Chapter 28 The REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS Flashcards
A weakening in the abdominal wall in the inguinal region may result in
a. cryptorchidism
b. hemorrhoids
c. a hernia
d. infertility
c. a hernia
Which of the following function in both urinary and reproductive systems in the male?
a. prostate
b. Bowman’s capsule
c. Sertoli cells
d. urethra
d. urethra
The function of chemicals within the acrosomal cap is to
a. protect the DNA of the sperm
b. aid the sperm in penetration into a secondary oocyte
c. provide energy for the flagellum
d. provide motility for the sperm
b. aid the sperm in penetration into a secondary oocyte
The portion of the penis which surrounds the urethra is the
a. tunica albuginea
b. corpus spongiosum
c. corpus cavernosum
d. prepuce
b. corpus spongiosum
The fructose in semen is secreted by the
a. epididymis
b. vas deferens
c. seminal vesicle
d. seminiferous tubules
c. seminal vesicle
The corpus luteum secretes
a. human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
b. estrogen and progesterone
c. hCG and progesterone
d. estrogen and hCG
b. estrogen and progesterone
Sperm move by means of
a. cilia
b. tiny little feet
c. flagella
d. enzyme
c. flagella
After ovulation the _____ becomes the _____
a. secondary oocyte, primary oocyte
b. zona pellucida, corona radiata
c. mature (Graafian) follicle, corpus luteum
d. amount of glucose ingested
c. mature (Graafian) follicle, corpus luteum
The portion of the ovary that contains the ovarian follicles is the
a. mesovarium
b. germinal epithelium
c. cortex
d. tunica albuginea
c. cortex
Which female reproductive structure is located between the urinary bladder and the rectum?
a. ovary
b. uterus
c. vagina
d. prostate
b. uterus
A structure present in males but not in females is the
a. vesicorectal pouch
b. rectouterine pouch
c. vesicouterine pouch
d. urethra
c. vesicouterine pouch
The cells in the testis responsible for producing testosterone are the
a. spermatogenic cells
b. spermatogonia
c. Sertoli cells
d. Leydig cells
d. Leydig cells
The testes are covered by a dense white fibrous capsule called the
a. scrotum
b. tunica vaginalis
c. tunica albuginea
d. visceral peritoneum
c. tunica albuginea
Which of the following cells lies next to the basement membrane of the seminiferous tubules?
a. spermatogonia
b. primary spermatocytes
c. secondary spermatocytes
d. spermatids
a. spermatogonia
The zygote is the
a. last cell produced in spermatogenesis
b. cell formed by the union of an ovum and sperm cell
c. cell that nourishes the sperm in the testis
d. cell formed by meiosis I (reduction division)
b. cell formed by the union of an ovum and sperm cell
The cells formed by meiosis II are called
a. spermatogonia
b. primary spermatocytes
c. secondary spermatocytes
d. spermatids
d. spermatids
The daily production of sperm in the testes is about
a. 30 thousand
b. 300 thousand
c. 30 million
d. 300 million
d. 300 million
In the testis, spermatogonia divide by
a. mitosis
b. meiosis
c. reduction division
d. equation division
a. mitosis
Which of the hormones produced in the male directly stimulates testosterone secretion?
a. FSH
b. LH
c. inhibin
d. GnRH
b. LH
The protein hormone inhibin is produced by the _____ and inhibits _____
a. hypothalamus; LH
b. anterior pituitary gland; testosterone
c. Sertoli cells; FSH
d. Leydig cells; GnRH
c. Sertoli cells; FSH
The longest duct of the male reproductive tract, passing from the scrotum into the pelvic cavity, is the
a. ductus deferens
b. epididymis
c. ejaculatory duct
d. urethra
a. ductus deferens
The ejaculatory duct attaches to the urethra in a region surrounded by the
a. seminal vesicles
b. prostate gland
c. urogenital diaphragm
d. urinary bladder
b. prostate gland
The hormone inhibin inhibits the secretion of a. estrogen b. FSH c. GnRH d. progesterone
b. FSH
A male is likely to be fertile if his sperm count is above _____ per mL of semen.
