Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology 235 RN :!: > P3 chapter 23 THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM > Flashcards

P3 chapter 23 THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
NCLEX-RN® flashcards AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Chemoreceptors in the brain are activated primarily by the presence in the cerebrospinal fluid of

a. hydrogen ions
b. oxygen ions
c. carbonic acid
d. bicarbonate ions

A

a. hydrogen ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Carbon dioxide binds to the globin portion of hemoglobin to form

a. oxyhemoglobin
b. hemoglobin
c. carbonic anhydrase
d. carbaminohemoglobin

A

d. carbaminohemoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Mucous membranes of the nasal passages, pharynx and trachea are lined with what type of epithelium?

a. stratified columnar
b. simple squamous
c. pseudostratified ciliated columnar
d. proprioceptors

A

c. pseudostratified ciliated columnar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The enzyme carbonic anhydrase causes

a. carbon dioxide to react with water
b. carbon dioxide to react with bicarbonate ions
c. hydrogen ions to react with bicarbonate ions
d. hydrogen ions to react with water

A

a. carbon dioxide to react with water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The term pulmonary ventilation refers to

a. external respiration
b. cellular respiration
c. internal respiration
d. breathing

A

d. breathing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

If the air we breath contains 10 percent of Gas X, the partial pressure of Gas X is

a. 760 mm Hg
b. 76 mm Hg
c. 7.6 mm Hg
d. 0.76 mm Hg

A

b. 76 mm Hg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Nerves, pulmonary vessels, and bronchi enter the lungs at the

a. cupola
b. hilus
c. base
d. costal surface

A

b. hilus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

As blood enters the systemic capillaries

a. PO2 is high in the blood and low in the tissues
b. PO2 is low in the blood and high in the tissues
c. PCO2 is high in the blood and low in the tissues
d. PCO2 is high in the blood and high in the tissues

A

b. PO2 is low in the blood and high in the tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The first respiratory branches after the trachea are called

a. lobar bronchi
b. segmental bronchi
c. primary bronchi
d. respiratory bronchi

A

c. primary bronchi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

When oxygen combines with heme, what is formed?

a. oxyhemoglobin
b. hemoglobin
c. carbaminohemoglobin
d. carbonic acid

A

a. oxyhemoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The right lung has

a. 2 fissures and 3 lobes
b. 1 fissure, 2 lobes, and the cardiac notch
c. 2 fissures, 3 lobes, and the cardiac notch
d. 1 fissure and 2 lobes

A

a. 2 fissures and 3 lobes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Tidal volume is

a. the amount of air that can be forced from the lungs after normal exhalation
b. the volume of air in one breath during normal relaxed breathing
c. about 5,800 mL
d. about 3,000 ml

A

b. the volume of air in one breath during normal relaxed breathing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

During swallowing, the glottis is covered by

a. hyaline cartilage rings
b. the epiglottis
c. pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
d. the tongue

A

b. the epiglottis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Some hydrogen ions in the blood are produced by the dissociation of

a. bicarbonate
b. carbonic acid
c. carbonic anhydrase
d. carbaminohemoglobin

A

b. carbonic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The amount of oxygen that can combine with heme is determined mainly by the

a. systolic blood pressure
b. partial pressure of oxygen
c. concentration of hydrogen ions
d. concentration of carbonic anhydrase

A

b. partial pressure of oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

During inspiration

a. alveolar pressure decreases
b. the thoracic cavity decreases in size
c. external intercostal muscles pull ribs down and in
d. posterior intercostal muscles contract

A

a. alveolar pressure decreases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Internal respiration occurs

a. between atmosphere and blood
b. between systemic capillaries and tissue cells
c. in bronchi and trachea
d. in the lungs

A

b. between systemic capillaries and tissue cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The amount of oxygen released by the hemoglobin molecules in the blood to the tissues

a. decreases as PCO2 increases
b. increases as blood pH decreases (acidity increases)
c. decreases as temperature increases
d. increases as PCO2 decreases

