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Biology 235 RN :!: > P2 Chapter 18 ENDOCRINE SYSTEM > Flashcards

P2 Chapter 18 ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Flashcards

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1
Q

Which of the following is NOT a function of a hormone?

a) Regulates chemical composition and volume of the internal environment
b) Regulates metabolism
c) Regulates glandular secretions
d) Produces electrolytes
e) Controls growth and development

A

d) Produces electrolytes

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2
Q

When a hormone is present in excessive levels, the number of target-cell receptors may decrease. This is called

a) receptor recognition.
b) sensory adaptation.
c) paracrine regulation.
d) up-regulation.
e) down-regulation.

A

e) down-regulation.

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3
Q

Which of the choices below is a type of hormone that acts on neighboring cells without entering the bloodstream?

  1. Local hormone
  2. Paracrine
  3. Autocrine
  4. Circulating hormone

a) 1 only
b) 2 only
c) 3 only
d) 4 only
e) Both 1 and 2

A

e) Both 1 and 2

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4
Q

Which of the following are a group of lipid-soluble hormones derived from cholesterol?

a) Steroids
b) Thyroid hormones
c) Nitric oxide
d) Amine hormones
e) Peptide hormones

A

a) Steroids

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5
Q

Which of the following is an eicosanoid?

  1. Prostaglandin
  2. Leukotriene
  3. Glycoprotein

a) 1 only
b) 2 only
c) 3 only
d) Both 1and 2
e) All of these choices

A

d) Both 1and 2

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6
Q

Which of the following statements correctly compares water-soluble hormones with lipid-soluble hormones?

a) Both types of hormone are carried in the blood attached to a carrier protein.
b) Both types of hormone almost always stimulate increases in mRNA transcription.
c) Only water-soluble hormones use second messengers.
d) Only water-soluble hormones require a receptor.
e) Lipid-soluble hormones are not found in the bloodstream.

A

c) Only water-soluble hormones use second messengers.

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7
Q

When one hormone opposes the action of another hormone, it is called a(n)

a) synergistic effect.
b) permissive effect.
c) antagonistic effect.
d) circulating effect.
e) local effect.

A

c) antagonistic effect.

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8
Q

Which of the following is NOT a common method of stimulating hormone secretion from an endocrine cell?

a) Signals from the nervous system
b) Chemical changes in the blood
c) Mechanical stretching of the endocrine cell
d) Releasing hormones.
e) Both Signals from the nervous system and Chemical changes in the blood

A

c) Mechanical stretching of the endocrine cell

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9
Q

What controls hormone release from the anterior pituitary gland?

a) Muscle contraction
b) The peripheral nervous system
c) Hormones released from the hypothalamus
d) Action potentials from the thalamus
e) Chemical changes in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

c) Hormones released from the hypothalamus

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10
Q

Which of the following anterior pituitary hormones stimulates general body growth?

a) Growth hormone
b) Prolactin
c) Thyrotropin
d) Luteinizing hormone
e) Adrenocorticotropic hormone

A

a) Growth hormone

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11
Q

Which of the following anterior pituitary hormones stimulates milk production?

a) Luteinizing hormone
b) Prolactin
c) Thyrotropin
d) Melanocyte stimulating hormone
e) Adrenocorticotropic hormone

A

b) Prolactin

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12
Q

Which of the following anterior pituitary hormones stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol?

a) Leutinizing hormone
b) Prolactin
c) Insulin-like growth factors
d) Melanocyte-stimulating hormone
e) Adrenocorticotropic hormone

A

e) Adrenocorticotropic hormone

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13
Q

Which of the following anterior pituitary hormones stimulates the gonads to secrete progesterone and/or testosterone?

a) Leutinizing hormone
b) TSH
c) Corticotropin
d) Melanocyte-stimulating hormone
e) Growth hormone

A

a) Leutinizing hormone

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14
Q

Which type of anterior pituitary cell secretes human growth hormone?

a) Thyrotrophs
b) Gonadotrophs
c) Somatotrophs
d) Lactotrophs
e) Corticotrophs

A

c) Somatotrophs

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15
Q

Which of the following pairs of hormones are secreted by the posterior pituitary gland?

a) Prolactin and growth hormone
b) Melatonin-stimulating hormone and oxytocin
c) Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone
d) Follicle-stimulating hormone and thyroid-stimulating hormone
e) Prolactin and ACTH

A

c) Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone

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16
Q

The amount of ADH that is secreted by the posterior pituitary glands varies with

a) blood osmotic pressure.
b) blood calcium levels.
c) blood oxygen levels.
d) blood glucose levels.
e) All of these choices.