a. one thousand
b. ten thousand
c. one million
d. twenty million
d. twenty million
The bulb of the penis is located at the base of the
a. corpus cavernosum
b. corpus spongiosum
c. glans penis
d. prepuce
b. corpus spongiosum
At birth, hundreds of thousands of oogonia are present in each ovary at birth, but only about _____ of these will mature and ovulate.
a. fifty
b. four hundred
c. four thousand
d. half
b. four hundred
In the ovary, oocytes begin meiosis I
a. during fetal development
b. during early childhood
c. after puberty
d. after ovulation
a. during fetal development
The open, funnel-shaped portion of an auterine tube is called the
a. fimbria
b. ampulla
c. infundibulum
d. isthmus
c. infundibulum
Fertilization of the oocyte by a sperm usually occurs in the
a. vagina
b. cervix of the uterus
c. isthmus of the oviduct
d. ampulla of the oviduct
d. ampulla of the oviduct
The uterus is attached to both sides of the pelvic cavity by the
a. round ligaments
b. broad ligaments
c. oviducts
d. cardinal ligaments
b. broad ligaments
A Pap smear is a test performed to detect
a. cancer of the cervix
b. pregnancy
c. infections of the ovary
d. vaginitis
a. cancer of the cervix
The normal flexure of the uterus, projecting it anteriorly and superiorly over the vagina, is called
a. uterine prolapse
b. dorsiflexion
c. anteflexion
d. retroflexion
c. anteflexion
A hysterectomy is the
a. downward displacement of the uterus into the vagina
b. most common sterilization procedure used in women
c. surgical procedure sometime used during childbirth to open the vaginal canal
d. surgical removal of the uterus
d. surgical removal of the uterus
The stratum basalis of the uterus
a. is shed during menstruation
b. repeatedly gives rise to a new stratum functionalis after each menstruation
c. contracts during childbirth to help expel the fetus
d. is part of the visceral peritoneum and becomes part of the broad ligament
b. repeatedly gives rise to a new stratum functionalis after each menstruation
The acidity of the vagina is due to
a. breakdown of glycogen that produces organic acids
b. secretion of small amounts of hydrochloric acid by cells lining the tube
c. reabsorption of bicarbonate ions, reducing their buffering action
d. secretions of bacteria that normally reside in this tube
a. breakdown of glycogen that produces organic acids
The structures lateral to the vaginal opening are the
a. hymen
b. clitoris
c. labia minora
d. mons pubis
c. labia minora
The milk secreting glands in the breast are called
a. alveoli
b. lobules
c. lobes
d. lactiferous sinuses
a. alveoli
The last tubes through which milk flows before it reaches the outside through the nipple are the
a. lactiferous ducts
b. lactiferous sinuses
c. mammary ducts
d. secondary tubules
a. lactiferous ducts
The American Cancer Society recommends that a woman should have a baseline mammogram taken, to serve as a comparison, between the ages of
a. 20 and 24
b. 25 and 29
c. 30 and 34
d. 35 and 39
d. 35 and 39
Which of the following hormones have the greatest direct control over the changes in the uterus?
a. GnRH
b. FSH and LH
c. estrogens and progesterone
d. inhibin and relaxin
c. estrogens and progesterone
The principal estrogen hormone in the nonpregnant woman is
a. beta-estradiol
b. estrone
c. estriol
d. progesterone
a. beta-estradiol
Which hormone has effects on general metabolism to increase protein production and reduce cholesterol production as well as controlling the reproductive cycle in the female?