A

b. increases as blood pH decreases (acidity increases)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Most carbon dioxide is carried in the blood

a. as part of a bicarbonate ion
b. as carbonic anhydrase
c. as dissolved carbon dioxide gas
d. bound to hemoglobin

A

a. as part of a bicarbonate ion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

The respiratory membrane consists of a.

a single layer of epithelial cells

b. a single layer of epithelial cells and a basement membrane
c. two layers of epithelial cells and 2 basement membranes
d. two layers of epithelial cells

A

c. two layers of epithelial cells and 2 basement membranes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

In the lungs

a. PCO2 is high in the alveoli and low in the capillaries
b. PO2 is low in the alveoli and high in the capillaries
c. PCO2 is low in the alveoli and high in the capillaries
d. PO2 is low in the alveoli and low in the capillaries

A

c. PCO2 is low in the alveoli and high in the capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Surface tension of the alveolar fluid is reduced by the presence of

a. surfactant
b. serotonin
c. histamine
d. hyaline cartilage rings

A

a. surfactant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Exchange of respiratory gases occurs in all of the following except the

a. alveolar ducts
b. alveoli
c. respiratory bronchioles
d. terminal bronchioles

A

d. terminal bronchioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

The phrenic nerves innervate the

a. trachea
b. visceral pleura
c. alveoli
d. diaphragm

A

d. diaphragm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

The vocal cords are found in the a. glottis b. pharynx c. larynx d. trachea

A

c. larynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Lung compliance is affected mainly by the amount of elastic tissue in the lungs and the

a. thickness of cartilage in the trachea
b. partial pressure of oxygen in inhaled air
c. diameter of the bronchioles
d. amount of surfactant

A

d. amount of surfactant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

The rhythm of normal breathing is controlled by neurons located in the

a. cerebellum
b. vagus nerve
c. spinal cord
d. medulla oblongata

A

d. medulla oblongata

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Epithelial cells of the respiratory tract are ciliated. The function of the cilia is to

a. trap incoming bacteria and debris
b. secrete mucus
c. move mucus toward the pharynx
d. respond to olfactory stimuli

A

c. move mucus toward the pharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

During internal and external respiration, gases move by

a. osmosis
b. active transport
c. endocytosis
d. diffusion

A

d. diffusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

When the diaphragm lowers during breathing

a. volume in the thoracic cavity increases
b. alveolar pressure increases
c. external intercostal muscles relax
d. pleural cavity decreases in size

A

a. volume in the thoracic cavity increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

An individual with abnormally large alveoli suffers from

a. emphysema
b. pneumonia
c. pneumothorax
d. pleurisy

A

a. emphysema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Functionally, the bronchi are considered to be part of the _____ portion of the respiratory system

a. upper
b. lower
c. conducting
d. respiratory

A

c. conducting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

We hold our breath by closing off the opening of the larynx using the

a. ventricular folds (false vocal cords)
b. vocal folds (true vocal cords)
c. epiglottis
d. soft palate

A

a. ventricular folds (false vocal cords)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Which of the chemical reactions below would NOT be proceeding mainly in the indicated direction as blood flows through a capillary in your triceps muscle?

a. H2 + CO2 H2CO3
b. H+ + HCO3- H2CO3
c. Hb-O2 Hb + O2
d. Hb + CO2 Hb-CO2

A

b. H+ + HCO3- H2CO3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

The most sensitive region of the respiratory tract for triggering the cough reflex is the a. larynx b. epiglottis c. carina d. bronchioles

A

c. carina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

The smallest and last tube the air flows through before it reaches the alveoli is the

a. tertiary bronchiole
b. terminal bronchiole
c. respiratory bronchiole
d. alveolar duct

