Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology 235 RN :!: > Chapter 2 Chemical level > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Chemical level Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
NCLEX-RN® flashcards AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the four major elements found in the chemicals that comprise the human body?

a) nitrogen, oxygen, calcium, sodium
b) hydrogen, carbon, phosphorus, calcium
c) carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen
d) oxygen, nitrogen, potassium, calcium
e) potassium, phosphorus, sodium, hydrogen

A

c) carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The three types of subatomic particles that are important for understanding chemical reactions in the human body are

a) neutrons, quarks, and muons.
b) protons, neutrons, and electrons.
c) muons, positons, and neutrons.
d) electrons, quarks, and protons.
e) positons, protons, and neutrons.

A

b) protons, neutrons, and electrons.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Which of the following subatomic particles has a neutral charge?

a) neutron
b) electron
c) proton
d) Both neutron and electron.
e) All of these choices.

A

a) neutron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What region of an atom contains the protons and neutrons?

a) cloud
b) nucleus
c) element
d) ring
e) shell

A

b) nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The number of protons in an atom is represented by an element’s

a) mass number.
b) atomic number.
c) atomic mass.
d) valence number.
e) None of these choices.

A

b) atomic number.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The nucleus of unstable _____ of an element will decay leading to emission of radiation.

a) compounds
b) cations
c) anions
d) isotopes
e) molecules

A

d) isotopes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

This refers to a weighted average of the atomic weights of all naturally occurring isotopes of an element.

a) mass number
b) atomic number
c) atomic mass
d) ionic mass
e) covalent mass

A

c) atomic mass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Briefly describe the octet rule.

A

One atom is more likely to combine with another atom if doing so will leave both atoms with eight electrons in their valence shells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Which of the following subatomic particles are shared by two atoms to form covalent bonds?

  1. neutron
  2. electron
  3. proton

a) 1 only
b) 2 only
c) 3 only
d) 2 & 3 only
e) 1, 2 & 3

A

b) 2 only

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the name given to a negatively charged atom?

a) superoxide
b) isotope
c) catalyst
d) anion
e) cation

A

d) anion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

A chemical that can conduct electrical current when dissolved in water is called a(n)

a) isotope.
b) isomer.
c) compound.
d) electrolyte
e) valence molecule.

A

d) electrolyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Which type of chemical bond involves the sharing of valence electrons between two atoms?

a) covalent
b) ionic
c) hydrogen
d) atomic
e) electronic

A

a) covalent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The chemical bonds formed between the atoms in a water molecule are called

a) nonpolar covalent bonds.
b) polar covalent bonds.
c) hydrogen bonds.
d) ionic bonds.
e) atomic bonds.

A

b) polar covalent bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Describe a hydrogen bond

A

Hydrogen bonds form between a hydrogen atom that has partial positive charge and another atom, like oxygen or nitrogen, carrying partial negative charge.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Which relatively weak type of bond helps stabilize the three dimensional structure of large molecules like proteins and DNA?

a) nonpolar covalent
b) polar covalent
c) hydrogen
d) ionic
e) atomic

A

c) hydrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

A chemical reaction involves interactions between the _____ of two different atoms.

a) neutrons
b) protons
c) isotopes
d) valence electrons
e) ions

A

d) valence electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Which term is defined as the capacity to do work?

a) metabolism
b) electrolytes
c) chemical reaction
d) concentration
e) energy

A

e) energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Describe the law of conservation of energy.

A

Energy cannot be created or destroyed but it may be converted from one form to another form.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Which type of chemical reaction will absorb more energy than it releases?

a) exergonic
b) endergonic
c) potential
d) kinetic
e) activation

A

b) endergonic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

An enzyme acts to

a) raise the activation energy needed to start the reaction.
b) lower the activation energy needed to start the reaction.
c) convert the activation energy into potential energy.
d) convert the activation energy into kinetic energy.
e) stop a chemical reaction.