a. estrogens
b. progesterone
c. FSH
d. LH
a. estrogens
The only ovarian hormone that does not have an inhibiting control over other hormones is
a. estrogens
b. progesterone
c. relaxin
d. inhibin
c. relaxin
The mature (Graafian) follicle continues to enlarge and increase its estrogen production during the
a. menstrual phase
b. preovulatory phase
c. ovulation phase
d. postovulatory phase
b. preovulatory phase
The hormone responsible for stimulating the development of the secondary follicles in the ovary is
a. progesterone
b. FSH
c. LH
d. GnRH
b. FSH
An over-the-counter test is now available for purchase that indicates ovulation. This test measures the levels of
a. estrogens
b. FSH
c. GnRH
d. LH
d. LH
Low levels of estrogens and progesterone cause
a. menstruation
b. inhibition of GnRH
c. a sudden surge of LH
d. inhibition of FSH and LH
a. menstruation
Oral contraceptive pills contain estrogens and progestin that
a. cause the developing follicle to degenerate
b. inhibit the secretion of inhibin
c. prevent the development of the endometrium
d. inhibit the release of FSH, LH, and GnRH
d. inhibit the release of FSH, LH, and GnRH
The birth control method that is based on knowledge of certain physiological changes that occur during the menstrual cycle is
a. coitus interruptus
b. the rhythm method
c. the intrauterine device
d. the cervical cap
b. the rhythm method
The drug RU 486 (mifepristone) induces abortion by blocking the action of
a. progesterone
b. estrogen
c. FSH
d. GnRH
a. progesterone
Which of the following occurs in females but not in males during a sexual response?
a. a resolution stage
b. engorgement of the labia
c. secretion of lubricating mucus by the bulbourethral glands
d. engorgement of erectile tissue due to impulses from parasympathetic neurons
b. engorgement of the labia
The epidiymis and ductus (vas) deferens develop from the embyronic
a. genital tubercle
b. labioscrotal swelling
c. Müllerian (paramesonephric) duct
d. Wolffian (mesonephric) duct
d. Wolffian (mesonephric) duct
Which structure helps regulate the temperature of the testes?
a) Dartos muscle
b) Tunica vaginalis
c) Tunica albuginea
d) Seminiferous tubules
e) Both Dartos muscle and Seminiferous tubules
a) Dartos muscle
Which structure is the site of sperm production?
a) Vas deferens
b) Seminiferous tubules
c) Albuginea
d) Epididymis
e) Raphe
b) Seminiferous tubules
How many seminiferous tubules are found in each lobule?
a) 1-3
b) 50-100
c) 200-300
d) 500 or more
e) Millions
a) 1-3
Which of the following cells may eventually become spermatozoa?
a) Sertoli cells
b) Sustentacular cells
c) Spermatogonia
d) Chief cells
e) Speciation cells
c) Spermatogonia
Which cells secrete testosterone?
a) Sertoli cells
b) Spermatogenic cells
c) Leydig cells
d) Oogonia
e) Chief cells
c) Leydig cells
Which hormone stimulates Leydig cells to secrete testosterone?
a) GnRH
b) LH
c) Inhibin
d) DHT
e) None of these choices
b) LH
The straight tubules in the testis lead into the
a) Efferent ducts
b) Afferent ducts
c) Rete testis
d) Ductus epididymis
e) Epididymis
c) Rete testis
The function of the epididymis is
a) Sperm maturation
b) Produce sperm
c) Spermatid storage
d) Provide nutrition to sperm
e) Absorption of calcium
a) Sperm maturation
Which structure is formed by the union of the duct from the seminal vesicle and the ampulla of the vas deferens?
a) Urethra
b) Spermatic cord
c) Inguinal canal
d) Ejaculatory duct
e) Prostate
d) Ejaculatory duct
Which structure lies posterior to the bladder and anterior to the rectum and secretes an alkaline, fructose filled fluid?
a) Prostate
b) bulbourethral gland
c) Seminal vesicles
d) Spongy urethra
e) Prostatic urethra
c) Seminal vesicles
Which of the following structures are located inferior to the prostate on either side of the membranous urethra within the deep muscles of the perineum?
a) bulbourethral gland
b) Seminal vesicles
c) Ejaculatory ducts
d) Urethral ducts
e) Prostate
a) bulbourethral gland
Which structure is composed of three cylindrical masses of erectile tissue each surrounded by a fibrous tissue?