A

d. alveolar duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

The total surface area of all the alveoli is huge, about the size of a

a. large garbage can
b. telephone booth
c. handball court
d. football field

A

c. handball court

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

In conditions of hypoxia (low oxygen level)

a. both pulmonary and systemic blood vessels constrict, reducing blood flow
b. pulmonary vessels constrict and reduce blood flow, systemic vessels dilate and increase blood flow
c. pulmonary blood vessels dilate and increase blood flow, systemic blood vessels constrict and reduce blood flow
d. both pulmonary and systemic blood vessels dilate, increasing blood flow

A

b. pulmonary vessels constrict and reduce blood flow, systemic vessels dilate and increase blood flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Which of the following muscles is NOT an active muscle of forceful expiration?

a. diaphragm
b. rectus abdominis
c. internal intercostals
d. transversus abdominis

A

a. diaphragm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

During normal quiet breathing, the diaphragm descends and the alveolar pressure decreases about

a. 0.5 mm Hg
b. 2 mm Hg
c. 10 mm Hg
d. 100 mm Hg

A

b. 2 mm Hg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

When we inhale

a. both alveolar pressure and intrapleural pressure decrease
b. both alveolar pressure and intrapleural pressure increase
c. alveolar pressure increases and intrapleural pressure decreases
d. alveolar pressure decreases and intrapleural pressure increases

A

a. both alveolar pressure and intrapleural pressure decrease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

A modified respiratory pattern involves a series of convulsive inspirations followed by a single prolonged expiration. This pattern is characteristic of

a. crying
b. sobbing
c. laughing
d. sighing

A

b. sobbing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

After you inhale in a quiet inhalation, which lung volume does not contain any air?

a. residual volume
b. expiratory reserve volume
c. tidal volume
d. inspiratory reserve volume

A

d. inspiratory reserve volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Which of the following is NOT a conducting zone action? a) Clean air of debris b) Conduct air into the lungs c) Add water to air d) Warm air e) All of these are actions of the conducting zone.

A

e) All of these are actions of the conducting zone.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Although air contains about 79 percent nitrogen, very little of it dissolves in blood plasma because of its low solubility coefficient. This is an example of

a. Boyle’s law
b. Dalton’s law
c. Henry’s law
d. the Bohr effect

A

c. Henry’s law

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Which of the following is likely in a patient with pulmonary edema?

a. difficulty exhaling due to increased surface tension
b. difficulty inhaling due to loss of lung elastic fibers
c. decreased rate of gas exchange due to increased diffusion distance
d. increased rate of gas exchange due to decreased diffusion distance

A

c. decreased rate of gas exchange due to increased diffusion distance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

At a partial pressure of 105 mm Hg in the alveoli, the percent saturation of hemoglobin with oxygen in the pulmonary capillaries will be

a. almost 100 percent
b. about 90 percent, depending on the rate of blood flow
c. 80 percent or more, depending on how hard we breathe
d. 75 percent, because the solubility of oxygen in water is low

A

a. almost 100 percent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

At a PO2 of 40 mm Hg (the average partial pressure of oxygen in tissues at rest) the blood will release about _____ of the oxygen it is carrying

a. 10 percent
b. 25 percent
c. 50 percent
d. 90 percent

A

b. 25 percent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

In normal, quiet breathing, the basic rhythm of respiration is determined almost entirely by the autorhythmic cells of the

a. expiratory area
b. inspiratory area
c. pneumotaxic area
d. apneustic area

A

b. inspiratory area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

By age seventy, the vital capacity can decrease as much as

a. 10 percent
b. 20 percent
c. 35 percent
d. 50 percent

A

c. 35 percent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

The most common infectious cause of death in the United States is

a. pneumonia
b. influenza
c. tuberculosis
d. coryza

A

a. pneumonia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

An increase in pulmonary capillary permeability or an increase in pulmonary capillary pressure leads to

a. pulmonary embolism
b. respiratory stress syndrome
c. asthma
d. pulmonary edema

A

d. pulmonary edema

53
Q

Which of the following is NOT part of the upper respiratory system?

a) Nose
b) Oral cavity
c) Pharynx
d) Trachea
e) Nasal meatuses

A

d) Trachea

54
Q

Which of the following is NOT a factor that determines the rate of pulmonary and systemic gas exchange?

a) Partial pressure difference of gases
b) surface are availability for gas exchange
c) Diffusion distance
d) Molecular weight and solubility of the gases
e) All of these are factors that determine the rate of pulmonary and systemic gas exchange.