A

b) lower the activation energy needed to start the reaction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

List three factors that increase the rate of chemical reactions

A

Three factors that increase reaction rates are the presence of enzymes (catalysts), increased concentration of reactants, and increased temperature.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Which type of chemical reaction combines reactants to produce larger products?

a) synthesis
b) decomposition
c) potential
d) exchange
e) activated

A

a) synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Which type of chemical reaction breaks larger reactants into smaller products?

a) synthesis
b) decomposition
c) potential
d) exchange
e) activated

A

b) decomposition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the most abundant and most important inorganic compound in the body?

a) water
b) oxygen gas
c) carbon dioxide
d) glucose
e) DNA

A

a) water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

A solute that readily dissolves in water is

a) hydrophobic.
b) hydrostatic.
c) lipophilic.
d) hydrophilic.
e) hydrozone.

A

d) hydrophilic.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

In the body fluid compartments found in the human body, the solvent is

a) glucose.
b) lipids.
c) carbon dioxide.
d) water.
e) electrolyte.

A

d) water.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Describe the functions of water in the body.

A

Water is a solvent that allows transportation of solutes. Water acts in hydrolysis reactions to split reactants. Water can transport heat in the body and can be used to release heat from the body as occurs in sweating. Water is used as a lubricant, particularly in serous fluids like those surrounding the lungs and on mucosal membranes like those lining the gastrointestinal tract.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

A solution with a pH value less than 7 is

a) basic.
b) neutral.
c) acidic.
d) alkaline.
e) concentrated.

A

c) acidic.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

A chemical compound that helps control the pH of a solution by adding or removing hydrogen ions is a(n)

a) electrolyte.
b) salt.
c) cation.
d) colloid.
e) buffer.

A

e) buffer.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Which of the following is a proton donor?

a) acid
b) base
c) salt
d) organic compound
e) colloid

A

a) acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Specific arrangements of atoms within an organic molecule that confer characteristic chemical properties upon that molecule are called

a) hydrocarbon chains.
b) polymers.
c) carbon skeleton.
d) functional groups.
e) isomers.

A

d) functional groups.

32
Q

Which of the following is a monosaccharide that is used by cells to produce energy?

a) glucose
b) sucrose
c) lactose
d) glycogen
e) maltose

A

a) glucose

33
Q

Which of the following is a polysaccharide that serves as a storage form of energy in muscle and liver cells?

a) cellulose
b) ribose
c) lipids
d) glucose
e) glycogen

A

e) glycogen

34
Q

This type of fatty acid contains more than one double bond in its hydrocarbon chain.

a) saturated
b) monounsaturated
c) polyunsaturated
d) volatile
e) short chain

A

c) polyunsaturated

35
Q

This type of lipid is the body’s primary long-term energy storage molecule.

a) steroid
b) phospholipid
c) cholesterol
d) triglyceride
e) lipoprotein

A

d) triglyceride

36
Q

This lipid is used by the body as a precursor for the production of steroid hormones.

a) arachidonic acid
b) phospholipid
c) cholesterol
d) triglyceride
e) lipoprotein

A

c) cholesterol

37
Q

Which of the following is NOT true about phospholipids?

a) They contain a glycerol backbone.
b) The head group is polar.
c) The molecule is an important part of cell membranes.
d) The tail groups are nonpolar.
e) They are a major form of energy storage.

A

e) They are a major form of energy storage.

38
Q

Describe the structural characteristics of an amino acid

A

Amino acids contain a central carbon atom with 1) a hydrogen atom, 2) an amino group, 3) an acidic carboxyl group, and 4) a side chain attached to it.

39
Q

List the six major functions of proteins.

A

Proteins have 1) structural, 2) regulatory, 3) contractile, 4) immunological, 5) transport, and 6) catalytic functions

40
Q

The primary structure of a protein consists of

a) alpha helices.
b) beta-pleated sheets.
c) three dimensional folded conformation.
d) a sequence of amino acids linked by peptide bonds.
e) the overall folded conformation of the protein’s subunits.

A

d) a sequence of amino acids linked by peptide bonds.

41
Q

Which of the following is NOT a property of enzymes?

a) Enzymes are catalytic proteins.
b) Enzymes are highly specific.
c) Enzymes are efficient.
d) Enzymes are subject to a variety of cellular controls.
e) Enzymes are irreversibly changed by the reactions that they catalyze.

A

e) Enzymes are irreversibly changed by the reactions that they catalyze.