a) Testes
b) Prostate
c) Bladder
d) Penis
e) Urethra
d) Penis
Which ligament arises from the pubic symphysis in males?
a) Fundiform ligament
b) Broad ligament
c) Suspensory ligament
d) Ejaculatory ligament
e) Perineum ligament
c) Suspensory ligament
What is produced by the ovaries?
a) Primary oocytes, insulin and estrogen
b) Secondary oocytes, progesterone and cortisol
c) Tertiary oocytes, insulin and estrogen
d) Secondary oocytes, estrogen and progesterone
e) Primary oocytes, estrogen and testosterone
d) Secondary oocytes, estrogen and progesterone
What structure attaches the ovaries and the uterus to the pelvic wall?
a) Broad ligament
b) Mesovarium
c) Ovarian ligament
d) Suspensory ligament
e) Hilum
d) Suspensory ligament
Which of the following is the site of fertilization?
a) Ureters
b) Urethra
c) Uterine tubes
d) Ovaries
e) Vagina
c) Uterine tubes
Which part of the uterus opens into the vagina?
a) Urethra
b) Cervix
c) Uterine tubes
d) Inguinal canal
e) Ovaries
b) Cervix
Anterior to the vagina and urethral openings is the
a) Labia majora
b) Labia minor
c) Mons pubis
d) Cervical sphincter
e) Labial frenulum
c) Mons pubis
Paraurethral (Skene’s) glands secrete
a) Estrogen
b) Progesterone
c) Testosterone
d) Androgens
e) Mucus
e) Mucus
Which hormone promotes the final step of spermatogenesis?
a) Relaxin
b) Testosterone
c) Inhibin
d) Estrogen
e) Aldosterone
b) Testosterone
Which hormone triggers ovulation?
a) GnRH
b) LH
c) FSH
d) Estrogen
e) Progesterone
b) LH
Which hormone is secreted by the corpus luteum after ovulation?
a) Progesterone
b) Relaxin
c) LH
d) FSH
e) HGH
a) Progesterone
The uterine phase where the thickness of the endometrium doubles is the
a) Menstrual phase
b) Preovulatory phase
c) Proliferative phase
d) Follicular phase
e) Postovulatory phase
c) Proliferative phase
The ovarian phase between the end of menstruation and beginning of ovulation is the
a) Menstrual phase
b) Preovulatory phase
c) Proliferative phase
d) Follicular phase
e) Postovulatory phase
b) Preovulatory phase
The septum of the scrotum is made up of a subcutaneous layer and which muscle tissue?
a) A
b) B
c) F
d) G
e) I
e) I
What does line “A” point to?
a) Lymphatic vessels
b) Pampiniform plexus
c) Internal spermatic fascia
d) Spermatic cord
e) Fundiform ligament
d) Spermatic cord
Which structure has a portion removed in a vasectomy?
a) A
b) D
c) E
d) G
e) I
b) D
What does line “G” point to?
a) Dartos muscle
b) Cremaster muscle
c) Fascia
d) Tunica albuginea
e) Tunica vaginalis
e) Tunica vaginalis
What is line “C” pointing to?
a) Efferent duct
b) Body of epididymis
c) Straight tubule
d) Seminiferous tubule
e) Lobule
b) Body of epididymis
Where are the straight tubules?
a) A
b) B
c) C
d) D
e) E
e) E
What is line “F” pointing to?
a) Ductus epididymis
b) Rete testis
c) Efferent duct
d) Afferent duct
e) Seminiferous tubules
e) Seminiferous tubules
Which structure is part of the connection of the uterus to the pelvic cavity?
a) B
b) C
c) E
d) G
e) H
c) E
What is line “C” pointing to?
a) Bladder
b) Fimbriae
c) Ovary
d) Uterus
e) Perineum
c) Ovary
Where is the site for implantation of a fertilized ovum?
a) A
b) B
c) C
d) D
e) F
d) D
Which line represents the opening from the uterus to the vagina?
a) E
b) F
c) G
d) H
e) None of these choices
b) F
Which structure consists of a primary oocyte that is surrounded by several layers of cuboidal cells called granulosa?
a) A
b) B
c) C
d) F
e) H
b) B
Where is the mature ovarian follicle?
a) A
b) B
c) C
d) F
e) H
d) F
Where is the corpus albicans?
a) F
b) G
c) H
d) I
e) None of these choices
e) None of these choices
Which structure will produce progesterone, estrogens, relaxin and inhibin?
a) D
b) E
c) G
d) I
e) None of these choices
d) I
What is line “D” pointing to?
a) Follicular fluid
b) Germinal epithelium
c) Ovarian cortex
d) Ovarian medulla
e) None of these choices
b) Germinal epithelium
Trace the path of a sperm cell from the site of its maturation to the site where it leaves the male body. Include descriptions of fluids added along that path.
: Sperm mature in the epididymis. From there, they travel through the ductus (Vas) deferens through the abdominal cavity to the ampulla of the ductus deferens which merges with the duct of the seminal vesicle to form the ejaculatory duct. Sperm and the alkaline, fructose-rich fluid from the seminal vesicle move from the ejaculatory duct into the prostatic urethra, where they are mixed with a slightly acidic mucoid fluid from the prostate. Next the sperm and fluid pass through the membranous urethra and are mixed with additional alkaline secretions from the bulbourethral glands. The combination of sperm and secretions is called semen. The mixture travels through the penile urethra as it is ejaculated.
Describe the functions of testosterone.
Testosterone promotes the development and maintenance of male secondary sex characteristics, protein anabolism, development of sexual function (behavior, libido, spermatogenesis), and the male pattern of development during prenatal life.
Describe the roles of estrogens and progesterone
Estrogens secreted by ovarian follicles have several important functions:
• Estrogens promote the development and maintenance of female reproductive structures, secondary sex characteristics, and the breasts. The secondary sex characteristics include distribution of adipose tissue in the breasts, abdomen, mons pubis, and hips; voice pitch; a broad pelvis; and pattern of hair growth on the head and body.
• Estrogens increase protein anabolism, including the building of strong bones. In this regard, estrogens are synergistic with human growth hormone (hGH).
• Estrogens lower blood cholesterol level, which is probably the reason that women under age 50 have a much lower risk of coronary artery disease than do men of comparable age.
• Moderate levels of estrogens in the blood inhibit both the release of GnRH by the hypothalamus and secretion of LH and FSH by the anterior pituitary. Progesterone, secreted mainly by cells of the corpus luteum, cooperates with estrogens to prepare and maintain the endometrium for implantation of a fertilized ovum and to prepare the mammary glands for milk secretion. High levels of progesterone also inhibit secretion of GnRH and LH.
Describe the positive feedback loop involved in ovulation
A high concentration of estrogens stimulates more frequent release of GnRH from the hypothalamus. It also directly stimulates gonadotrophs in the anterior pituitary to secrete LH. GnRH promotes the release of FSH and additional LH by the anterior pituitary. LH causes rupture of the mature ovarian follicle and expulsion of a secondary oocyte about 9 hours after the peak of the LH surge. The ovulated oocyte and its corona radiata cells are usually swept into the uterine tube.
At which location in the figure do sperm and seminal vesicle secretions first join together in their path to the exterior?
a) C
b) J
c) E
d) K
e) L
b) J
Which structure in the figure secretes seminal plasmin, proteolytic enzymes like pepsinogen and lysozyme, and citric acid?
a) C
b) K
c) B
d) G
e) L
c) B
Which structure in the figure secretes an alkaline fluid that protects sperm by neutralizing acids in the urethra?
a) C
b) H
c) B
d) G
e) F
a) C
Which structures in the figure together secrete liquid components of semen?