A

e) All of these are factors that determine the rate of pulmonary and systemic gas exchange.

55
Q

Which of the following is a passageway for air, food and water?

a) Pharynx
b) Larynx
c) Paranasal sinuses
d) Trachea
e) Esophagus

A

a) Pharynx

56
Q

Which structure prevents food or water from entering the trachea?

a) Arytenoid cartilage
b) Epiglottis
c) Nasopharynx
d) Thyroid cartilage
e) Paranasal sinus

A

b) Epiglottis

57
Q

The gas law that describes the pressure changes that occur during pulmonary ventilation is

a) Boyle’s law
b) Charles’ law
c) Henry’s law
d) The inhalation law
e) The law of partial pressure

A

a) Boyle’s law

58
Q

Which structure is located anterior to the esophagus and carries air to the bronchi?

a) Trachea
b) Larynx
c) Nasopharynx
d) Pharynx
e) None of these choices

A

a) Trachea

59
Q

Which of the following is the primary gas exchange site?

a) Trachea
b) Bronchiole
c) Nasal sinuses
d) Alveolus
e) Bronchus

A

d) Alveolus

60
Q

Which of the below tissues maintains open airways in the lower respiratory system?

a) stratified squamous epithelium with keratin
b) ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells
c) hyaline cartilage
d) mucus membrane
e) bone

A

c) hyaline cartilage

61
Q

Which of the below tissues provides the functions of the inner layer of the conducting organs?

a) stratified squamous epithelium with keratin
b) ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells
c) ciliated cuboidal epithelium with goblet cells
d) transitional epithelium with cilia
e) columnar connective tissue with goblet cells

A

b) ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells

62
Q

The point where the trachea divides into right and left primary bronchi is a ridge called

a) Carina
b) Secondary bronchioles
c) Parietal pleura
d) Visceral pleura
e) Diaphragm

A

a) Carina

63
Q

Which of the below tissues forms the exchange surfaces of the alveolus?

a) stratified squamous epithelium
b) ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells
c) simple squamous epithelium
d) hyaline cartilage
e) columnar connective tissue with goblet cells

A

c) simple squamous epithelium

64
Q

Which of the following are cells of the alveoli that produce surfactant?

a) Type I alveolar cells
b) Type II alveolar cells
c) Type III alveolar cells
d) Surface cells
e) Macrophages

A

b) Type II alveolar cells

65
Q

Which of the following is NOT a factor that affects pulmonary ventilation?

a) Lung compliance
b) Suface tension of alveolar fluid
c) Elastic recoil of the chest wall and lungs
d) Airway resistance
e) All of these are factors that affect pulmonary ventilation

A

e) All of these are factors that affect pulmonary ventilation

66
Q

Which of the following indicates the direction of diffusion of gases at the alveoli of the lungs?

a) Oxygen into blood, Carbon dioxide into blood
b) Oxygen out of blood, Carbon dioxide into blood
c) Oxygen into blood, Carbon dioxide out of blood
d) Oxygen out of blood, Carbon dioxide out of blood

A

c) Oxygen into blood, Carbon dioxide out of blood

67
Q

Exhalation begins when

a) Inspiratory muscles relax
b) Diaphragm contracts
c) Blood circulation is the lowest
d) Both Inspiratory muscles relax and Diaphragm contracts
e) All of these choices

A

a) Inspiratory muscles relax

68
Q

Which of the following is the sum of the residual and the expiratory reserve volume?

a) Total lung capacity
b) Functional residual capacity
c) Inspiratory capacity
d) Vital capacity
e) Minimal volume

