b. around the heart
c. in the abdomen
d. around the kidneys
a. subcutaneously
How many oxygen molecules are used during the complete oxidation of one glucose molecule?
a. 2
b. 4
c. 6
d. 8
c. 6
In which cellular compartment does glycolysis occur?
a. nucleus
b. cytoplasm
c. mitochondrion,
d. endoplasmic reticulum
b. cytoplasm
NADH dehydrogenase complex, cytochrome b-c1 complex, and cytochrome oxidase complex are all
a. proton pumps in the mitochondrial membrane
b. enzymes of the Krebs cycle
c. kinases in the glycolysis reactions
d. molecules that transport pyruvic acid into the mitochondrion .
a. proton pumps in the mitochondrial membrane
For every glucose molecule metabolized, how many carbon dioxide molecules are produced?
a. 2
b. 4
c. 6
d. 8
c. 6
Which of the following reactions does NOT occur in the Krebs cycle?
a. production of reduced coenzymes
b. production of carbon dioxide
c. generation of GTP, which is used to produce ATP
d. formation of lactic acid in the absence of oxygen
d. formation of lactic acid in the absence of oxygen
In glycolysis, which of the following ATP energy budgets is correct?
a. 2 ATPs produced - 0 ATPs used = net gain of 2 ATPs
b. 4 ATPs produced - 0 ATPs used = net gain of 4 ATPs
c. 4 ATPs produced - 2 ATPs used = net gain of 2 ATPs
d. 2 ATPs produced - 1 ATPs used = net gain of 1 ATP
c. 4 ATPs produced - 2 ATPs used = net gain of 2 ATPs
As a result of glycolysis, there is a net gain of ____ ATP molecules
a. two
b. four
c. twenty
d. thirty two
a. two
Which of these four processes produces the most ATP?
a. glycolysis
b. formation of Acetyl coenzyme A
c. Krebs cycle
d. electron transport chain
d. electron transport chain
Which of these four processes is called anaerobic respiration?
a. glycolysis
b. formation of Acetyl coenzyme A
c. Krebs cycle
d. electron transport chain
a. glycolysis
A coupled chemical reaction that directly transfers a high energy phosphate group from a substrate to ADP, producing ATP is
a. a substrate-level phosphorylation reaction
b. oxidative phosphorylation
c. an electron transport chain reaction
d. photophosphorylation
a. a substrate-level phosphorylation reaction
When, as a result of pyrogens, the body thermostat is set to a higher temperature, you will experience
a. a chill
b. hot flashes
c. hypothermia
d. sweating
a. a chill
When you touch a cool object, you are losing heat by
a. radiation
b. conduction
c. convection
d. evaporation
b. conduction
In the negative feedback mechanism of body temperature heat regulation, in response to a decrease of body temperature, the hypothalamus
a. releases epinephrine and thyroxine
b. sends parasympathetic impulses to the arterioles of the skin
c. releases thyrotropin-releasing hormone
d. sends sympathetic impulses to the blood vessels of the digestive tract
c. releases thyrotropin-releasing hormone
An increase in body temperature of one degree C (Celsius) will increase the rate of biochemical reactions by about
a. 1 percent
b. 5 percent
c. 10 percent
d. 25 percent
c. 10 percent
Too high a core body temperature can be fatal because it causes
a. the blood to coagulate
b. denaturation of proteins
c. cardiac arrythmias
d. nerve impulses from the brain to cease
b. denaturation of proteins
The major regulator of BMR is
a. the hypothalamus
b. diet
c. thyroid hormone
d. exercise
c. thyroid hormone
The amount of energy from food transferred to ATP and available for cellular functions equals about
a. 20 percent
b. 40 percent
c. 75 percent
d. 90 percent
b. 40 percent
An example of anabolism is the
a. series of reactions in the Krebs cycle
b. breakdown of glucose into pyruvic acid
c. electron transport chain of reactions
d. formation of protein molecules from amino acids
d. formation of protein molecules from amino acids
The hunger and satiety centers for regulation of food intake are located in the
a. hypothalamus
b. cerebral cortex
c. medulla oblongata
d. cerebellum
a. hypothalamus
Each gram of fat yields about _____ kilocalories
a. two
b. four
c. nine
d. twenty
c. nine
Vitamin D deficiency causes
a. rickets and osteomalacia
b. night blindness
c. scurvy
d. pernicious anemia
a. rickets and osteomalacia
The function of HDLs (high density lipoproteins) is to
a. transport triglyerides from adipose cells to the liver
b. transport triglycerides from hepatocytes to adipose cells
c. deliver cholesterol in blood to cells throughout the body so they can use it to repair their membranes and synthesize steroid hormones
d. pick up excess cholesterol from body cells and the blood and return it to the liver
d. pick up excess cholesterol from body cells and the blood and return it to the liver
Which of the following are minerals that function as coenzymes?
a. calcium, iron, magnesium
b. iodine, sodium chloride
c. magnesium, cobalt, zinc
d. copper, lead, aluminum
a. calcium, iron, magnesium
The energy for metabolism is primarily transfered by molecules of
a. transferase
b. cofactor
c. ATP
d. oxygen
c. ATP
Body temperature is ultimately regulated by the
a. skin
b. hypothalamus
c. cerebral cortex
d. amount of glucose ingested
b. hypothalamus
The electron transport chain
a. involves four classes of carrier molecules
b. is a stepwise release of energy for the generation of ATP
c. consists of specialized molecules located in the cytoplasm
d. requires acetyl CoA and the process of beta oxidation
b. is a stepwise release of energy for the generation of ATP
Which hormone stimulates gluconeogenesis?
a. aldosterone
b. insulin
c. parathormone
d. cortisol
d. cortisol
A nutrient
a. provides energy for metabolic processes
b. rearranges atoms within a molecule
c. transports electrons along the transport chain
d. serves as a carrier molecule within the Kreb’s cycle
a. provides energy for metabolic processes
In fatty acid metabolism, which molecule enters the Krebs cycle?
a. the entire fatty acid
b. ketone bodies
c. acetyl CoA
d. NADH
c. acetyl CoA
Essential amino acids are those that
a. cannot be synthesized by humans
b. can be synthesized by humans
c. are necessary only in trace amounts
d. are needed in large quantities daily
a. cannot be synthesized by humans
In the transitional step between glycolysis and the Krebs cycle
a. glucose enters the mitochondria
b. pyruvic acid undergoes decarboxylation
c. coenzyme A brings FAD and NAD to the mitochondria
d. coenzyme Q adds electrons to glucose
b. pyruvic acid undergoes decarboxylation
Within a living cell, the oxidation of one molecule is always coupled with the simultaneous _____ of another molecule
a. phosphorylation
b. dehydrogenation
c. chemiosmosis
d. reduction
d. reduction
Chemical reactions that break down complex organic molecules into simpler ones are called:
a) Metabolism
b) Anabolism
c) Catabolism
d) Metatheses
e) Oxidation reactions
c) Catabolism