A

a) blood osmotic pressure.

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17
Q

Which of the following hormones opposes the action of parathyroid hormone?

a) Thyroid-stimulating hormone
b) Testosterone
c) Insulin
d) Calcitonin
e) Calcitriol

A

d) Calcitonin

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18
Q

Which of the following statements does NOT describe a step in the synthesis and secretion of T3 and T4?

a) Iodide trapping
b) Oxidation of iodide
c) Coupling of T1 and T2
d) Synthesis of calcitonin
e) Iodination of tyrosine

A

d) Synthesis of calcitonin

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19
Q

Parathyroid hormone is the major regulator of the plasma concentration of which of the following ions?

a) Calcium
b) Sodium
c) Potassium
d) Chloride
e) Manganese

A

a) Calcium

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20
Q

Which of the following conditions would result from hyposecretion of aldosterone?

a) Decreased heart rate
b) Decreased airway dilation
c) Dehydration
d) Decreased oxygen delivery to the brain
e) Metabolic acidosis

A

c) Dehydration

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21
Q

) Which of the following is NOT a common effect of glucocorticoid stimulation?

a) Protein and fat breakdown
b) Glucose formation
c) Depression of immune responses
d) Reduction of inflammation
e) Increased production of all types of blood cells

A

e) Increased production of all types of blood cells

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22
Q

Which blood glucose-lowering hormone is produced by the pancreatic islet cells?

a) Insulin
b) Glucagon
c) Somatostatin
d) Thyroid hormones
e) Calcitonin

A

a) Insulin

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23
Q

Which of the following hormones promotes increases in the basal metabolic rate (BMR)?

a) Insulin
b) Adrenocorticotropic hormone
c) Glucagon
d) Thyroid hormone
e) Calcitonin

A

d) Thyroid hormone

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24
Q

Which of the following hormones are released in response to decreases in blood glucose concentration?

a) Insulin
b) Luteinizing hormone
c) Glucagon
d) Parathyroid hormone
e) Calcitonin

A

c) Glucagon

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25
Q

Which of the following hormones play key regulatory roles in the body’s long-term response to stress?

a) Insulin, Glucagon, Thyroid hormone
b) hGH, Insulin, Aldosterone
c) Cortisol, hGH, Thyroid hormone
d) Parathyroid hormone, Cortisol, hGH
e) Calcitonin, Thyroid hormone, Insulin

A

c) Cortisol, hGH, Thyroid hormone

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26
Q

Which of the following is NOT a common response of the body to long-term stress?

a) Increased lipolysis
b) Increased glycogenesis
c) Increased gluconeogenesis
d) Increased digestive activities
e) Increased breakdown of proteins

A

d) Increased digestive activities

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27
Q

Which of the following is NOT an endocrine gland aging effect?

a) Rise in the blood levels of PTH
b) Less cortisol and aldosterone production
c) Decreased levels of gonadotropins
d) Decreased levels of calcitriol and calcitonin
e) Increase in thymus size

A

e) Increase in thymus size

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28
Q

Which of the following is an incorrect pairing of a body system and an endocrine contribution to that system?

a) Thyroid hormones promote normal development and growth of the skeleton.
b) Erythropoietin regulates the amount of oxygen carried in blood by adjusting the number of red blood cells.
c) Leptin enhances appetite.
d) Glucocorticoids depress inflammation and immune responses.
e) Epinephrine depresses the activity of the digestive system

A

c) Leptin enhances appetite.

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29
Q

Which of the following describes a function of a hormone cortisol produced in zone of the adrenal gland?

a) enables body to resist stressors and also increases blood glucose
b) intensifies sympathetic responses in other parts of the body
c) accelerates formation of glucose from glycogen (glycogenolysis)
d) stimulates growth of axillary and pubic hair
e) stimulates breast development and milk secretion

A

a) enables body to resist stressors and also increases blood glucose

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30
Q

Hypothyroidism during adulthood can produce which of the following disorders?

a) Acromegaly
b) Graves’ Disease
c) Hypoglycemia
d) Cushing’s syndrome
e) Myxedema

A

e) Myxedema

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31
Q

The following is a possible progression of which of the following disorders: Inadequate dietary iodine intake  low level of thyroid hormone in blood  increased TSH secretion  thyroid gland enlargement.

a) Acromegaly
b) Tetany
c) Goiter
d) Cushing’s syndrome
e) Addison’s disease

A

c) Goiter

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32
Q

Which of the following is an abnormal condition of excess androgen secretion, observed primarily in women, that is characterized by the presence of excessive body and facial hair in a male pattern?

a) Acromegaly
b) Tetany
c) Hirsutism
d) Gynecomastia
e) Myxedema

A

c) Hirsutism

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33
Q

A condition characterized by excessive development of mammary glands in a male is called

a) acromegaly.
b) pheochromocytoma.
c) hirsutism.
d) gynecomastia.
e) myxedema.

A

d) gynecomastia.

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34
Q

Seasonal affective disorder is due to hypersecretion of which following hormones by the endocrine gland?

a) testosterone
b) glucagon
c) melatonin
d) aldosterone
e) vasopressin

A

c) melatonin

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35
Q

All prostaglandins are derived from a 20-carbon precursor molecule called

a) thromboxane.
b) intrinsic factor.
c) thymopoietin.
d) arachidonic acid.
e) cholesterol.

A

d) arachidonic acid.

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36
Q

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is produced by the

a) placenta.
b) ovaries.
c) testes.
d) pituitary gland.
e) hypothalamus.

A

a) placenta.

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37
Q

) Leptin is a hormone produced by the

a) placenta.
b) ovaries.
c) testes.
d) pituitary gland.
e) adipose tissue.

A

e) adipose tissue.

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38
Q

The anterior pituitary develops from which of the following germ layers during embryonic development?

a) Mesoderm
b) Endoderm
c) Ectoderm
d) A combination of two of the layers
e) None of the answer selections are correct

A

c) Ectoderm

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39
Q

The thyroid gland develops from which of the following germ layers during embryonic development?

a) Mesoderm
b) Endoderm
c) Ectoderm
d) A combination of two of the layers
e) None of the answer selections are correct

A

b) Endoderm

40
Q

The adrenal medulla develops from which of the following germ layers during embryonic development?

a) Mesoderm
b) Endoderm
c) Ectoderm
d) A combination of two of the layers
e) None of the answer selections are correct

A

c) Ectoderm

41
Q

Endocrine tissues that secrete steroid hormones are derived from

a) mesoderm.
b) endoderm.
c) ectoderm.
d) a combination of two or more layers.
e) none of the layers that are listed

A

a) mesoderm.

42
Q

Which of the following glands is NOT an endocrine gland?

a) pituitary gland
b) thyroid gland
c) adrenal gland
d) sebaceous gland
e) pineal gland

A

d) sebaceous gland

43
Q

Which of the following is NOT a common characteristic of an exocrine gland?

a) Initially secretes its products into a duct.
b) Secretes materials onto outer surface of the body.
c) Secretes materials into the lumen of hollow organs.
d) Its secretory products are carried in body fluids to distant target cells.
e) All the answer selections describe characteristics of exocrine glands.

A

d) Its secretory products are carried in body fluids to distant target cells.

44
Q

Since insulin released from the pancreas is carried in the bloodstream to distant target cells, like muscle cells, it is considered to be a(n)

a) local hormone.
b) circulating hormone.
c) paracrine.
d) autocrine.
e) neurotransmitter

A

b) circulating hormone.