A

b) Functional residual capacity

69
Q

Which of the following is NOT a factor that the rate of pulmonary and systemic gas exchange depends on?

a) Partial pressure difference of the gases
b) Surface area for gas exchange
c) Diffusion distance
d) Molecular weight and solubility of the gases
e) Force of contraction of diaphragm

A

e) Force of contraction of diaphragm

70
Q

Which of the following is the dominant method of carbon dioxide transport?

a) Bound to hemoglobin
b) Bound to oxygen
c) Dissolved in plasma as a gas
d) Dissolved in plasma as bicarbonate ions
e) Diffusion

A

d) Dissolved in plasma as bicarbonate ions

71
Q

When blood pH drops, the amount of oxyhemoglobin _____ and oxygen delivery to the tissue cells _____.

a) Increases, increases
b) Increases, decreases
c) Decreases, increases
d) Decreases, decreases
e) Does not change, does not change

A

c) Decreases, increases

72
Q

Which of the following is a factor that does NOT affect hemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen?

a) pH of blood
b) Partial pressure of the oxygen
c) Amount of oxygen available
d) Temperature
e) Respiratory rate

A

e) Respiratory rate

73
Q

Where are the nasal conchae?

a) A
b) C
c) T
d) U
e) V

A

b) C

74
Q

Which tonsils are found in the oropharynx?

a) V
b) R
c) S
d) Q
e) U

A

b) R

75
Q

What structure is also referred to as the Adam’s Apple?

a) G
b) H
c) I
d) J
e) K

A

d) J

76
Q

Where is the larynx?

a) I
b) M
c) L
d) N
e) O

A

a) I

77
Q

Where is the uvula?

a) E
b) F
c) Q
d) S
e) U

A

d) S

78
Q

Where are the palatine tonsils?

a) E
b) F
c) R
d) U
e) None of these choices

A

c) R

79
Q

Where is the soft palate?

a) C
b) E
c) G
d) Q
e) S

A

b) E

80
Q

Where is the epiglottis?

a) O
b) R
c) S
d) F
e) Q

A

a) O

81
Q

Where are the olfactory receptors found?

a) A
b) B
c) C
d) D
e) U

A

b) B

82
Q

Where is the middle nasal concha?

a) A
b) B
c) C
d) D
e) E

A

b) B

83
Q

Where is the inferior nasal concha?

a) A
b) B
c) C
d) D
e) E

A

c) C

84
Q

What is E pointing to?

a) Soft palate
b) Ethmoid bone
c) Hard palate
d) Nasal septum
e) Air cells

A

d) Nasal septum

85
Q

What is line D pointing to?

a) Thyrohyoid membrane
b) Corniculate cartilage
c) Cricothyroid ligament
d) Cricoid cartilage
e) Tracheal cartilage

A

b) Corniculate cartilage

86
Q

Where is the cricoid cartilage?

a) D
b) E
c) F
d) G
e) H

A

e) H

87
Q

Where is the tracheal cartilage?

a) J
b) I
c) H
d) G
e) F

A

a) J

88
Q

What is line A pointing to?

a) Hyoid bone
b) Trachea
c) Adams Apple
d) Thyroid
e) Epiglottis

A

e) Epiglottis

89
Q

What is line J pointing to?

a) Right secondary bronchus
b) Left secondary bronchus
c) Right primary bronchus
d) Left primary bronchus
e) Carina

A

d) Left primary bronchus

90
Q

Where is the right bronchiole?

a) F
b) G
c) H
d) L
e) M

A

b) G

91
Q

What lines are pointing to tertiary bronchi?

a) E and K
b) D and J
c) F and L
d) H and M
e) A and B

A

c) F and L

92
Q

What is line B pointing to?

a) Carina
b) Visceral pleura
c) Parietal pleura
d) Pleural cavity
e) Diaphragm

A

c) Parietal pleura

93
Q

Which letter represents the primary gas exchange structure?