42
Q

Describe what happens to a protein’s structure and function when it is denatured.

A

During denaturation, the folded conformation of a protein unravels and loses its unique shape. Loss of that shape destroys the protein’s ability to accomplish its function.

43
Q

Which of the following is a common function of RNA?

a) produce electrical impulses
b) storage of energy
c) transfer information for protein synthesis
d) long-term storage of information for protein synthesis
e) transport of fluids

A

c) transfer information for protein synthesis

44
Q

Which of the following is the major function of DNA?

a) catalyzes metabolic reactions
b) storage of energy
c) transfer information for protein synthesis
d) long-term storage of information for protein synthesis
e) transport of electrolytes

A

d) long-term storage of information for protein synthesis

45
Q

Which of the following describes the major function of ATP in cells?

a) building block for the synthesis of proteins.
b) transfers energy for cell functions
c) transfers information for protein synthesis
d) stores information for protein synthesis
e) transports fluids

A

b) transfers energy for cell functions

46
Q

Which monomer is used to build RNA and DNA?

a) fatty acid
b) amino acid
c) monosaccharide
d) glycerol
e) nucleotide

A

e) nucleotide

47
Q

In the diagram which particles are negatively charged?

a) A
b) B
c) C
d) All of these choices.
e) None of these choices.

A

c) C

48
Q

In the diagram, removal of one or more of this type of subatomic particle would result in the formation of a cation?

a) A
b) B
c) C
d) All of these choices.
e) None of these choices

A

b) B

49
Q

What type of molecule is shown in the diagram? Where in a eukaryotic cell would this type of molecule be commonly found? What special chemical properties does this molecule possess that allows it to accomplish its functions?

A

This is a phospholipid found in the plasma membranes of eukaryotic cells. It has a polar hydrophilic head group and a nonpolar hydrophobic tail group making it amphipathic. This chemical property allows it to form the lipid bilayer of the membrane with its polar group oriented on the surface of the membrane and its hydrophobic tails oriented away from the surrounding water in the interior of the lipid bilayer.

50
Q

Describe what is happening at places 1, 2 and 3 in the diagram.

A

This figure represents how an enzyme works. At number one, the enzyme and substrate come together at the active site of the enzyme forming the enzyme-substrate complex. At number two, the enzyme catalyzes the reaction and transforms the substrate into products, which are then released from the enzyme. At number three, the reaction is complete and the enzyme remains unchanged and free to catalyze the same reaction again on a new substrate.

51
Q 
Which of the labeled structures are found in DNA but not RNA?
1 A
2 B
3 C
4 E

a) 1 only
b) 2 only
c) 3 only
d) 4 only
e) 1 and 4

A

e) 1 and 4

52
Q

What is the difference between atomic mass, mass number and atomic number?

A

Atomic number is the number of protons found in the nucleus of an atom. Atomic mass is the weighted average mass of all naturally occurring isotopes of the atom. Mass number is the sum of protons and neutrons found in an atom.

53
Q

In the diagram, what pH value represents an acidic solution?

a) 12
b) 10
c) 8
d) 6
e) None of these choices.

A

d) 6

54
Q

In the diagram, what would happen to the concentration of C if the concentration of A increases?

a) increases
b) decreases
c) no change

A

a) increases

55
Q

Which of the following describes the major significance of the element carbon in the human body?

a) ionized form makes body fluids acidic
b) constituent of water
c) forms backbone of all organic molecules
d) required to harden the structure of bones and teeth
e) ionized form is the part of hemoglobin that carries oxygen

A

c) forms backbone of all organic molecules

56
Q

Which of the following describes the major significance of the element chlorine in the human body?

a) ionized form makes body fluids acidic
b) ionized form is most plentiful anion in extracellular fluid
c) forms backbone of all organic molecules
d) required for bone and tooth structure
e) ionized form is most plentiful cation in extracellular fluid

A

b) ionized form is most plentiful anion in extracellular fluid

57
Q

Which of the following describes the major significance of the element nitrogen in the human body?

a) ionized form makes body fluids acidic
b) ionized form is most plentiful anion in extracellular fluid
c) ionized form is needed for action of many enzymes
d) is a component of all proteins and nucleic acids
e) ionized form is most plentiful cation in extracellular fluid

