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Biology 235 RN :!: > P3 Chapter 21 BV & HEMODYNAMICS > Flashcards

P3 Chapter 21 BV & HEMODYNAMICS Flashcards

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1
Q

Which of the following is the most important method of capillary exchange?

a) diffusion
b) transcytosis
c) bulk flow
d) primary active transport
e) secondary active transport

A

a) diffusion

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2
Q

The longest vein in the human body is the

a. descending aorta
b. external iliac
c. inferior vena cava
d. great saphenous

A

d. great saphenous

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3
Q

A thin, weakened section of the wall of a blood vessel which is prone to rupture is termed

a. atherosclerosis
b. arteriosclerosis
c. aneurysm
d. arterial stenosis

A

c. aneurysm

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4
Q

Which vessel in the figure is labeled “C”?

a) accessory hemiazygos vein
b) hemiazygos vein
c) left gonadal vein
d) right renal vein
e) right suprarenal vein

A

c) left gonadal vein

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5
Q

Information on blood pressure travels from the baroreceptors in the arch of the aorta to the cardiovascular center through the

a. glossopharyngeal nerve
b. cardioaccelerator nerves
c. vagus nerve
d. vasomotor nerves

A

c. vagus nerve

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6
Q

Effector tissues regulated by the cardiovascular center are

a. skeletal muscles
b. heart muscle
c. blood vessel smooth muscles
d. heart muscle and blood vessel smooth muscles but not skeletal muscles

A

d. heart muscle and blood vessel smooth muscles but not skeletal muscles

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7
Q

Pressure due to the presence of water in capillary blood results in a. blood hydrostatic pressure

b. blood osmotic pressure
c. interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure
d. interstitial fluid osmotic pressure

A

a. blood hydrostatic pressure

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8
Q

Identify and discuss the factors that contribute to systemic vascular resistance.

A

1) Blood viscosity is dependent on the ratio of formed elements and proteins to plasma. In general, increased viscosity, via increased formed elements or decreasing plasma volume, increases resistance. 2) Total blood vessel length is directly proportional to resistance; thus, increasing length of circuit (by adding new blood vessels to serve added tissue) increases resistance. 3) Diameter/radius of blood vessels, which is primarily controlled by ANS, has a major effect on resistance. Increased vessel diameter decreases resistance, thus increasing flow. In general, changes in the diameter of small vessels (e.g. arterioles) have greater effect because more surface area is in contact with blood.

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9
Q

Capillaries are also referred to as

a) exchange vessels.
b) vasoconstrictors.
c) vasodilators.
d) pressure reservoirs.
e) distributing vessels.

A

a) exchange vessels.

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10
Q

During embryonic development, blood cells are formed from

a) endodermal cells.
b) pluripotent stem cells.
c) angioblasts.
d) fibroblasts.
e) osteoblasts.

A

b) pluripotent stem cells.

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11
Q

All of the following aid in venous return of blood to heart EXCEPT

a) the skeletal muscle pump.
b) the respiratory pump.
c) blood viscosity.
d) venoconstriction
e) venous valves.

A

c) blood viscosity.

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12
Q

In resting individuals, which vessels serve as a large blood reservoir from which blood can be quickly diverted to other vessels as needed?

a) Arteries and arterioles
b) Arterioles and capillaries
c) Venules and capillaries
d) Veins and venules
e) Aorta and veins

A

d) Veins and venules

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13
Q

Velocity of blood flow is fastest in the

a. aorta
b. muscular arteries
c. capillaries
d. veins

A

a. aorta

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14
Q

The cause of primary hypertension is

a. continued psychological stress
b. atherosclerosis
c. pulmonary thrombosis
d. unknown

A

d. unknown

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15
Q

The alternate route of blood flow to a body part through an anastomosis is called

a) a thoroughfare channel.
b) a blood reservoir.
c) a detour route.
d) collateral circulation.
e) microcirculation.

A

d) collateral circulation.