a) A
b) B
c) C
d) E

A

d) E

94
Q

What is line C pointing to?

a) Terminal bronchiole
b) Respiratory bronchiole
c) Alveolar ducts
d) Alveolar sac
e) Alveoli

A

c) Alveolar ducts

95
Q

Where is the terminal bronchiole?

a) A
b) B
c) C
d) D
e) E

A

a) A

96
Q

Which structure provides disease resistance within the lungs?

a) A
b) B
c) C
d) D
e) None of these choices

A

d) D

97
Q

Which cells are the main sites of gas exchange?

a) A
b) B
c) C
d) D
e) All of these choices

A

c) C

98
Q

Which cell secretes surfactant?

a) A
b) B
c) C
d) D
e) None of these choices

A

a) A

99
Q

Describe the inward forces of elastic recoil, and explain why the lungs do not normally collapse during expiration.

A

Elastic recoil is the recoil of elastic fibers stretched during inspiration and the pull of the surface tension of alveolar fluid. Intrapleural pressure is always subatmospheric during normal breathing, which tends to pull lungs outward and to keep alveolar pressure from equalizing with atmospheric pressure. Surfactant in alveolar fluid decreases surface tension to help prevent collapse.

100
Q

Why is epinephrine injected as a treatment for the respiratory signs and symptoms of anaphylaxis?

A

Epinephrine enhances sympathetic activity to dilate airways and decrease airway resistance, which had been elevated by the effects of histamine on the bronchioles. It also raises blood pressure, which enhances oxygen delivery to tissues by increasing flow.

101
Q

Describe and explain the effects of smoking on the functioning of the respiratory system

A

Nicotine constricts terminal bronchioles to increase airway resistance, as does the increased mucus secretion and swelling of the mucosa. Smoke inhibits the movement of cilia, which allows buildup of substances and microbes normally removed. Over time, smoking leads to destruction of elastic tissue, which decreases compliance, and ultimately to the effects of emphysema.

102
Q

Describe the neural, chemical, and physical changes that increase the rate and depth of ventilation during exercise.

A

: Anticipation of exercise generates neural input to the limbic system. Sensory input is provided from proprioceptors and motor input is provided from the primary motor cortex. As the partial pressure of oxygen falls due to increased consumption, the partial pressure of carbon dioxide and the temperature increase due to metabolic activity in muscle fibers. Also, carbon dioxide is added via the buffering of the hydrogen ions produced as a result of lactic acid production. Chemoreceptors sense the changes in partial pressure and notify the medullary rhythmicity center to increase the rate and depth of breathing.

103
Q

In chronic emphysema, some alveoli merge together and some are replaced with fibrous connective tissue. In addition, the bronchioles are often inflamed, and expiratory volume is reduced. Using proper respiratory system terminology, explain at least four reasons why affected individuals will have problems with ventilation and external respiration.

A

reduced compliance (reduces ability to increase thoracic volume); increased airway resistance (decreases tidal volume); decreased diffusion due to increased diffusion distance, decreased surface area, and changes in partial pressures of gases (altering gradients). Other answers may be acceptable.

104
Q

Normal quiet breathing is controlled by the?

a) Pontine respiratory group
b) Medullary respiratory center dorsal respiratory group
c) Medullary respiratory center ventral respiratory group
d) Medullary respiratory center dorsal respiratory group and medullary respiratory center ventral respiratory group
e) all of these

A

e) all of these

105
Q

What area in the figure is the sum of the tidal volume and the inspiratory reserve volume?

a) A
b) B
c) G
d) E
e) H

A

d) E

106
Q

What area in the figure is the sum of the tidal volume and the inspiratory reserve volume and expiratory reserve volume?

a) H
b) B
c) G
d) E
e) F

A

e) F

107
Q

What area in the figure is the sum of the vital capacity and residual volume?

a) B
b) A
c) G
d) D
e) F

A

c) G

108
Q

What area in the figure is the sum of the residual volume and the expiratory reserve volume?

a) H
b) A
c) G
d) E
e) F

A

a) H

109
Q

What area in the figure represents a very deep inhalation, much greater than the tidal volume?

a) B
b) A
c) G
d) E
e) F

A

b) A

110
Q

What area in the figure represents the volume of a normal breath?

a) B
b) A
c) G
d) E
e) F

A

a) B

111
Q

What area in the figure represents the volume of air remaining in the lungs after a deep exhalation?

a) C
b) H
c) D
d) B
e) G

A

c) D

112
Q

What area in the figure represents a very deep exhalation, much greater than the tidal volume?

a) C
b) H
c) D
d) B
e) G

A

a) C

113
Q

Which of the following is a forced exhalation against the closed rima glottidis as may occur during periods of straining while defecating?

a) sobbing
b) coughing
c) crying
d) hiccupping
e) Valsalva maneuver

A

e) Valsalva maneuver

114
Q

Which of the following is a spasmodic contraction of the diaphragm followed by spasmodic closure of the rima glottidis, which produces a sharp sound on inhalation?

a) sneezing
b) coughing
c) laughing
d) hiccupping
e) Valsalva maneuver

A

d) hiccupping

115
Q

Which of the following is an inhalation followed by many short convulsive exhalations during which the rima glottidis remains open and the vocal folds vibrate, accompanied by characteristic facial expressions?

a) sneezing
b) yawning
c) hiccupping
d) laughing
e) Valsalva maneuver

A

d) laughing

116
Q

Which of the following is an inhalation followed by many short convulsive exhalations during which the rima glottidis remains open and the vocal folds vibrate, accompanied by characteristic facial expressions?

a) sneezing
b) yawning
c) hiccupping
d) crying
e) Valsalva maneuver

A

d) crying

117
Q

Which of the following is a series of convulsive inhalations followed by a single prolonged exhalation where the rima glottidis closes earlier than normal after each inhalation so only a little air enters the lung with each inhalation?

a) sobbing
b) sneezing
c) coughing
d) hiccupping
e) Valsalva maneuver

A

a) sobbing

118
Q

Which of the following is a deep inhalation through a widely opened mouth producing an exaggerated depression of the mandible, the precise cause of which is unknown?

a) sobbing
b) yawning
c) coughing
d) laughing
e) hiccupping

A

b) yawning

119
Q
A
120
Q

Which of the following is a long drawn and deep inhalation immediately followed by a shorter but forceful exhalation?

a) sobbing
b) yawning
c) sighing
d) hiccupping
e) Valsalva maneuver

A

c) sighing

121
Q

Which of the following is a spasmodic contraction of the muscles of exhalation that forcefully expels air through the nose and mouth?

a) sobbing
b) sneezing
c) coughing
d) sighing
e) Valsalva maneuver

A

b) sneezing

122
Q

Which of the following is a long drawn and deep inhalation followed by a complete closure of the rima glottidis, which results in a strong exhalation, pushing the rima glottidis open and sending a blast of air through the upper respiratory passages?

a) crying
b) sneezing
c) coughing
d) sighing
e) Valsalva maneuver

A

c) coughing

123
Q

Which structure in the figure is the hyoid bone?

a) A
b) B
c) D
d) F
e) G

A

a) A

124
Q

Which structure in the figure is the ventricular fold?

a) F
b) D
c) C
d) E
e) G

A

c) C

125
Q

Which structure in the figure is the vocal fold?

a) F
b) D
c) C
d) E
e) G

A

d) E

126
Q

Where is the rhythmicity center for respiration?

a) in the medulla
b) in the pons
c) in the cerebrum
d) in the hypothalamus
e) in the cerebellum

A

a) in the medulla

127
Q

With which body system does the respiratory system work to regulate the pH of body fluids?

a) muscular
b) digestive
c) nervous
d) endocrine
e) urinary

A

e) urinary

128
Q
A

Biology 235 RN :!: (29 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions