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Biology 235 RN :!: > P2 Chapter 12 NERVOUS TISSUE > Flashcards

P2 Chapter 12 NERVOUS TISSUE Flashcards

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1
Q

Which of the following correctly describes a function of the nervous system?

a) Sensory: detects changes in the environment; relays information to the brain and spinal cord
b) Integrative: response system; stimulates muscles to contract or gland to secrete
c) Motor: processes and make decision regarding sensory input; responsible for perception
d) A and B are correct.
e) A, B and C are correct

A

e) A, B and C are correct

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2
Q

What structure of the spinal cord contains the cell bodies of somatic motor neurons and motor nuclei?

a) Posterior white column
b) Posterior grey horn
c) Anterior gray horn
d) Anterior white column

A

c) Anterior gray horn

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3
Q

Which of the structures listed below contains cerebrospinal fluid?

a) Epidural space
b) Subarachnoid space
c) Subdural space
d) Conus medullaris
e) Endoneurium

A

b) Subarachnoid space

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4
Q

Which type of circuit is used to lengthen the output signal in physiological processes like regulation of breathing?

a) Diverging circuit
b) Converging circuit
c) Reverberating circuit
d) Parallel after discharge circuit

A

c) Reverberating circuit

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5
Q

Which of the following is NOT a function of the nervous system?

a) Sensory function
b) Integrative function
c) Motor function
d) All are functions of the nervous system

A

d) All are functions of the nervous system

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6
Q

Which of the following are divisions of the peripheral nervous system?

a) Somatic nervous system
b) Autonomic nervous system
c) Enteric nervous system
d) All of these choices

A

d) All of these choices

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7
Q

The motor portion of the autonomic nervous system can be divided into

a) somatic and sympathetic divisions.
b) somatic and parasympathetic divisions.
c) enteric and somatic divisions.
d) sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.
e) voluntary and involuntary divisions.

A

d) sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.

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8
Q

Which of the following types of cells display the property of electrical excitability?

a) Muscle cells
b) Neurons
c) All of these choices
d) None of these choices

A

c) All of these choices

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9
Q

Which of following organelles is a common site of protein synthesis in neurons?

a) mitochondria
b) nucleus
c) Nissl body
d) Golgi apparatus
e) nucleolus

A

c) Nissl body

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10
Q

With respect to neurons, the term “nerve fiber” refers to

a) an axon.
b) a dendrite
c) a Nissl body.
d) both axons and dendrites.
e) all of these choices

A

d) both axons and dendrites.

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11
Q

This type of neuron has one dendrite and one axon emerging from the cell body.

a) Multipolar neuron
b) Bipolar neuron
c) Unipolar neuron
d) Purkinje cell
e) Renshaw cell

A

b) Bipolar neuron

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12
Q

Schwann’s cells begin to form myelin sheaths around axons in the peripheral nervous system

a) when neurons are injured.
b) during fetal development.
c) after birth.
d) only in response to electrical stimulation by neuroglial cells.
e) during the early onset of Alzheimer’s disease.

A

b) during fetal development.

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13
Q

This type of nervous tissue contains neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, axon terminals, and neuroglial cells.

a) Gray matter
b) White matter
c) Nissl bodies
d) Ganglia
e) Nuclei

A

a) Gray matter

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14
Q

Which of the following is NOT a type of channel used in production of electrical signals in neurons?

a) Leakage channel
b) Voltage-gated channel
c) Ligand-gated channel
d) Mechanically gated channel
e) Ion-gated channel

A

e) Ion-gated channel

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15
Q

A polarized cell

a) has a charge imbalance across its membrane.
b) includes most cells of the body.
c) exhibits a membrane potential.
d) includes most cells of the body and exhibits a membrane potential.
e) All of these choices are correct.

A

e) All of these choices are correct.

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16
Q

Na+/K+–ATPase is considered to be an electrogenic pump because

a) it contributes to the negativity of the resting membrane potential.
b) the sodium ions are negatively charged.
c) it exhibits low permeability.
d) both it contributes to the negativity of the resting membrane potential and the sodium ions are negatively charged.
e) all of these choices

A

a) it contributes to the negativity of the resting membrane potential.

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17
Q

A depolarizing graded potential

a) makes the membrane more polarized.
b) makes the membrane less polarized.
c) is considered a type of action potential.
d) is the last part of an action potential.
e) is seen when the cell approaches threshold.

A

b) makes the membrane less polarized.

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18
Q

When a depolarizing graded potential makes the axon membrane depolarize to threshold,

a) ligand-gated Ca+2 channels close rapidly.
b) voltage-gated Ca+2 channels open rapidly.
c) ligand-gated Na+ channels close rapidly.
d) voltage-gated Na+ channels open rapidly.
e) none of these choices occur.

A

d) voltage-gated Na+ channels open rapidly.

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19
Q

During the resting state of a voltage-gated Na+ channel,

  1. the inactivation gate is open.
  2. the activation gate is closed.
  3. the channel is permeable to Na+.

a) 1 only
b) 2 only
c) 3 only
d) both 1 and 2 are true.
e) all of these choices are true.

A

d) both 1 and 2 are true

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20
Q

During this period, a second action potential can only be initiated by a larger than normal stimulus

a) Latent period
b) Absolute refractory period
c) Relative refractory period
d) All of these choices
e) None of these choices

A

c) Relative refractory period

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21
Q

Saltatory conduction

a) can occur in unmyelinated axons
b) happens due to an even distribution of voltage-gated Na+ channels
c) encodes only action potentials that are initiated in response to pain.
d) occurs in unmyelinated axons and happens due to even distribution of voltage-gated Na+ channels
e) occurs only in myelinated axons

A

e) occurs only in myelinated axons

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22
Q

The nervous system can distinguish between a light touch and a heavier touch by

a) saltatory conduction.
b) continuous conduction of graded potentials.
c) changing the frequency of impulses sent to sensory centers.
d) propagation action potential in both directions.
e) modifying the length of the refractory period.

A

c) changing the frequency of impulses sent to sensory centers.

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23
Q

Faster communication and synchronization are two advantages of

a) chemical synapses
b) electrical synapses
c) ligand-gated channels
d) voltage-gated channels
e) mechanically-gated channels

A

b) electrical synapses

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24
Q

An excitatory neurotransmitter _____ the postsynaptic membrane.

a) depolarizes
b) repolarizes
c) hyperpolarizes
d) does not affect the polarity of
e) moves across channels in

A

a) depolarizes

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25
Q

Diffusion, enzymatic degradation, and uptake by cells are all ways to

a) remove a neurotransmitter
b) stop a spatial summation
c) continue a temporal summation
d) inhibit a presynaptic potential
e) excite a presynaptic potential

A

a) remove a neurotransmitter

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26
Q

When the summed total of postsynaptic potentials rises above threshold, creation of action potentials occurs

a) in the synaptic cleft.
b) in the dendrites.
c) at the trigger zone.
d) in the neuron nucleus.
e) in the neuroplasm.

A

c) at the trigger zone.

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27
Q

A postsynaptic neuron responds to neurotransmitters released by a presynaptic neuron by creating

a) EPSPs
b) water-filled channels in its membrane
c) IPSPs
d) either EPSPs or IPSPs
e) All the choices are correct

A

d) either EPSPs or IPSPs

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28
Q

This type of neural circuit consists of a single presynaptic neuron synapsing with several postsynaptic neurons.

a) Diverging circuit
b) Converging circuit
c) Reverberating circuit
d) Parallel after-discharge circuit
e) Normal circuit

A

a) Diverging circuit

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29
Q

Plasticity means

a) ability to regenerate after being damaged.
b) sending a signal through a converging circuit.
c) signal transmission at a synapse.
d) ability to change based on experience.
e) ability to stretch and recoil without damage.

A

d) ability to change based on experience.