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16
Q

Which of the following hormones would NOT stimulate changes that lead to an increase in arterial blood pressure?

a) Atrial natriuretic peptide(ANP)
b) Antidiuretic hormone(ADH)
c) Aldosterone
d) Angiotensin
e) Epinephrine

A

a) Atrial natriuretic peptide(ANP)

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17
Q

Which of the labeled layers in the diagram of the arterial wall is composed of a simple squamous epithelium, a basement membrane and a layer of elastic tissue?

a) A
b) B
c) C
d) A and B
e) A, B, and C

A

a) A

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18
Q

Which labeled structure in the figure is precapillary sphincter?

a) A
b) B
c) C
d) D
e) E

A

c) C

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19
Q

The part of the aorta that passes through the diaphragm is the

a. ascending aorta
b. descending aorta
c. arch of the aorta
d. abdominal aorta

A

b. descending aorta

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20
Q

The splenic artery supplies blood to the spleen and one of its branches supplies blood to the

a. pancreas
b. liver
c. gallbladder
d. esophagus

A

a. pancreas

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21
Q

Which of the following types of blood vessels have high pulsing blood pressure?

a) arterioles
b) capillaries
c) venules
d) veins
e) vena cavae

A

a) arterioles

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22
Q

If the blood pressure reading on a patient is 142/95, the pulse pressure is

a. 142 mm Hg
b. 95 mm Hg
c. 47 mm Hg
d. 74 mm Hg

A

c. 47 mm Hg

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23
Q

If cardiac output (CO) rises due to an increase in stroke volume or heart rate, but resistance stays the same

a. blood pressure will increase
b. venous pressure will decrease
c. blood colloid pressure will increase
d. blood flow will decrease

A

a. blood pressure will increase

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24
Q

Because the pulmonary arteries have larger diameter, thinner walls, and less elastic tissue than systemic arteries

a. the resistance to blood flow is very low
b. the amount of blood flowing through the lungs is low
c. the blood pressure varies considerably during ventricular systole
d. blood clots occur less frequently than in systemic arteries

A

a. the resistance to blood flow is very low

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25
Q

When the axillary vein leaves the arm and enters the shoulder region it is renamed the

a. brachiocephalic vein
b. common carotid vein
c. subclavian vein
d. radial vein

A

c. subclavian vein

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26
Q

The transverse processes of the cervical vertebrae have foramina that allow passage of the

a. vertebral veins
b. external jugular veins
c. internal jugular veins
d. subclavian veins

A

a. vertebral veins

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27
Q

The exchange of nutrients and waste products takes place only through the walls of

a. arteries
b. capillaries
c. arterioles
d. venules

A

b. capillaries

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28
Q

Which vessel in the figure is labeled “D”?

a) accessory hemiazygos vein
b) hemiazygos vein
c) right renal vein
d) right suprarenal vein
e) pericardial vein

A

c) right renal vein

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29
Q

When an artery or arteriole is damaged, its smooth muscle layer contracts producing

a) tear in the vessel.
b) new vessel branching off the artery or arteriole.
c) a vascular spasm.
d) tetanus.
e) increased blood flow to the damaged vessel.

A

c) a vascular spasm.

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30
Q

During embryonic development, blood vessels are formed by

a) endodermal cells.
b) pluripotent stem cells.
c) angioblasts.
d) fibroblasts.
e) osteoblasts.

A

c) angioblasts.

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31
Q

An important function of the circle of Willis is to

a. supply blood to the head and neck
b. equalize blood pressure and supply alternate routes to the brain
c. act as an alternate blood supply to the liver
d. transport blood from the aorta to the heart tissue

A

b. equalize blood pressure and supply alternate routes to the brain

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32
Q

Endothelium makes up the layer of the arteries called the

a. tunica interna
b. tunica media
c. tunica externa
d. tunica adventitia

A

a. tunica interna

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33
Q

s Blood is carried away from the heart by

a. the pulmonary veins
b. systemic veins
c. pulmonary capillaries
d. systemic arteries

A

d. systemic arteries

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34
Q

Which type of blood vessel plays a key role in regulating blood flow into capillaries?

a) arteries
b) arterioles
c) venules
d) veins
e) aorta

A

b) arterioles

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35
Q

Which labeled structure in the figure is a metarteriole?

a) A
b) B
c) D
d) F
e) E

A

b) B

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36
Q

Which of the following is NOT a contribution of the cardiovascular system to other body systems?

a) Blood delivers clotting factors and WBCs that aid in hemostasis when skin is damaged.
b) Blood delivers calcium and phosphate ions that are needed for building bone extracellular matrix.
c) Blood carries carbon dioxide to body tissues and removes oxygen for use by other organs.
d) Blood carries newly absorbed nutrients and water to the liver.
e) Blood circulates cells and chemicals that carry out immune functions.

A

c) Blood carries carbon dioxide to body tissues and removes oxygen for use by other organs.

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37
Q

Which type of blood vessel holds the smallest volume of blood? a. capillaries

b. systemic veins and venules
c. systemic arteries and arterioles
d. pulmonary vessels

A

a. capillaries

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38
Q

The diameter of the aorta in an adult is about

a. 1/4 inch
b. 1/2 inch
c. 1 inch
d. 2 inches

A

c. 1 inch

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39
Q

Cardiac output is dependent on both

a) heart rate and stroke volume.
b) stroke volume and systemic vascular resistance.
c) heart rate and systemic vascular resistance.
d) blood type and stroke volume.
e) blood pressure and heart rate

A

a) heart rate and stroke volume.

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40
Q

What is a portal vein? Describe the hepatic portal circulation

A

A vein that carries blood from one capillary network to another is called a portal vein. The hepatic portal circulation carries venous blood from the gastrointestinal organs and spleen to the liver. It receives blood from GI organs and the spleen and delivers it to the liver. After a meal it is very rich in nutrients absorbed from the GI tract.

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41
Q

The principle stimulus for autoregulation of blood flow into the capillaries is

a. oxygen
b. carbon dioxide
c. epinephrine
d. acetylcholine

A

a. oxygen

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42
Q

Which of the following would NOT result in an increase in arterial blood pressure?

a) Increased blood volume
b) Increased sympathetic stimulation
c) Increased heart rate
d) Increased stroke volume
e) Increased arteriolar vasodilation

A

e) Increased arteriolar vasodilation

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43
Q

Which layer of the arterial wall is primarily composed of elastic and collagen fibers?

a) tunica interna
b) tunica media
c) tunica externa
d) tunica albuginea
e) tunica fascia

A

c) tunica externa

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44
Q

A sign of shock is

a. dry, flushed skin
b. slow pulse
c. increased urine formation
d. hypotension

A

d. hypotension

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45
Q

If a tube is decreased to 1/2 its diameter, it will increase its resistance to fluid flow

a. 2 times
b. 4 times
c. 8 times
d. 16 times

A

b. 4 times

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46
Q

The descending colon, sigmoid colon, and rectum are supplied with blood through the

a. celiac artery
b. superior mesenteric artery
c. inferior mesenteric artery
d. common iliac artery

A

c. inferior mesenteric artery

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47
Q

Which vessel in the figure is labeled “B”?

a) left femoral vein
b) left great saphenous vein
c) left popliteal vein
d) left anterior tibial vein
e) left fibular vein

A

a) left femoral vein

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48
Q

Which of the following vessels supplies blood to the intestines?

a) Radial artery
b) Subclavian artery
c) Mesenteric artery
d) Coronary artery
e) Popliteal artery

A

c) Mesenteric artery

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49
Q

Which of the following structures is used to control the flow of blood through a capillary bed?

a) thoroughfare channels
b) precapillary sphincters
c) postcapillary sphincters
d) venules
e) valves in veins

A

b) precapillary sphincters

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50
Q

Which of the following vessels supplies blood to the kidneys?

a) Hepatic artery
b) Renal artery
c) Mesenteric artery
d) Coronary artery
e) Popliteal artery

A

b) Renal artery

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51
Q

Which of the following vessels carries the venous blood from the lower body into the right atrium?

a) Inferior vena cava
b) Superior vena cava
c) Tibial vein
d) Coronary vein
e) Iliac vein

A

a) Inferior vena cava

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52
Q

The pulmonary arteries bring _____ blood to the _____

a. deoxygenated, left atrium
b. deoxygenated, alveoli of the lungs
c. oxygenated, left atrium
d. oxygenated, alveoli of the lungs

A

b. deoxygenated, alveoli of the lungs

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53
Q

Which of the following is NOT a branch of the aorta?

a. brachiocephalic artery
b. right coronary artery
c. pulmonary artery
d. left subclavian artery

A

c. pulmonary artery

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54
Q

The property of arteries that contributes to a pressure reserve is the

a. elastic recoil of the large arteries
b. stiff walls due to the presence of collagenous fibers
c. stretchiness of the tunica intima
d. thin walls of these vessels

A

a. elastic recoil of the large arteries

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55
Q

When chemoreceptors in blood vessels detect high levels of carbon dioxide in the blood, they stimulate all of the following changes EXCEPT

a) increased vasoconstriction of arterioles.
b) increased blood pressure.
c) decreased respiratory rate.
d) increased sympathetic stimulation of arterioles and veins.
e) increased vasoconstriction of veins.

A

c) decreased respiratory rate.

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56
Q

Which artery enters the skull through the foramen magnum?

a. external carotid
b. basilar
c. vertebral
d. low levels of calcium ion in the blood

A

c. vertebral

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57
Q

The volume of blood that circulates through the systemic (or pulmonary) blood vessels per minute is called

a) stroke volume.
b) tidal volume.
c) cardiac output.
d) cardiac reserve.
e) total peripheral resistance.

A

c) cardiac output.

58
Q

) In fetal circulation, what is the opening between the right and left atria called?

a) Ductus venousus
b) Umbilicus
c) Fossa ovalis
d) Foramen ovale
e) Ductus arteriosus

A

d) Foramen ovale

59
Q

Elastic arteries function as

a) vasodilators.
b) conduits to the tissues of the trunk only.
c) barriers to microcirculation.
d) pressure reservoirs.
e) vasoconstrictors.

A

d) pressure reservoirs.

60
Q

Which of the capillaries shown in the figure has an incomplete or absent basement membrane?

a) A
b) B
c) C
d) A and B
e) A, B, and C

A

c) C

61
Q

Contraction of skeletal muscles in the leg cause blood to be pumped toward the heart because

a. proximal valves in the vein close and distal valves open
b. both proximal and distal valves open
c. proximal valves open and distal valves close
d. both proximal and distal valves close

A

c. proximal valves open and distal valves close

62
Q

Which of the following categories of hypertension drugs lower blood pressure by blocking formation of angiotensin II, which results in vasodilation and decreased aldosterone secretion?

a) Diuretics
b) ACE inhibitors
c) Beta blockers
d) Calcium channel blockers
e) Anabolic steroids

A

b) ACE inhibitors

63
Q

Which of the following blood vessels is most often used to find arterial systolic pulse?

a. external jugular vein
b. subclavian artery
c. radial artery
d. radial vein

A

c. radial artery

64
Q

Orthostatic hypotension occurs when a person

a. over exercises
b. becomes overheated
c. stands up
d. diets excessively

A

c. stands up

65
Q

) Which vessel in the figure is labeled “C”?

a) left femoral vein
b) left great saphenous vein
c) left popliteal vein
d) left anterior tibial vein
e) left fibular vein

A

b) left great saphenous vein

66
Q

Which of the following would NOT result in an increase in systemic vascular resistance?

a) Decreased diameter of systemic arterioles
b) Increased blood viscosity
c) Decreased length of the systemic circulatory route
d) Increased vasoconstriction of systemic arterioles
e) Increased red blood cell count

A

c) Decreased length of the systemic circulatory route

67
Q

All of the following changes are commonly observed in the cardiovascular system in response to aging EXCEPT

a) decreased cardiac output.
b) increased compliance of the aorta.
c) loss of cardiac muscle strength.
d) decline in maximum heart rate.
e) increased systolic blood pressure.

A

b) increased compliance of the aorta.

68
Q

The cardiovascular center is located

a) in the thoracic cavity.
b) in the cerebral cortex.
c) in the cerebellum.
d) in the medulla oblongata.
e) in the hypothalamus.

A

d) in the medulla oblongata.

69
Q

Veins that contain valves are located mostly in the

a. head
b. thoracic region
c. limbs
d. abdomen

A

c. limbs

70
Q

At the back of the knee, the anterior and posterior tibial and small saphenous veins drain blood into the a. femoral vein b. popliteal vein c. peroneal vein d. common iliac vein

A

b. popliteal vein

71
Q

Which of the following would be a normal response of the cardiovascular system to a decreased frequency of action potentials arising from the baroreceptors?

a) Increased systemic vascular resistance
b) Increased parasympathetic stimulation
c) Decreased heart rate
d) Decreased stroke volume
e) Decreased cardiac output

A

a) Increased systemic vascular resistance

72
Q

Abnormal conditions such as atherosclerosis and patent ductus arteriosus cause an large increase in the

a) blood colloid osmotic pressure.
b) central venous pressure.
c) pulse pressure.
d) venular hydrostatic pressure.
e) capillary hyrdostatic pressure.

A

c) pulse pressure.

73
Q

The abdominal aorta divides into the common iliac arteries at about the level of the

a. bottom of the kidneys
b. fourth lumbar vertebra
c. top of the sacrum
d. pubic bone

A

b. fourth lumbar vertebra

74
Q

Most of the tissues and organs in the thorax are drained by the

a. brachiocephalic veins
b. azygos system of veins
c. anterior vena cava
d. coronary veins

A

b. azygos system of veins

75
Q

) In which of the following types of blood vessels is blood pressure NOT pulsing?

  1. Arteries
  2. Capillaries
  3. Arterioles
  4. Venules

a) 1 only
b) 2 only
c) 3 only
d) 4 only
e) Both 2 and 4

A

e) Both 2 and 4

76
Q

Which layer of the arterial wall is responsible for vasoconstriction?

a) tunica interna
b) tunica media
c) tunica externa
d) tunica albuginea
e) tunica fascia

A

b) tunica media

77
Q

By age 80, blood flow through the kidneys is _____ less than in the same person at the age of 30

a. 10 percent
b. 15 percent
c. 30 percent
d. 50 percent

A

d. 50 percent

78
Q

Which of the following vessels drains blood from the lower leg?

a) Jugular vein
b) Superior vena cava
c) Tibial vein
d) Coronary vein
e) Inferior mesenteric vein

A

c) Tibial vein

79
Q

Which of the following types of tissues contains continuous capillaries?

a) skeletal muscle
b) smooth muscle
c) connective tissue
d) lungs
e) all of these choices

A

e) all of these choices

80
Q

Which vessel in the figure is labeled “G”?

a) accessory hemiazygos vein
b) hemiazygos vein
c) right suprarenal vein
d) pericardial vein
e) azygos vein

A

e) azygos vein

81
Q

The basilic and brachial veins merge in the arm to form the

a. axillary vein
b. subclavian vein
c. cephalic vein
d. median cubital vein

A

a. axillary vein

82
Q

If your total blood volume is 5 liters, the volume in your veins and venules is

a. 3 liters
b. 2 liters
c. 1 liter
d. 1 liter

A

a. 3 liters

83
Q

The blood that flows to the left arm passes through the

a. left vertebral artery
b. brachiocephalic trunk
c. left common carotid artery
d. left subclavian artery

A

d. left subclavian artery

84
Q

After the baby is born, the umbilical vein that passes through the liver constricts and becomes the

a. ligamentum arteriosum
b. ligamentum teres (round ligament).,
c. umbilical ligaments
d. fossa ovalis

A

b. ligamentum teres (round ligament).,

85
Q

Sympathetic nerve impulses reach the heart via

a. cardiac accelerator nerves
b. the vagus (X) nerve
c. vasomotor nerves
d. sensory afferent nerves

A

a. cardiac accelerator nerves

86
Q

Describe the vessel wall characteristics of the five main types of blood vessels that blood travels through from the time it leaves the left ventricle until it returns to the right atrium.

A

Blood is carried away from the heart in arteries. All arteries have an outer tunica externa (mostly elastic and collagen fibers), an inner tunica media (mostly smooth muscle and elastic fibers) and a lining called the tunica interna (endothelial tissue). Large diameter arteries have more elastic fibers than smooth muscle in their walls and conduct blood to regions of the body, e.g. the subclavian artery carries blood toward the upper extremity. As arteries enter a body region, they branch and their diameters decrease. Their walls have proportionately more smooth muscle than elastic tissue. These arteries are called muscular or distributing arteries, e.g. the radial artery. Branching of the blood vessels continues until the vessels are nearly microscopic arterioles. Arterioles have little elastic tissue, but can change diameter quickly because of the smooth muscle in their wall. Thus, they are the major sites of regulation of blood pressure and distribution. Arterioles feed into capillary beds. Capillaries are the sites of exchange between the tissues and the blood. Venules drain the capillaries and begin the path back to the heart. Venules merge to form veins (and ultimately, vena cava) that carry the blood to the heart. Veins have much less smooth muscle than arteries. Vein also have valves that help prevent backflow of blood.

87
Q

Which type of blood vessel exerts the major control of systemic vascular resistance on a moment-to-moment basis?

a. arteries
b. arterioles
c. capillaries
d. veins

A

b. arterioles

88
Q

Which of the following carries oxygenated blood?

a. hepatic vein
b. pulmonary vein
c. axillary vein
d. temporal vein

A

b. pulmonary vein

89
Q

Circulation time in an average resting human is about

a. 30 seconds
b. one minute
c. five minutes
d. ten minutes

A

b. one minute

90
Q

Shock becomes steadily worse and compensatory mechanisms are no longer adequate when the blood volume drops more than a. 1-2 percent

b. 5-10 percent
c. 10-20 percent
d. 30-35 percent

A

c. 10-20 percent

91
Q

Which of the following is a branch of the brachiocephalic trunk?

a. celiac artery
b. esophageal artery
c. phrenic artery
d. right subclavian artery

A

d. right subclavian artery

92
Q

What physiological process is depicted in this figure?

a) Venous blood blockage
b) Skeletal muscle pump
c) Respiratory pump
d) Thoroughfare channels
e) Anastomosis

A

b) Skeletal muscle pump

93
Q

The pulmonary trunk divides into

a) brachiocephalic trunk and left subclavian artery
b) right and left subclavain arteries.
c) right and left pulmonary veins.
d) right and left pulmonary arteries.
e) right and left common carotid arteries.

A

d) right and left pulmonary arteries.

94
Q

The largest artery in the thigh is the

a. common iliac artery
b. femoral artery
c. anterior tibial artery
d. sciatic artery

A

b. femoral artery

95
Q
A
96
Q

Which vessel in the figure is labeled “F”?

a) left femoral vein
b) left great saphenous vein
c) left popliteal vein
d) left anterior tibial vein
e) left small saphenous vein

A

d) left anterior tibial vein

97
Q

Which of the following blood vessels carries blood away from the heart to other organs?

a) arteries
b) capillaries
c) venules
d) arterioles
e) veins

A

a) arteries

98
Q

The myogenic response of smooth muscle results in

a) more forceful contractions when stretched.
b) more forceful contractions when relaxed
c) tetany.
d) relaxation of smooth muscle when stretched.
e) formation of new desmosomes.

A

a) more forceful contractions when stretched.

99
Q

Which of the following effectors would NOT be activated as described below in response to hypovolemic shock?

a) Adrenal cortex releases aldosterone.
b) Kidneys conserve salt and water.
c) Heart rate increases.
d) Systemic arterioles vasodilate.
e) Heart contractility increases.

A

d) Systemic arterioles vasodilate.

100
Q

Normal blood pressure for a young adult male is

a) 120/80.
b) 130/90.
c) 80/120.
d) 100/80.
e) 150/85.

A

a) 120/80.

101
Q

Which vein of the hepatic portal system drains the descending colon, sigmoid colon, and rectum? a. inferior vena cava b. common iliac vein c. superior mesenteric vein d. inferior mesenteric vein

A

d. inferior mesenteric vein

102
Q

Which vessel in the figure is labeled “A”?

a) right subclavian artery
b) right radial artery
c) right common carotid artery
d) right brachial artery
e) right axillary artery

A

c) right common carotid artery

103
Q

The inferior vena cava is formed by the union of the two

a. femoral veins
b. great saphenous veins
c. external iliac veins
d. common iliac veins

A

d. common iliac veins

104
Q

) Which vessel in the figure is labeled “B”?

a) right ulnar artery
b) right subclavian artery
c) right radial artery
d) right brachial artery
e) right axillary artery

A

b) right subclavian artery

105
Q

In a freak accident, an overheated and dehydrated roofer falls off the roof and onto a mirror that is being brought into a construction site. The mirror breaks and cuts several blood vessels, including the femoral artery. What will happen to the roofer’s NFP in his capillary beds? Why?

A

: If the roofer overheated, he probably had already lost a significant volume of body fluid through perspiration as his body tried to cool off. That loss would account for the dehydration. Loss of fluid without significant loss of solutes causes the blood colloidal osmotic pressure (BCOP) to increase. The cuts the roofer suffered would cause hemorrhaging and a loss of blood hydrostatic pressure (BHP). If the BHP goes down and the BCOP goes up, the net filtration pressure (NFP) should decrease because NFP = (BHP + IFOP) – BCOP. [IFOP is the interstitial fluid osmotic pressure, which is so much smaller than the BHP or BCOP that it usually doesn’t change NFP.]

106
Q

The pulmonary circulatory route carries blood from the

a) right atrium to the right ventricle .
b) right ventricle to the left atrium.
c) left atrium to the left ventricle.
d) left ventricle to the right atrium.
e) left ventricle to the coronary sinus.

A

b) right ventricle to the left atrium.

107
Q

Because of the presence of beta adrenergic receptors on the smooth muscles of arterioles going to skeletal muscles and the heart, sympathetic stimulation causes

a. vasoconstriction and a reduction in blood flow to these tissues b. vasodilation and increase in blood flow to these tissues
c. increase in blood pressure
d. decrease in heart rate

A

b. vasodilation and increase in blood flow to these tissues

108
Q

What would the pulse pressure and mean arterial pressure be for an individual with a blood pressure of 120/80?

a) 40; 100
b) 40; 93.3
c) 40; 103.3
d) 200; 100
e) 100; 200

A

b) 40; 93.3

109
Q

Capillaries in which the basement membrane is incomplete or absent and have large spaces between the endothelial cells are called

a. continuous capillaries
b. fenestrated capillaries
c. thorough channels
d. sinusoids

A

d. sinusoids

110
Q

When the umbilical cord is tied after birth, the umbilical arteries close by filling in with

a) placental fluid.
b) platelet plugs.
c) connective tissue.
d) smooth muscle.
e) epithelial tissue.

A

c) connective tissue.

111
Q

Which of the following statements is true?

a. From the femoral artery, blood flows into the popliteal artery
b. From the femoral artery, blood flows into the popliteal artery
c. On the left, the brachiocephalic artery continues into the shoulder as the subclavian artery, but on the right the subclavian artery arises directly from the aorta
d. The left gastric, splenic, and right hepatic arteries all arise from the celiac trunk

A

a. From the femoral artery, blood flows into the popliteal artery

112
Q

Blood reaches the cells that make up blood vessels by way of tiny capillaries called the _____ in the outer layer of the vessel

a. vasa vasorum
b. chordae tendineae
c. arterial syncytium
d. tunica adventitia

A

a. vasa vasorum

113
Q

The inferior vena cava does NOT receive any blood from the

a. kidneys
b. liver
c. gastrointestinal tract
d. adrenal glands

A

c. gastrointestinal tract

114
Q

At the venous end of capillaries, fluid moves from the interstitial spaces into the capillaries because

a. hydrostatic pressure exceeds osmotic pressure
b. blood pressure in the veins is high
c. the net filtration pressure is usually about -9 mm Hg
d. the net filtration pressure at the venous end is higher than at the arterial end

A

c. the net filtration pressure is usually about -9 mm Hg

115
Q

The most immediate result of increased muscle contraction and increased respiration would be

a. increased venous return to the heart
b. increased cardiac output
c. decreased systemic vascular resistance
d. increased mean arterial pressure

A

a. increased venous return to the heart

116
Q

Which of the types of capillaries shown in the figure is commonly found in the kidneys, villi of the small intestine, choroid plexuses, and some endocrine glands?

a) A
b) B
c) C
d) A and B
e) B and C

A

b) B

117
Q

If blood pressure drops, a negative feedback mechanism causes a. activation of the venous reservoirs

b. increase in capillary blood flow to insure that the cells get oxygen
c. increase in heart rate, stroke volume, and vasoconstriction
d. vasodilation to allow more blood to return to the heart

A

c. increase in heart rate, stroke volume, and vasoconstriction

118
Q

Which of the following vessels bring blood to the inferior vena cava?

a. radial and brachial veins
b. coronary sinus and subclavian veins
c. renal and common iliac veins
d. external jugular and carotid artery

A

c. renal and common iliac veins

119
Q

Which of the following blood vessels carries blood from the tissues back to the heart?

a) arteries
b) arterioles
c) aorta
d) veins
e) capillaries

A

d) veins

120
Q

Which of the labeled layers in the diagram of the arterial wall consists mainly of elastic fibers and smooth muscle fibers?

a) A
b) B
c) C
d) A and B
e) A, B and C

A

b) B

121
Q

) Which labeled structure in the figure is a capillary?

a) A
b) B
c) C
d) D
e) E

A

d) D

122
Q

The hormones of the anterior pituitary gland responsible for initiating the resistance reaction phase of the GAS are

a. FSH and LH
b. ACTH, TSH, and hGH
c. oxytocin and ADH
d. thyroxine and insulin

A

b. ACTH, TSH, and hGH

123
Q

Describe the route of an RBC traveling from the heart to the left elbow and back to the heart.

A

From the heart, the RBC will enter the ascending aorta and then the aortic arch. The RBC will exit the aorta through the left subclavian artery, continue on that route through the axillary artery and into the brachial artery. At the elbow, the blood cell will exit into one of the small distributing arteries, move into a capillary bed, and then into venules in the elbow region. The RBC will then probably enter the median cubital vein and move into either the basilic or the cephalic vein. The basilic vein drains into the brachial vein, which drains into the axillary vein. The cephalic vein drains directly into the axillary vein. From axillary vein, the RBC will travel into the subclavian and brachiocephalic veins before entering the superior vena cava. The SVC will take the RBC back to the heart.

124
Q

The unpaired visceral branches of the abdominal aorta are the

a. celiac, superior mesenteric and inferior mesenteric arteries
b. suprarenal, renal, and gonadal arteries
c. inferior phrenic and lumbar arteries
d. sacral and common iliac arteries

A

a. celiac, superior mesenteric and inferior mesenteric arteries

125
Q

Which of the following characteristics of blood depends mostly on the ratio of RBCs to plasma volume?

a) total blood volume
b) blood viscosity
c) venous return
d) clotting time
e) immunoglobulin profile

A

b) blood viscosity

126
Q

The most proximal portion of the aorta is the

a. ascending aorta
b. arch of the aorta
c. thoracic aorta
d. abdominal aorta

A

a. ascending aorta

127
Q

This type of shock is due to decreased blood volume.

a) Hypovolemic
b) Cardiogenic
c) Vascular
d) Obstructive
e) Neurogenic

A

a) Hypovolemic

128
Q

The _____ arteries pass posterior to the inguinal ligament as they enter the thigh

a. femoral
b. external iliac
c. common iliac
d. internal iliac

A

b. external iliac

129
Q

The circle of Willis provides blood supply to the

a. liver
b. fetus
c. brain
d. heart

A

c. brain

130
Q

The pressure-driven movement of fluids and solutes from blood into interstitial fluid is called

a) reabsorption.
b) filtration.
c) bulk flow.
d) osmosis.
e) transcytosis.

A

b) filtration.

131
Q

The largest driving force for pulling fluid from the interstitial spaces back into the capillaries is

a) interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure.
b) interstitial fluid osmotic pressure.
c) blood colloid osmotic pressure.
d) blood hydrostatic pressure.
e) glomerular hydrostatic pressure.

A

c) blood colloid osmotic pressure.

132
Q

Which of the following would NOT occur in response to hypovolemic shock?

a) Activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAA) system.
b) Secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
c) Activation of the sympathetic division of the ANS.
d) Release of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP).
e) Release of local vasodilators.

A

d) Release of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP).

133
Q

Which of the following categories would an individual with a blood pressure of 145/95 be placed in?

a) Normal
b) High normal
c) Prehypertension
d) Stage 1 hypertension
e) Stage 2 hypertension

A

d) Stage 1 hypertension

134
Q

All the veins of the systemic circulation eventually drain into the

a) superior vena cava.
b) inferior vena cava.
c) coronary sinus.
d) superior and inferior vena cava.
e) superior and inferior vena cava and coronary sinus.

A

e) superior and inferior vena cava and coronary sinus.

135
Q

The right radial and ulnar arteries are branches of the

a. right vertebral artery
b. right subclavian artery
c. right axillary artery
d. right brachial artery

A

d. right brachial artery

136
Q

Which of the following vessels is a pulse point found at the wrist?

a) Radial artery
b) Subclavian artery
c) Axillary artery
d) Cephalic artery
e) Palmar artery

A

a) Radial artery

137
Q

What do following arteries have in common: superficial temporal artery, brachial artery and common carotid artery?

a) They are all areas where Korotkoff sounds cannot be heard.
b) They are all only found on the left side of the body.
c) They are all common pulse points.
d) They all contain baroreceptors.
e) They all deliver blood to structures in the head.

A

c) They are all common pulse points.

138
Q

The basilar artery is formed by the union of the _____ arteries

a. posterior cerebral
b. anterior and middle cerebral
c. posterior communicating and posterior cerebral
d. vertebral

A

d. vertebral

139
Q

What is the main difference between the pulmonary and systemic circulations with respect to their autoregulatory response to changes in blood O2 level?

A

In systemic circulation, low O2 causes dilation of the blood vessel walls. This will lead to increase in O2 delivery to tissues. In pulmonary circulation, the opposite occurs in response to low levels of O2. The pulmonary vessels constrict to ensure blood only goes to those alveoli that are receiving rich O2 supply and avoids poorly ventilated sacs.

140
Q

The most important blood reservoirs are the

a. veins in the thorax region
b. arteries in the legs
c. capillary networks throughout the body
d. veins of the abdominal organs

A

d. veins of the abdominal organs

141
Q

Which of the following structures are found in veins but NOT in arteries?

a) tunica externa
b) tunica media
c) tunica interna
d) valve
e) lumen

A

d) valve

142
Q

Elastic arteries can withstand the pressure of blood at ventricular systole because

a. they are lined by a thick endothelium that absorbs the pressure b. arteries have a larger lumen than veins, thus peripheral resistance is lower in arteries
c. elastic fibers allow the artery to expand with the pressure, then return to original size and shape
d. blood volume is very low in arteries, so the pressure at systole is minimal

A

c. elastic fibers allow the artery to expand with the pressure, then return to original size and shape

Biology 235 RN :!: (29 decks)

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