a) B, C, G
b) B, C, F
c) B, D, I
d) B, C, L
e) B, H, L
d) B, C, L
Which structure in the figure is the corpus spongiosum penis?
a) F
b) D
c) C
d) E
e) G
a) F
Which structure in the figure is a serous membrane derived from the peritoneum and forms during descent of the testes?
a) B
b) C
c) F
d) A
e) D
a) B
Which structure in the figure is made of dense irregular connective tissue that forms septa dividing the testes into lobules?
a) B
b) C
c) F
d) A
e) D
b) C
Mature sperm arrive at the efferent ducts in the epididymis immediately from which structure in the figure?
a) G
b) H
c) F
d) A
e) D
c) F
Which cell in the figure contains a diploid nucleus?
a) A
b) C
c) D
d) E
e) F
a) A
Which structure in the figure is filled with follicular fluid?
a) H
b) G
c) E
d) D
e) B
b) G
Which structure in the figure is the theca interna?
a) A
b) H
c) E
d) D
e) F
c) E
Which structure in the figure is the theca externa?
a) A
b) H
c) E
d) D
e) F
e) F
Which structure in the figure is the zona pellucida?
a) A
b) B
c) D
d) G
e) H
a) A
Which structure in the figure is the basement membrane?
a) A
b) B
c) D
d) F
e) H
e) H
Menarche is the
a) first menses
b) permanent cessation of menses
c) first sign of sperm production
d) time of first ovulation
e) type of vaginal contraceptive
a) first menses
The male reproductive system arises from
a) Paramesonephric (Mullerian) ducts
b) Mesonephric (Wolffian) ducts
b) Mesonephric (Wolffian) ducts
Female reproductive system arises from
a) Paramesonephric (Mullerian) ducts
b) Mesonephric (Wolffian) ducts
a) Paramesonephric (Mullerian) ducts
During fetal development which cells give rise to primary oocytes?
a) Spermatogonia
b) Secondary oocytes
c) Oogonia
d) Granulosa cells
e) Luteal cells
c) Oogonia
The major hormone secreted from granulosa cells is
a) Progesterone
b) Estrogen
c) Testosterone
d) Aldosterone
e) Relaxin
b) Estrogen
A zygote is
a) the same as an ovum
b) another name for secondary oocyte
c) a diploid fertilized ovum
d) the same as polar body
e) the mature ovarian (Graffia) follicle
c) a diploid fertilized ovum
Which hormone inhibits the release of FSH from the pituitary gland?
a) Inhibin
b) Relaxin
c) GnRH
d) hCG
e) LH
a) Inhibin
In male embryos, which hormone is responsible for the development of the urethra, prostate, and external genitals?
a) LH
b) FSH
c) Progesterone
d) Estrogen
e) Dihydrotestosterone
e) Dihydrotestosterone
Which of the following is a fungal disease of the reproductive system?
a) Syphilis
b) Gonorrhea
c) Candidiasis
d) Genital Herpes
e) Chlamydia
c) Candidiasis
Which of the following is NOT a sexually transmitted disease?
a) Syphilis
b) Gonorrhea
c) Genital Herpes
d) Genital Warts
e) All of these are sexually transmitted diseases
e) All of these are sexually transmitted diseases
Which of the following is not a contribution of the reproductive system to the body systems?
a) Stimulation of growth and maintenance of bones of the skeletal system
b) Lowering blood cholesterol level in males under the age of 50
c) Increasing the rate and depth of breathing during sexual arousal
d) Stimulating the growth of skeletal muscles in males
e) Exert feedback effects on the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland
b) Lowering blood cholesterol level in males under the age of 50
Which of the following is the male pattern of development “master switch” gene?
a) SRY
b) MIS
c) XYY
d) XXY
e) None of these
a) SRY
Describe the contributions of the reproductive systems to the integumentary systems
Androgens promote the growth of body hair. Estrogens stimulate the deposition of fat in the breasts, abdomen, and hips. Mammary glands produce milk. Skin stretches during pregnancy as the fetus enlarges