45
Q

Which of the following is an example of a hormone that is secreted from an endocrine gland in response to a chemical change in the blood?

a) Parathyroid hormone release from the parathyroid gland.
b) Insulin release from the pancreas.
c) Glucagon release from the pancreas.
d) ADH release from the posterior pituitary gland.
e) All the answer selections are correct.

A

e) All the answer selections are correct.

46
Q

All the following hormones are produced and secreted by the ovaries EXCEPT

a) estradiol.
b) estrone.
c) progesterone.
d) inhibin.
e) follicle-stimulating hormone.

A

e) follicle-stimulating hormone.

47
Q

Which of the following is a protein hormone produced by the testes that inhibits secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone by the anterior pituitary gland?

a) chorionic gonadotropin
b) testosterone
c) estradiol
d) inhibin
e) relaxin

A

d) inhibin

48
Q

. Which of the following hormones requires a releasing hormone from the hypothalamus for its secretion?

a. oxytocin
b. prolactin
c. antidiuretic hormone
d. calcitonin

A

b. prolactin

49
Q

A “second messenger” for hormone response is

a. adenylate cyclase
b. ATP
c. protein kinase
d. cAMP

A

d. cAMP

50
Q

For the formation of thyroxine to occur, it is essential that _____ be present

a. iodine
b. calcitonin
c. calcium
d. iron

A

a. iodine

51
Q

A hormone released by the kidneys that stimulates the absorption of calcium ions from the digestive tract is

a. calcitonin
b. calcitriol
c. cholesterol
d. cortisol

A

b. calcitriol

52
Q

What stimulates the release of PTH from the parathyroid gland?

a. calcitonin from the anterior pituitary gland
b. TSH from the posterior pituitary gland
c. low levels of glucose in the blood
d. low levels of calcium ion in the blood

A

d. low levels of calcium ion in the blood

53
Q

Which of the following is classified as a glucocorticoid?

a. vasopressin
b. aldosterone
c. cortisol
d. epinephrine

A

c. cortisol

54
Q

Which region of the adrenal gland produces mineralocorticoids?

a. zona glomerulosa
b. zona fasciculata
c. zona reticularis
d. medulla

A

a. zona glomerulosa

55
Q

The _____ cells of the islets of Langerhans secrete insulin

a. alpha
b. beta
c. delta
d. gamma

A

b. beta

56
Q

Target cells for hypothalamic releasing hormones are in the

a. hypothalamus
b. anterior pituitary
c. posterior pituitary
d. thyroid

A

b. anterior pituitary

57
Q

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of steroid hormones?

a. They are lipid soluble
b. Receptors are located on the cell membrane
c. They act on the DNA level
d. They work through intracellular receptors

A

b. Receptors are located on the cell membrane

58
Q

Which of the following has both endocrine and exocrine functions?

a. pancreas
b. anterior pituitary
c. thyroid
d. adrenal medulla

A

a. pancreas

59
Q

Which of the following produce antagonistic results?

a. FSH and LH
b. calcitonin and parathyroid hormone
c. ADH and vasopressin
d. oxytocin and prolactin

A

b. calcitonin and parathyroid hormone

60
Q

Tropic hormones are secreted by the

a. adrenal cortex
b. anterior pituitary
c. hypothalamus
d. parathyroid glands

A

b. anterior pituitary

61
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

a. promotes normal functioning of the adrenal medulla
b. stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids
c. promotes release of CRF from the hypothalamus
d. stimulates the adrenal medulla to secrete mineralocorticoids

A

b. stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids

62
Q

Human growth hormone

a. stimulates testes to produce sperm and stimulates growth of the corpus luteum
b. regulates the amount of calcium ions in the blood
c. stimulates reabsorption of both Na+ and K+
d. stimulates protein synthesis and inhibits protein breakdown

A

d. stimulates protein synthesis and inhibits protein breakdown

63
Q

Glucocorticoids are produced in the

a. zona glomerulosa and regulate the concentration of extracellular electrolytes
b. zona fasciculata, influence protein and fat metabolism, and promote vasoconstriction
c. zona glomerulosa and supplement sex hormones from the ovaries
d. zona fasciculata, regulate concentration of extracellular electrolytes, and influence carbohydrate metabolism

A

b. zona fasciculata, influence protein and fat metabolism, and promote vasoconstriction

64
Q

Hypersecretion of glucocorticoids results in the following clinical symptoms: redistribution of body fat, hyperglycemia, osteoporosis, weakness, hypertension, ‘;moon face’; and ‘;buffalo hump’;, excessive bruising, and poor wound healing. These symptoms are associated with

a. Cushing’;s syndrome
b. toxic goiter
c. hyperparathyroidism
d. Addison’;s disease

A

a. Cushing’;s syndrome

65
Q

A sign of pituitary dwarfism is

a. premature closing of the epiphyseal plates
b. massive enlargement of the thyroid gland
c. glycosuria, polyuria, ketosis, and hyperglycemia
d. exophthalmos, gynecomastia, and “buffalo hump”.,

A

a. premature closing of the epiphyseal plates

66
Q

Prostaglandins

a. are so potent they are only secreted when needed, then immediately destroyed after use
b. stimulate increased intracellular levels of cAMP by activating adenylate cyclase
c. combine with cytoplasmic receptors and directly affect host cell DNA
d. work with protein kinase to deactivate cAMP and thus stimulate cells to make new and different proteins

A

a. are so potent they are only secreted when needed, then immediately destroyed after use

67
Q

The concentration of calcium ions and phosphates in the blood is regulated by

a. thyroid hormone
b. PTH
c. growth hormone
d. renin

A

b. PTH

68
Q

Which of the following hormones influence metabolism of most somatic cells?

a. PRL
b. T3
c. FSH
d. thymosin

A

b. T3

69
Q

Which of the following are associated with diabetes mellitus?

a. premature closing of the epiphyseal plates
b. massive enlargement of the thyroid gland
c. glycosuria, polyuria, ketosis, and hyperglycemia
d. exophthalmos, gynecomastia, and “buffalo hump

A

c. glycosuria, polyuria, ketosis, and hyperglycemia

70
Q

Which chemical acts both as a neurotransmitter in some locations and as a hormone in other locations?

a. insulin
b. thyroxine
c. norepinephrine
d. acetylcholine

A

c. norepinephrine

71
Q

When an excess of a hormone is present the number of target cell receptors may decrease. This change is called

a. up-regulation
b. down-regulation
c. adaptation
d. accommodation

A

b. down-regulation

72
Q

Autocrines are

a. neurohormones of the autonomic nervous system
b. hormones that are circulating in the blood
c. local hormones that act on neighboring cells
d. local hormones that act on the same cell that secreted them

A

d. local hormones that act on the same cell that secreted them

73
Q

In the stomach, the release of histamine by mast cells stimulates nearby cells to secrete hydrochloric acid. Histamine can therefore be classified as

a. an endocrine
b. an exocrine
c. a paracrine
d. an autocrine

A

c. a paracrine

74
Q

Eicosanoid hormones are produced in

a. the hypothalamus
b. the ovaries and testes
c. enteroendrocrine cells of the stomach and intestine
d. all cells except red blood cells

A

d. all cells except red blood cells

75
Q

Which one of the following hormones is the largest molecule?

a. insulin
b. epinephrine
c. testosterone
d. prostaglandin

A

a. insulin

76
Q

Because of the mechanism of action of steroid and thyroid hormones, they start to exert their effects

a. immediately
b. in milliseconds
c. within several minutes
d. after a few hours

A

c. within several minutes

77
Q

Insulin cannot be administered by the mouth and must be injected because

a. it is harmful to the lining of the stomach
b. it is insoluble in saliva and gastric juice
c. it is a lipid and cannot be absorbed by the stomach cells
d. it is a protein and would be digested by the enzymes of the stomach

A

d. it is a protein and would be digested by the enzymes of the stomach

78
Q

. Upon entering the blood, steroid and thyroid hormones

a. circulate freely as separate molecules
b. attach to specific transport proteins
c. combine with lipid carrier molecules
d. react chemically with carbohydrates to inactivate them

A

b. attach to specific transport proteins

79
Q

The toxin of the cholera bacteria is very damaging to the body because it

a. kills red blood cells
b. inactivates hormones that control excretion through the kidneys
c. modifies G-proteins so that they become locked in an active state
d. mimics certain hormones causing an increase in activity of their effects

A

c. modifies G-proteins so that they become locked in an active s

80
Q

The cell bodies of the axons of the posterior pituitary gland are actually located in the

a. infundibulum
b. anterior pituitary gland
c. cerebral cortex
d. hypothalamus of the brain

A

d. hypothalamus of the brain

81
Q

Blood passes in a direct route from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary gland through the

a. hypophyseal portal veins
b. superior hypophyseal arteries
c. carotid artery
d. posterior hypophyseal veins

A

a. hypophyseal portal veins

82
Q

Which endocrine gland is NOT regulated by tropic hormones of the anterior pituitary?

a. parathyroid gland
b. thyroid gland
c. adrenal cortex
d. ovaries

A

a. parathyroid gland

83
Q

The most abundant anterior pituitary hormone is

a. follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
b. thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
c. human growth hormone (hGH)
d. adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

c. human growth hormone (hGH)

84
Q

Abnormally high levels of which anterior pituitary hormone will lead to hyperglycemia?

a. thyroid stimulating hormone
b. prolactin
c. oxytocin
d. human growth hormone

A

d. human growth hormone

85
Q

The posterior pituitary gland stores and secretes

a. prolactin and follicle stimulating hormone
b. human growth hormone and thyroid stimulating hormone
c. oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone
d. glucocorticoids and androgens

A

c. oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone

86
Q

. If you drank a liter of water very quickly, the result would be

a. increased secretion of antidiuretic hormone
b. decreased secretion of oxytocin
c. decreased secretion of antidiuretic hormone
d. increased secretion of oxytocin

A

c. decreased secretion of antidiuretic hormone

87
Q

Abnormally low secretion of ADH from the posterior pituitary gland results in the disease

a. myxedema
b. cretinism
c. diabetes mellitus
d. diabetes insipidis

A

d. diabetes insipidis

88
Q

Adrenal hormones useful in treating chronic inflammatory disorders such as rheumatism are

a. glucocorticoids
b. mineralocorticoids
c. epinephrine
d. norepinephrine

A

a. glucocorticoids

89
Q

The release of cortisol is stimulated by

a. CRH
b. ACTH
c. aldosterone
d. angiotensin

A

b. ACTH

90
Q

Type II diabetes most often occurs in humans who are overweight and

a. in their early childhood
b. between 10 and 20 years of age
c. over 35 years in age
d. elderly, usually over 65

A

c. over 35 years in age

91
Q

Either a deficiency of insulin production by the pancreas, or defects in insulin receptors on target cells, result in the disease

a. myxedema
b. cretinism
c. diabetes mellitus
d. diabetes insipidis

A

c. diabetes mellitus

92
Q

Which hormone is not produced in the male?

a. inhibin
b. testosterone
c. FSH
d. relaxin

A

d. relaxin

93
Q

The pineal gland is located in the

a. brain
b. neck, near the thyroid gland
c. upper chest region
d. lower abdomen, near the bladder

A

a. brain

94
Q

jet lag is associated with the changes in secretion of a hormone from the

a. hypothalamus
b. anterior pituitary gland
c. pineal gland
d. thyroid gland

A

c. pineal gland

95
Q

Which organ DOES NOT produce and secrete any hormones?

a. placenta
b. kidney
c. heart
d. large intestine

A

d. large intestine

96
Q

In 1971, it was discovered that aspirin exerts its effect in reducing pain and inflammation by blocking the chemical synthesis of

a. glucocorticoids
b. norepinephrine
c. prostaglandins
d. melatonin

A

c. prostaglandins

97
Q

The hormones of the anterior pituitary gland responsible for initiating the resistance reaction phase of the GAS are

a. FSH and LH
b. ACTH, TSH, and hGH
c. oxytocin and ADH
d. thyroxine and insulin

A

b. ACTH, TSH, and hGH

Biology 235 RN :!: (29 decks)

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