A

d) is a component of all proteins and nucleic acids

58
Q

Which of the following can lower the amount of free radicals in the body?

a) x-rays
b) ultraviolet radiation
c) oxygen
d) carbon tetrachloride
e) antioxidants

A

e) antioxidants

59
Q

Which of the following substances has a pH closest to 7.0?

a) lye
b) vaginal fluid
c) gastric juice
d) cerebrospinal fluid
e) milk of magnesia

A

d) cerebrospinal fluid

60
Q

Which of the following carbohydrates is a disaccharide?

a) ribose
b) lactose
c) galactose
d) glycogen
e) cellulose

A

b) lactose

61
Q

Which of the following carbohydrates is a polysaccharide?

a) ribose
b) lactose
c) glycogen
d) maltose
e) galactose

A

c) glycogen

62
Q

This type of lipid is used by the body for insulation.

a) phospholipids
b) triglycerides
c) bile salts
d) sex hormones
e) carotenes

A

b) triglycerides

63
Q

This type of protein is involved with shortening of muscle cells to produce movement.

a) contractile
b) structural
c) regulatory
d) catalytic
e) transport

A

a) contractile

64
Q

This type of protein protects against pathogens.

a) contractile
b) immunological
c) regulatory
d) catalytic
e) transport

A

b) immunological

65
Q

Surface tension of an aqueous solution is generated by the presence of _____ between water molecules.

a) covalent bonds
b) ionic bonds
c) hydrogen bonds
d) ester links
e) None of these choices.

A

c) hydrogen bonds

66
Q

Define mixture and then distinguish between the three types of mixtures called solutions, colloids and suspensions

A

A mixture is a combination of elements or compounds that are physically blended together but not bound by chemical bonds. A solution is a mixture where the solutes are evenly dispersed among the solvent molecules. Solutions have a clear appearance. Colloids are like solutions except the solutes are big enough to scatter light. A colloid appears translucent or opaque. Suspensions are mixtures where the suspended material will eventually settle out.

67
Q

An atom or group of atoms with an unpaired electron in the outermost shell is called a(n)

a) compound.
b) free radical.
c) ion.
d) molecule.

A

b) free radical.

68
Q

Why is the human digestive system unable to digest cellulose?

A

Human digestive system lacks the enzyme to recognize the structure and break the bonds that hold this polysaccharide together.

69
Q

A triple covalent bond is formed between atoms sharing _____ valence electrons.

a) one
b) two
c) three
d) six
e) eight

A

d) six

70
Q

In a polar covalent bond, the atom that has the most electronegativity will have a

a) full negative charge (-1).
b) full positive charge (+1).
c) partial negative charge.
d) partial positive charge.
e) neutral charge.

A

c) partial negative charge.

71
Q

Which of the following is a general term used to refer to the sum of all the chemical reactions occurring in the body?

a) anabolism
b) catabolism
c) metabolism
d) catalysis
e) homeostasis

A

c) metabolism

72
Q

The energy stored in the bonds of the molecules in the foods that humans eat is

  1. a form of kinetic energy.
  2. a form of potential energy.
  3. referred to as chemical energy.

a) 1 only
b) 2 only
c) 3 only
d) 2 and 3
e) All of these choices

A
  1. a form of potential energy.
  2. referred to as chemical energy.

d) 2 and 3

73
Q

The initial energy “investment” needed to start a chemical reaction in a cell is called the

a) energy of products.
b) energy of reactants.
c) potential energy.
d) Gibb’s free energy.
e) activation energy.

A

e) activation energy.

74
Q

All of the following are characteristics of anabolism EXCEPT:

a) It involves synthesizing new biomolecules.
b) It primarily involves endergonic reactions.
c) It releases large amounts of energy.
d) An example of anabolism is linking amino acids together to form proteins.
e) An example is the formation of two ammonia molecules from one nitrogen molecule and three hydrogen molecules.

A

c) It releases large amounts of energy.

75
Q

AB + CD → AD + BC is a general example of a(n) _____ reaction.

a) decomposition
b) synthesis
c) exchange
d) reversible
e) catalyzed

A

c) exchange

Biology 235 RN :!: (29 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions