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Biology 235 RN :!: > Chapter 1 Intro the body > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Intro the body Flashcards

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1
Q

Which term describes the study of the functions of body structures?

a) anatomy
b) physiology
c) endocrinology
d) histology
e) immunology

A

b) physiology

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2
Q

Which term defines a group of cells that work together to perform a particular function?

a) tissue
b) organ
c) molecules
d) compounds
e) organism

A

a) tissue

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3
Q

Which term refers to the sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body?

a) metabolism
b) anabolism
c) catabolism
d) auscultation
e) palpation

A

a) metabolism

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4
Q

List the basic processes of life.

A

The basic processes of life include metabolism, responsiveness, movement, growth, differentiation and reproduction.

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5
Q

The two organ systems that regulate and maintain homeostasis are the

a) cardiovascular and integumentary systems.
b) nervous and endocrine systems.
c) cardiovascular and respiratory systems.
d) respiratory and muscular systems.
e) urinary and integumentary systems.

A

b) nervous and endocrine systems.

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6
Q

Which body fluid fills the narrow spaces between cells and tissues and directly affects the proper functioning of cells?

a) lymph
b) blood plasma
c) interstitial fluid
d) intracellular fluid
e) vitreous body

A

c) interstitial fluid

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7
Q

Describe the differences between positive and negative feedback systems.

A

A positive feedback system will strengthen or reinforce a change in one of the body’s controlled conditions while a negative feedback system will reverse a change in a controlled condition.

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8
Q

Which feedback system structure receives output from the control center?

a) receptor
b) stimulus
c) response
d) effector
e) efferent pathway

A

d) effector

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9
Q

Which feedback system structure provides input to the control center?

a) receptor
b) muscle
c) response
d) effector
e) efferent pathway

A

a) receptor

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10
Q

A condition NOT regulated by a negative feedback loop would be:

a) childbirth
b) body temperature
c) blood pressure
d) heart rate
e) blood sugar

A

a) childbirth

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11
Q

Objective changes in a patient’s normal body function that can be directly observed or measured by a clinician are referred to as

a) symptoms.
b) disorders.
c) disturbance.
d) diseases
e) signs.

A

e) signs

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12
Q

Describe the anatomical position.

A

In the anatomical position, the subject stands erect facing the observer with the head level and the eyes facing forward. The feet are flat on the floor and directed forward and the arms are at the sides with the palms turned forward.

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13
Q

The lungs are located in the

a) cranial cavity.
b) vertebral cavity.
c) abdominal cavity.
d) pericardial cavity.
e) pleural cavity.

A

e) pleural cavity.

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14
Q

Which cavity is located inferior to the abdominal cavity?

a) vertebral canal
b) cranial cavity
c) abdominal cavity
d) pericardial cavity
e) pelvic cavity

A

e) pelvic cavity

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15
Q

Which cavity contains the heart?

a) cranial cavity
b) vertebral cavity
c) abdominal cavity
d) pericardial cavity
e) pleural cavity

A

d) pericardial cavity

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16
Q

The function of the secretions of a serous membrane, like the pleura, is to

a) separate the thoracic and abdominal cavities.
b) protect the central nervous system.
c) prevent infection.
d) reduce friction between neighboring organs.
e) carry nervous impulses.

A

d) reduce friction between neighboring organs.

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17
Q

Which plane divides the body into equal right and left halves?

a) frontal
b) midsagittal
c) transverse
d) oblique
e) coronal

A

b) midsagittal

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18
Q

Which plane divides the body into anterior and posterior portions?

a) frontal
b) sagittal
c) transverse
d) oblique
e) midsagittal

A

a) frontal

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19
Q

A transverse plane will cut a body or organ into

a) anterior and posterior portions.
b) left and right portions.
c) superior and inferior portions.
d) portions separated at an angle to its longitudinal axis.
e) unequal left and right portions.

A

c) superior and inferior portions.

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20
Q

Which directional term means farther from the midline?

a) medial
b) anterior
c) proximal
d) deep
e) lateral

A

e) lateral

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21
Q

Which directional term means farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk or farther from the origination of a structure?

a) deep
b) contralateral
c) lateral
d) cephalic
e) distal

A

e) distal

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22
Q

Choose the directional term that would make the following sentence correct. The heart is _____ to the liver.

a) inferior
b) anterior
c) contralateral
d) superior
e) superficial

A

d) superior

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23
Q

Choose the directional term that would make the following sentence correct. The sternum is _____ to the heart.

a) posterior
b) anterior
c) inferior
d) superior
e) lateral

A

b) anterior

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24
Q

Which of the following organs is not found in the abdominal cavity?

a) stomach
b) spleen
c) liver
d) gallbladder
e) diaphragm

A

e) diaphragm

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25
Q

Which serous membrane covers the viscera within the abdominal cavity, and lines the abdominal wall and the inferior surface of the diaphragm?

a) pericardium
b) pleura
c) mediastinum
d) dura mater
e) peritoneum

A

e) peritoneum

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26
Q

Where on the diagram is the femoral area?

a) D
b) E
c) F
d) J
e) K

A

a) D

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27
Q

Where on the diagram is the cervical area?

a) C
b) E
c) J
d) K
e) B

A

e) B

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28
Q

The ribs are _____ to the sternum

a) lateral
b) medial
c) proximal
d) distal
e) superior

A

a) lateral

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29
Q

The stomach is _____ to the urinary bladder

a) lateral
b) medial
c) distal
d) inferior
e) superior

A

e) superior

30
Q

Which plane is parasagittal?

a) A
b) B
c) C
d) D
e) E

A

b) B

31
Q

Which plane is frontal?

a) A
b) B
c) C
d) D
e) E

A

e) E

32
Q

Name the cavities of the trunk and the serous membranes that line them.

A

The two main cavities of the trunk are the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities. The thoracic cavity can be divided into three smaller cavities called the pericardial cavity, and two fluid-filled spaces called pleural cavities. The pericardial cavity is lined by the pericardium. The pleural cavity is lined by the pleura. The central part of the thoracic cavity is an anatomical region called the mediastinum. It is between the lungs, extending from the sternum to the vertebral column and from the first rib to the diaphragm. The abdominopelvic cavity can be divided into the abdominal and pelvic cavities, both of which are lined by the peritoneum

33
Q

List the eleven organ systems of the human body.

A

The eleven organ systems of the human body include the integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, digestive, urinary, respiratory, immune and lymphatic, cardiovascular, endocrine, and reproductive systems.

34
Q

Name the structural levels of the body and briefly describe each level

A

The chemical level consists of atoms and molecules. The cellular level consists of cells which are the smallest form of life. The tissue level consists of groups of cells that work to provide a single function. The organ level consists of organs, constructed from different types of tissue that can provide several different specific functions. The organ systems consist of one or more organs that are interlinked in general functions. The organism is made up of all the organ systems, which work to provide homeostasis.

35
Q

List and briefly describe the six basic life processes

A

The six basic life processes include:

1) Metabolism is the sum of all chemical processes in the body.
2) Responsiveness is the body’s ability to detect and respond to internal and external stimuli. 3) Movement includes motions that range from movements within individual cells to movement of the entire body.
4) Growth means an increase in body size or an increase in the number of cells.
5) Differentiation is the process that converts a cell from unspecialized to specialized.
6) Reproduction refers to formation of new cells for growth and repair or production of a new individual.

36
Q

Describe a feedback system and list its general components

A

A feedback loop is a cycle of events in which the status of the body condition is monitored, evaluated and changed to maintain homeostasis. A feedback system will include a receptor that detects the stimuli, a control center that receives the input from the receptor and generates an output, and an effector that receives the output and produces a response.

37
Q

Which of the following noninvasive diagnostic techniques is an example of inspection?

a) tapping and listening for an echo to detect fluid in the lungs
b) feeling the abdomen to detect tender organs
c) listening for crackling sounds during breathing
d) examining the surface of patient’s skin for presence of a rash
e) feeling the gonads to detect abnormal masses

A

d) examining the surface of patient’s skin for presence of a rash

38
Q

38) Which subspecialty of physiology deals with the study of the functional properties of nerve cells?

a) endocrinology
b) cardiovascular physiology
c) neurophysiology
d) immunology
e) pathophysiology

A

c) neurophysiology

39
Q

Which subspecialty of physiology deals with the study of the chemical regulators in the blood?

a) endocrinology
b) cardiovascular physiology
c) neurophysiology
d) immunology
e) pathophysiology

A

a) endocrinology

40
Q

Which subspecialty of physiology deals with the study of functional changes associated with disease and aging?

a) exercise physiology
b) renal physiology
c) pathophysiology
d) cardiovascular physiology
e) immunology

A

c) pathophysiology

41
Q

Which subspecialty of physiology deals with the study of the body’s defense against disease-causing agents?

a) exercise physiology
b) renal physiology
c) pathophysiology
d) cardiovascular physiology
e) immunology

A

e) immunology

42
Q

Which subspecialty of anatomy deals with the study of structural changes associated with disease?

a) embryology
b) developmental biology
c) radiographic anatomy
d) pathological anatomy
e) immunology

A

d) pathological anatomy

43
Q

Which of the following anatomical terms refers to the groin?

a) pelvic
b) umbilical
c) sternal
d) otic
e) inguinal

A

e) inguinal

44
Q

Which of the following anatomical terms refers to the front of the elbow?

a) olecranal
b) antecubital
c) carpal
d) digital
e) ant

A

b) antecubital

45
Q

Which of the following anatomical terms refers to the ear?

a) otic
b) orbital
c) ocular
d) oral
e) occipital

A

a) otic

46
Q

Which of the following anatomical terms refers to the great toe?

a) pollex
b) tarsal
c) hallux
d) pedal
e) carpal

A

c) hallux

47
Q

Which of the following anatomical terms refers to the thumb?

a) pollex
b) tarsal
c) hallux
d) volar
e) carpal

A

a) pollex

48
Q

The section shown in (c) results from cutting through a _____ plane extending through the brain?

a) frontal
b) sagittal
c) oblique
d) midsagittal
e) transverse

A

e) transverse

49
Q

The section shown in (b) results from cutting through a _______ plane extending through the brain?

a) frontal
b) sagittal
c) oblique
d) midsagittal
e) transverse

A

a) frontal

50
Q

Which cavity contains the small intestine?

a) (A)
b) (B)
c) (C)
d) (D)
e) (E)

A

d) (D)

51
Q

Which cavity contains the liver?

a) (A)
b) (B)
c) (C)
d) (D)
e) (E)

A

d) (D)

52
Q

Which contains the spinal cord?

a) (A)
b) (B)
c) (C)
d) (D)
e) (E)

A

b) (B))

53
Q

Which cavity contains the internal organs of reproduction?

a) (A)
b) (B)
c) (C)
d) (D)
e) (E)

A

e) (E)

54
Q

What is the name of the serous membrane in closest proximity to the lungs?

a) parietal pleura
b) visceral pleura
c) parietal pericardium
d) visceral pericardium
e) mediastinum

A

b) visceral pleura

55
Q

What is the name of the outer layer of the serous membrane that surrounds the heart?

a) diaphragm
b) visceral pleura
c) parietal pericardium
d) visceral pericardium
e) mediastinum

A

c) parietal pericardium

56
Q

Which region is the epigastric region?

a) (A)
b) (B)
c) (C)
d) (D)
e) (E)

A

a) (A)

57
Q

Which region is the hypogastric region?

a) (A)
b) (B)
c) (C)
d) (D)
e) (E)

A

)

c) (C)

58
Q

Which radiographs were obtained using low-dose x-rays?

a) (A) and (B)
b) (B) and (C)
c) (C) and (D)
d) (A) and (C)
e) (B) and (E)

A

a) (A) and (B)

59
Q

Discuss the importance of body fluids and which one is considered to be the body’s internal environment.

A

An important aspect of homeostasis is maintaining the volume and composition of body fluids, which are dilute, watery solutions containing the dissolved substances needed to sustain life. The fluid within cells is intracellular fluid (ICF) and the fluid found outside of cells is extracellular fluid (ECF). The ECF consists of interstitial fluid, blood plasma, lymph, cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluid, aqueous humor, and vitreous. The ECF called interstitial fluid, which is the fluid found in the narrow spaces between cells and tissues, is also known as the body’s internal environment. This is due to the fact that the proper functioning of body cells depends on precise regulation of the composition of the interstitial fluid surrounding them.

60
Q

Which of the following is an example of the basic life process called growth?

  1. muscle contraction
  2. digestion of proteins
  3. lifting weights and gaining muscle mass
  4. mineral deposits accumulating between bone cells to cause a bone to lengthen

a) 1 only
b) 2 only
c) 3 only
d) 4 only
e) 3 and 4

A
  1. lifting weights and gaining muscle mass
  2. mineral deposits accumulating between bone cells to cause a bone to lengthen

e) 3 and 4

61
Q

Feeling the presence of a mosquito biting your arm is an example of

a) growth.
b) movement.
c) responsiveness.
d) reproduction.
e) differentiation.

A

c) responsiveness.

62
Q

During a visit to your doctor, you complain about headache and nausea. These changes in your body functions are considered to be

a) signs.
b) symptoms.
c) pharmacology.
d) controlled condition.
e) epidemiology.

A

b) symptoms.

63
Q

An embryonic stem cell undergoes _____ to become a neuron.

a) catabolism
b) growth
c) reproduction
d) anabolism
e) differentiation

A

e) differentiation

64
Q

Which of the following describes a body process that is controlled using a positive feedback loop?

a) increasing body temperature in response to a drop in body temperature
b) decreasing body temperature in response to elevated body temperature
c) decreasing blood [glucose] in response to elevated blood [glucose]
d) increasing strength of uterine contractions in response to cervical stretch
e) decreasing heart rate in response to elevated blood pressure

A

d) increasing strength of uterine contractions in response to cervical stretch

65
Q

Which of the following organs contains the control center for the feedback system that regulates blood pressure?

a) skin
b) arteries
c) brain
d) heart
e) pituitary gland

A

c) brain

66
Q

Which of the following is NOT a common characteristic of a negative feedback system?

a) regulates conditions in body that remain fairly stable over long periods
b) important in maintaining homeostasis
c) involves control centers in the nervous or endocrine systems
d) stimulates changes that reverse the direction of the stimulus
e) usually requires an event outside the feedback system to shut it off

A

e) usually requires an event outside the feedback system to shut it off

67
Q

Which of the following represents the largest and most complex level of structural organization in the human body?

a) chemical level
b) cellular level
c) tissue level
d) organ level
e) organismal level

A

e) organismal level

68
Q

Which of the following is NOT one of the four basic types of tissues found in the human body?

a) epithelial tissue
b) connective tissue
c) muscular tissue
d) necrotic tissue
e) nervous tissue

A

d) necrotic tissue

69
Q

Which of the following correctly list the levels of structural organization in the human body from largest to smallest?

a) chemical - cellular - tissue - organ - organ system - organism
b) cellular - chemical - tissue - organ - organ system - organism
c) organism - organ system - organ - tissue - cellular - chemical
d) organ - organ system - organism - tissue - cellular - chemical
e) tissue - cellular - organ - organ system - organism - chemical

A

c) organism - organ system - organ - tissue - cellular - chemical

70
Q

Which of the following structures or regions could you clearly see when you are viewing the anterior side of an individual standing in the standard anatomical position?

a) shoulder blade
b) palm of the hand
c) plantar surface of foot
d) popliteal region of the knee
e) gluteal region

A

b) palm of the hand

71
Q

Which of the following is a safe non-invasive imaging technique that uses the reflection of high frequency sound waves off of body tissues to visualize a fetus during pregnancy?

a) computed tomography
b) magnetic resonance imaging
c) ultrasound scanning
d) radionuclide scanning
e) amniocentesis

A

c) ultrasound scanning

72
Q

Mammography and bone densitometry are good examples of which of the following types of medical imaging?

a) computed tomography
b) magnetic resonance imaging
c) ultrasound scanning
d) radionuclide scanning
e) low-dose radiography

A

e) low-dose radiography

Biology 235 RN :!: (29 decks)

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