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30
Q

In the CNS, this structure is produced by oligodendrocytes

a) Myelin sheath
b) nodes of Ranvier
c) Schwann cell
d) settlelite cell

A

a) Myelin sheath

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31
Q

Which of the channels in the plasma membrane opens and closes randomly

a) mechanical gated
b) voltage-gated
c) Ligand gated
d) leak channel

A

d) leak channel

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32
Q

Which of the types of circuits is commonly used to send sensory signals to multiple areas of the brain?

a) Diverging circuit
b) Converging circuit
c) Reverberating circuit
d) Parallel after-discharge circuit
e) Normal circuit

A

a) Diverging circuit

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33
Q

Which type of circuit is involved in solving mathematical problems?

a) Diverging circuit
b) Converging circuit
c) Reverberating circuit
d) Parallel after-discharge circuit
e) Normal circuit

A

d) Parallel after-discharge circuit

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34
Q

A nerve cells tail is it____

a) dendrites
b) peripheral process
c) Axon terminal
d) axon hillock

A

b) peripheral process

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35
Q

Which of the following types of neurons is the most common type of neuron found in the brain and spinal cord?

a) bipolar neuron
b) multipolar neuron
c) unipolar neuron
d) nonpolar neuron
e) pseudounipolar

A

b) multipolar neuron

36
Q

Which of the following types of neurons have one axon and one dendrite emerging from the cell body and are found in the retina of the eye, inner ear, and olfactory region of the brain?

a) bipolar neuron
b) multipolar neuron
c) unipolar neuron
d) nonpolar neuron
e) pseudounipolar

A

a) bipolar neuron

37
Q

Which of the following types of neurons is exclusively found in the cerebellum?

a) bipolar neuron
b) multipolar neuron
c) Purkinje cells
d) unipolar neuron
e) pyramidal cells

A

c) Purkinje cells

38
Q

Name the type of membrane channel that randomly opens and closes and is found in dendrites, cell bodies, and axons of all types of neurons.

a) leakage channel
b) ligand-gated channel
c) mechanically gated channel
d) voltage-gated channel
e) pressure-sensitive channel

A

a) leakage channel

39
Q

Name the type of membrane channel that opens in response to chemical binding and is found in dendrites of some sensory receptors like pain receptors, and in the dendrites and cell bodies of interneurons and motor neurons.

a) leakage channel
b) ligand-gated channels
c) mechanically gated channels
d) voltage-gated channels
e) pressure-sensitive channel

A

b) ligand-gated channels

40
Q

Name the type of membrane channel that opens in response to touch, pressure, vibration, or tissue stretching and is found in the auditory receptors of the ear, and in touch and pressure receptors in the skin.

a) leakage channel
b) ligand-gated channels
c) mechanically gated channels
d) voltage-gated channels
e) temperature-sensitive channel

A

c) mechanically gated channels

41
Q

Name the type of membrane channel that opens in response to changes in membrane potential and is located in axons of all types of neurons.

a) leakage channel
b) ligand-gated channels
c) mechanically gated channels
d) voltage-gated channels
e) temperature-sensitive channel

A

d) voltage-gated channels

42
Q

Chromatolysis refers to

a) break up of lysosomes after neural injury.
b) Wallerian degeneration after neural injury.
c) plasticity of neuron.
d) break up of Nissl bodies after neural injury.
e) none of these choices

A

d) break up of Nissl bodies after neural injury.

43
Q

Wallerian degeneration refers to

a) degeneration of the proximal end of axon and myelin sheath after neural injury.
b) degeneration of the distal end of axon and myelin sheath after neural injury.
c) break of Nissl bodies after neural injury.
d) plasticity of neuron.
e) none of these choices

A

b) degeneration of the distal end of axon and myelin sheath after neural injury.

44
Q

Hearing your cell phone ring in an otherwise quiet lecture hall is an example of which of the following types of nervous system functions?

a) Sensory function
b) Integrative function
c) Motor function
d) More than one of the types of nervous system functions
e) None of the types of nervous system functions

A

a) Sensory function

45
Q

Which of the following types of electrical signals allow rapid long-distance communication within the nervous system?

a) resting potential
b) nerve action potential
c) muscle action potential
d) graded potential
e) long-term potentiation

A

b) nerve action potential

46
Q

In an action potential, the current that flows down the axon of a neuron is generated by the movement of _____ across the membrane.

a) electrons
b) protons
c) ions
d) free radicals
e) neutrons

A

c) ions

47
Q

In the process of spatial summation, _____ are added together and _____ are subtracted from that total to determine whether _____ will be created at the trigger zone of the postsynaptic neuron.

a) EPSPs; IPSPs; action potentials
b) IPSPs; EPSPs; action potentials
c) EPSPs; IPSPs; graded potentials
d) IPSPs; action potentials; EPSPs
e) EPSPs; action potentials; IPSPs

A

a) EPSPs; IPSPs; action potentials

48
Q

In temporal summation, a single presynaptic neuron stimulates the creation of action potentials in a postsynaptic neuron when it

a) stops firing long enough to allow the postsynaptic neuron to recover.
b) fires at a fast enough rate that the sum of EPSPs in the postsynaptic neuron moves above threshold.
c) fires at a steady rate that allows the postsynaptic neuron to return to resting potential.
d) recruits other presynaptic neurons to begin to fire.
e) runs out of neurotransmitter.

A

b) fires at a fast enough rate that the sum of EPSPs in the postsynaptic neuron moves above threshold.

49
Q

Which of the following neurotransmitters are used in virtually all of the inhibitory synapses found in the spinal cord?

a) gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) and acetylcholine
b) gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glycine
c) epinephrine and norepinephrine
d) serotonin and melatonin
e) glutamate and aspartate

A

b) gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glycine

50
Q

Which type of depression results in an individual with a manic-depressive illness.

a) major depression.
b) dysthymia.
c) bipolar disorder.
d) seasonal affective disorder.
e) all of these disorders.

A

c) bipolar disorder.

51
Q

Which of the fallowing is true of a synapse?

a) The presynaptic neuron carries a nerve impulse away from a synapse
b) The postsynaptic neuron carries a nerve impulse toward the synapses
c) A synapse is the site of where two neuron or a neuron and an effector meet
d) The postsynaptic neuron release chemical message called hormones
e) The synapse of a neuron and gland is called a neuromuscular junction

A

c) A synapse is the site of where two neuron or a neuron and an effector meet

52
Q

Curare, a poison used by South American Indians, causes muscular paralysis by

a. blocking acetylcholine receptors
b. blocking the release of acetylcholine
c. stimulating the removal of acetylcholine
d. affecting muscle contraction directly

A

a. blocking acetylcholine receptors

53
Q

If the sum of all excitatory effects is greater than all inhibitory effects on a postsynaptic neuron but threshold is not reached, then the response is

a. an IPSP
b. an action potential
c. an EPSP
d. no change in the membrane potential

A

c. an EPSP

54
Q

An inhibitory postsynaptic potential causes

a. depolarization
b. repolarization
c. EPSPs
d. hyperpolarization

A

d. hyperpolarization

55
Q

At a synapse, the neuron sending the signal is called the _______ neuron

a. presynaptic
b. postsynaptic
c. axodendritic
d. axoaxonic

A

a. presynaptic

56
Q

Axons of the general visceral efferent neurons that extend to autonomic ganglia are

a. A fibers
b. B fibers
c. C fibers
d. D fibers

A

b. B fibers

57
Q

Which ions are rapidly moving into the cell during the depolarization period of an action potential?

a. sodium
b. potassium
c. calcium
d. chloride

A

a. sodium

58
Q

The phagocytic cells of the central nervous system are called

a. astrocytes
b. microglia
c. collaterals
d. Nissl cells

A

b. microglia

59
Q

Which of the following is characteristic of unmyelinated fibers?

a. A fibers
b. continuous conduction
c. Schwann cells
d. saltatory conduction

A

b. continuous conduction

60
Q

Which of the following occurs as the resting potential is reestablished?

a. Na+ enters the cell
b. repolarization
c. K+ enters the cell
d. depolarization

A

b. repolarization

61
Q

Which of the following is made up in part of neuron cell bodies?

a. node of Ranvier
b. Schwann cell
c. myelin
d. gray matter

A

d. gray matter

62
Q

Which of the following is associated with ganglia?

a. oligodendrocyte
b. ependymal cell
c. satellite cell
d. Schwann cell

A

c. satellite cell

63
Q

The generation of an action potential is an electrochemical event. The electrical portion occurs

a. within the neuron
b. only in nerves with neurolemma
c. within the myelin sheath
d. in microglia

A

a. within the neuron

64
Q

Which of the following is true of unipolar neurons?

a. All are efferent
b. All are afferent
c. They have several dendrites and one axon
d. They have several axons and only one dendrite

A

b. All are afferent

65
Q

Which of the following is not a function of glial cells?

a. produce myelin sheath
b. participate in metabolism of neurotransmitters
c. generate action potentials
d. give support to neurons

A

c. generate action potentials

66
Q

The dendrites of a neuron

a. conduct impulses toward the cell body
b. secrete neurotransmitters
c. conduct impulses away from the cell body
d. do not carry impulses, only axons do

A

a. conduct impulses toward the cell body

67
Q

Which of the following cells are ciliated and function to move CSF?

a. astrocytes
b. satellite cells
c. ependymal cells
d. microglia

A

c. ependymal cells

68
Q

Autonomic nerve fibers that originate within the central nervous system and innervate the visceral organs are classified as

a. somatic sensory nerves
b. somatic motor nerves
c. visceral sensory nerves
d. visceral motor nerves

A

d. visceral motor nerves

69
Q

During depolarization of a neuron

a. Na+ and K+ both move out of the cell
b. Na+ and K+ both move into the cell
c. Na+ moves into the cell
d. K+ moves out of the cell

A

c. Na+ moves into the cell

70
Q

Sensory impulses are carried to the central nervous system by

a. afferent neurons
b. efferent neurons
c. motor neurons
d. interneurons

A

a. afferent neurons

71
Q

Saltatory conduction

a. occurs only on unmyelinated fibers
b. occurs only if nodes of Ranvier are lacking
c. occurs only if the myelin sheath is continuous
d. occurs only on myelinated fibers

A

d. occurs only on myelinated fibers

72
Q

A resting nerve fiber is polarized because the concentration of

a. Na+ and K+ ions is higher on the inside of the cell membrane
b. Na+ and K+ ions is higher outside the cell membrane
c. Na+ is higher on the inside and K+ is higher on the outside
d. Na+ is higher on the outside and K+ is higher on the inside

A

d. Na+ is higher on the outside and K+ is higher on the inside

73
Q

Synaptic vesicles are found within the)

a. Schwann cells
b. axon hillock
c. Nissl bodies
d. synaptic end-bulbs

A

d. synaptic end-bulbs

74
Q

Masses of myelinated nerve fibers appear

a. white
b. gray
c. brown
d. transparent

A

a. white

75
Q

Signs of multiple sclerosis usually begin

a. at birth
b. during the teen age years
c. between the ages of 20 and 40
d. usually in later life, around 60 years of age

A

c. between the ages of 20 and 40

76
Q

Which type of neuroglial cells is found supporting neuronal cell bodies within ganglia?

a. astrocytes
b. satellite cells
c. ependymal cells
d. microglia

A

b. satellite cells

77
Q

The autonomic nervous system is part of the

a. PNS
b. SNS
c. CNS
d. All of these

A

a. PNS

78
Q

In myelinated nerves, the

a. action potential occurs at a neurolemmocyte
b. action potential occurs at each neurofibril node (node of Ranvier)
c. action potential moves like a continuous wave across the cell membrane
d. threshold is lower than in unmyelinated nerves

A

b. action potential occurs at each neurofibril node (node of Ranvier)

79
Q

When threshold of a neuron is reached, _____ is produced

a. a summation
b. an action potential
c. a resting potential
d. a graded potential

A

b. an action potential

80
Q

Retinal neurons are classified as

a. multipolar
b. unipolar
c. bipolar
d. pseudounipolar

A

c. bipolar

81
Q

The Nissl bodies function in

a. protein production
b. Ca++ storage
c. insulation
d. Schwann cell production

A

a. protein production

82
Q

During the absolute refractory period

a. protein anions are leaving the neuron
b. a high intensity stimulus can generate a new action potential
c. neurotransmitters are being secreted
d. Na+ channels are inactivated

A

d. Na+ channels are inactivated

83
Q

The cells within the nervous system that fill spaces and support neurons are collectively called

a. endothelia
b. Schwann cells
c. neuroglia
d. ependyma

A

c. neuroglia

84
Q

Which of the following ions pass through the resting neuronal cell membrane most easily?

a. sodium
b. calcium
c. potassium
d. phosphate

A

c. potassium

85
Q

Nerve cell fibers are

a. axons
b. dendrites
c. both axons and dendrites
d. Nissl bodies

A

c. both axons and dendrites

Biology 235 RN :!: (29 decks)

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