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VANA 101 > Osteology - The Skull And Thoracic Limb > Flashcards

Osteology - The Skull And Thoracic Limb Flashcards

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1
Q

The part of the skeleton within the head is the?

A

skull

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2
Q

skull protects the?

A

brain

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3
Q

skull supports many of the?

A

sense organs

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4
Q

skull forms passages for entry to the?

A

digestive and respiratory systems

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5
Q

Skull consist of cranial part called?

A

Braincase

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6
Q

braincase surrounds the?

A

brain, and the facial part

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7
Q

The skull is a very complex structure made mostly of what bones?

A

flat bones

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8
Q

All the bones of the skull are connected and fixed in place, except for the?

A

mandible

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9
Q

The mandible is unique because it’s attached to the skull with what joint?

A

movable joint( temporomandibular joint )

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10
Q

the bones of the skull are connected by interlocking joints called?

A

sutures

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11
Q

Suture joints are characterized by what apperance?

A

saw-toothed or serrated appearance

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12
Q

What is the function of suture?

A

keeps the bones attached with one another, but allows the cranium to expand and contract while remaining intact

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13
Q

Caudal and Dorsal Walls of skull contains:

A
  • Occipital bone
  • Parietal bone
  • Interparietal bone
  • Frontal bones
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14
Q

Lateral and Ventral Walls of skull contains:

A
  • Temporal bones
  • Sphenoid bone
  • Ethmoid bone
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15
Q

The rostral wall of the skull contains which bone?

A

The ethmoid bone (unpaired).

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16
Q

Bome that contains the middle and inner ears

A

Temporal bone

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17
Q

This bone supports the brain and pituitary gland

A

Sphenoid bone

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18
Q

This bone presents numerous openings for passage of the olfactory nerves associated with the sense of smell

A

Ethmoid bone

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19
Q

Facial portion of the skull can be divided into 3 regions:

A

○ Orbit
○ Nasal
○ Oral

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20
Q

Portion of skull that means circle

A

Orbit

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21
Q

Orbit is surrounded by portions of what bones?

A

frontal, lacrimal and zygomatic bones

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22
Q

frontal, lacrimal and zygomatic bones participate in the formation of the?

A

zygomatic arch

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23
Q

zygomatic arch borders the?

A

ventral and caudal parts of the orbit

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24
Q

the bony arch forming the lateral wall of the orbit.

A

Zygomatic arch

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25
Q

Zygomatic arch consists of?

A

zygomatic bone and the zygomatic processes of the temporal bone

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26
Q

the depression in the medial margins of the orbit.

A

Lacrimal fossa

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27
Q

It collects tears and sends them through the lacrimal canal which opens into the nasal cavity

A

Lacrimal fossa

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28
Q

the rostral opening of the infraorbital canal, located in the maxillary bone

A

Infraorbital foramen

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29
Q

the paired structures lateral to the foramen magnum that articulates with the first cervical vertebra (atlas)

A

Occipital condyles

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30
Q

the ventral projection near the occipital condyles

A

Paracondylar (jugular) process

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31
Q

the large opening caudal to the zygomatic arch where the external ear attaches

A

External acoustic meatus

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32
Q

In life, External acoustic meatus is covered by?

A

ear drum

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33
Q
  • located caudal to the external acoustic meatus
  • It is an attachment site for muscles
A

Mastoid process

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34
Q

the caudal process of the occipital bone

A

External occipital protuberance

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35
Q

the transverse ridge at the transition from the dorsal to the caudal (nuchal) surfaces of the skull

A

Nuchal crest

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36
Q

the depression formed by the temporal and parietal bones

A

Temporal fossa

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37
Q

the rostral bony opening into the nasal cavity

A

Nasal aperture

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38
Q

extends rostrally from the external occipital protuberance on the midline (absent in ruminants)

A

Median sagittal crest

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39
Q

The large opening into the cranial cavity for continuity of the spinal cord and brain

A

Foramen magnum

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40
Q

the smooth bulbous enlargement on the ventral side of the temporal bone housing the middle ear

A

Tympanic bulla

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41
Q

The area on the zygomatic arch for articulation with the articular process (condyle) of the mandible

A

Mandibular fossa

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42
Q

the passageway for the optic nerve from the eyeball to the brain

A

Optic canal

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43
Q

It is rostral to many other foramina that allow passage of other cranial nerves

A

Optic canal

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44
Q

The two bony openings, at the caudal end of the hard palate, leading from the nasal cavity into the pharynx

A

Choanae or caudal nares

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45
Q

the horizontal parts of the incisive, palatine and maxillary bones, separating the nasal and oral cavities

A

Hard palate

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46
Q

the space in the cranium containing the brain, its meninges and blood vessels

A

Cranial cavity

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47
Q

the depression in the floor of the cranial cavity (sphenoid bone) holding the pituitary gland (hypophysis)

A

Hypophyseal fossa

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48
Q

the rostral part of the wall of the cranial cavity

A

Cribriform plate

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49
Q

Cribriform plate has many holes in the ethmoid bone allow the passage of the?

A

olfactory nerve

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50
Q

the hollow space behind the nose, surrounded by the facial bones

A

Nasal cavity

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51
Q

What divides the nasal cavity?

A

nasal septum

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52
Q

What bones are found inside each half of the nasal cavity?

A

ventral nasal conchae and ethmoturbinate bones

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53
Q

a scroll bone filling the rostral part of the nasal cavity

A

Ventral nasal concha

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54
Q

the largest nasal turbinate of the ethmoid bone

A

Dorsal nasal concha

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55
Q

the bone in the caudal nasal cavity

A

Ethmoid bone

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56
Q

Ethmoid bone has many bony scrolls called?

A

ethmoturbinates

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57
Q

Right and left nasal passages are separated longitudinally by what bone?

A

vomer bone and a cartilaginous and bony septum

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58
Q

arise from the lateral walls of the nasal cavity and project into the nasal passages

A

Scroll-like conchae (turbinate bones)

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59
Q

Covered with highly vascular mucous membrane that helps warm and humidify the inspired air

A

Conchae

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60
Q

Conchae on the caudal parts of the nasal cavity feature the ? , which contains the nerve cells specialized to detect odors

A

olfactory epithelium

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61
Q

the cavity (paranasal sinus) within the frontal bone

A

Frontal sinus

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62
Q

Largest and only mobile bone of the mammalian skull

A

Mandible

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63
Q

Mandible holds the lower teeth and consists of a right and left half united at the?

A

mandibular symphysis

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64
Q

the horizontal part bearing the lower incisor, canine, premolar and molar teeth of mandible

A

Body

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65
Q

the rostral opening of the mandibular canal

A

Mental foramen

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66
Q

the vertical part of the mandible bearing teeth

A

Ramus

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67
Q

the smooth process which articulates with the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone to form the temporomandibular joint

A

Articular (condylar) process

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68
Q

the opening on the medial side of the ramus leading into the mandibular canal

A

Mandibular foramen

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69
Q
  • a bony framework that gives support to the pharynx (throat) and provides attachment to some pharyngeal, laryngeal, and lingual muscles
A

Hyoid apparatus

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70
Q

the unpaired hyoid bone

A

Basihyoid

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71
Q

articulates with the base of the skull at the petrus temporal. A paired bone

A

Stylohyoid

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72
Q

A paired hyoid bone next to stylohyoid and ceratohyoid bone

A

Epihyoid

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73
Q

A paired hyoid bone next to epihyoid, thyrohyoid and basihyoid bone

A

Ceratohyoid

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74
Q

articulates with the thyroid cartilage of the larynx. A paired hyoid bone

A

Thyrohyoid

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75
Q

○ Spine or backbone
○ Protects the spinal cord, supports the head and serves as attachment for the muscles affecting body movements
○ It extends from the skull through the tail and consists of irregular bones - vertebrae
○ The vertebrae are firmly joined by slightly moveable joints
○ All the vertebral joints together allow a great amount of movement

A

Vertebral column

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76
Q

○ The irregularly-shaped bones making up the spinal column
○ Each group is represented by its first letter followed by the number
representing how many are in each section

A

Vertebrae

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77
Q

Vertebrae are grouped by location into?

A

cervical (neck) , thoracic (cranial back) ,
lumbar (loin), sacral (croup) and caudal (tail) vertebrae

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78
Q

Canine vertebral formula:

A

C7 T13 L7 S3 Ca n

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79
Q

The number of each type of vertebrae is constant except the?

A

caudal ones

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80
Q

can be used as a rough estimate of the caudal vertebrae with some dogs having more and some less

A

Twenty

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81
Q

Common features of a typical vertebra are the?

A

body, vertebral arch, vertebral foramen and processes

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82
Q

○ The opening between vertebrae formed by caudal and cranial notches of adjacent vertebrae
○ These openings allow passage of the spinal nerves

A

Intervertebral foramen

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83
Q

the fibrocartilages connecting the bodies of adjacent vertebrae

A

Intervertebral discs

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84
Q

the space formed by the vertebral arch and the body

A

Vertebral foramen

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85
Q

of all the vertebrae form the vertebral canal, housing the spinal cord

A

vertebral foramina

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86
Q

formed in the live animal by all vertebral foramina

A

Vertebral canal

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87
Q

○ The dorsal part of a vertebra that arises from the body
○ It consists of two upright pedicles forming the walls of the vertebral foramen
○ From the pedicles, two lamina project to the midline and form the roof of the vertebral foramen

A

Vertebral arch

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88
Q
  • the thick, spool-shaped ventral portion of the vertebra
  • It is convex cranially and concave caudally to articulate with adjacent vertebrae
A

Body

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89
Q

The spine and the two transverse processes provide sites for?

A

muscle attachment

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90
Q

form synovial joints with adjacent vertebrae

A

4 articular processes (2 cranial; 2 caudal)

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91
Q

Lamina + pedicle = ?

A

Vertebral arch

92
Q

the dorsal projection of the vertebral arch

A

Spinous process or spine

93
Q
  • the lateral extension of the vertebral arch
  • they divide the muscles of the back into dorsal (epaxial) and ventral (hypaxial) groups
A

Transverse process

94
Q

the four articular process is divided into?

A

two cranial and two caudal (8’ and 8”)

95
Q

● The seven vertebrae of the neck in all mammals, characterized by a transverse foramen (except C7)

A

Cervical Vertebrae

96
Q

The 7 Cervical Vertebrae of the neck in all mammals, characterized by a transverse foramen except?

A

C7

97
Q

cervical vertebrae that are atypical

A

Atlas & axis

98
Q
  • the spinous process is absent
  • articulates with the occipital condyles of the skull cranially and with the axis caudally
A

Atlas

99
Q

The body of the axis features a cranial projection called the?

A

dens

100
Q

the hole through the transverse process of C1-C6, together forming the transverse canal

A

Transverse foramen

101
Q

Transverse foramen is the hole through the transverse process of C1-C6, together forming the?

A

transverse canal

102
Q

of the cervical vertebrae are divided into ventral and dorsal tubercles

A

Transverse process

103
Q

large ventral projections which on a radiograph are used as landmarks and often called the “sleds”

A

Sixth cervical vertebra’s transverse process

104
Q

has a higher spinous process, an articular facet on the caudal end of its body for the head of the first rib, and no transverse foramen

A

Seventh cervical vertebra

105
Q
  • the “yes” joint
  • formed between the atlas and the occipital bone of the cranium
A

Atlanto-occipital joint

106
Q
  • the “no” joint
  • formed between the atlas and the axis
A

Atlanto-axial joint

107
Q

the peg-like cranial process forming a pivot articulation with the atlas, allowing pivotal motion

A

Dens

108
Q

the portion of the atlas replacing the body of other vertebrae

A

Ventral arch

109
Q

the large lateral masses that are modified transverse processes

A

Wings

110
Q

the thoracic vertebra with the most vertically oriented spin

A

Anticlinal vertebrae

111
Q

Anticlinal vertebrae is the thoracic vertebra with the most vertically oriented spin, usually the ? in the dog

A

eleventh (T11)

112
Q

the two plane surfaces that articulate with a rib’s head

A

Costal facets/fovea

113
Q

Located on the caudal and cranial end of the vertebral bodies of most of the thoracic vertebrae

A

Costal facets/fovea

114
Q

the plane surface on the transverse process that articulates with the tubercle of the same numbered rib

A

Transverse costal facet

115
Q

● The vertebrae of the lumbar (lower back, loin) region
● Characterized by their large size and long plate-like transverse process
● They can be distinguished from the last thoracic vertebrae by their lack of costal facets

A

Lumbar Vertebrae

116
Q

are found from the midthoracic to the lumbar vertebrae

A

Accessory processes

117
Q

● The bone formed by the fusion of the sacral vertebrae
● It articulates with the hip bone forming sacroiliac joint

A

Sacrum

118
Q

Sacrum articulates with the hip bones forming the?

A

sacroiliac joint

119
Q

The portion of the vertebral canal through the sacrum is called?

A

sacral canal

120
Q

the openings on the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the bone for passage of spinal nerves

A

Dorsal and ventral sacral foramina ( foramen )

121
Q

the lateral parts of the sacrum articulating with the hip bones to form the sacroiliac joint

A

Wings

122
Q

Wings is the lateral parts of the sacrum articulating with the hip bones to form the?

A

sacroiliac joint

123
Q

● The bony cavity formed by the sternum, the ribs, the costal cartilages and the bodies of the thoracic vertebra

A

Thorax

124
Q

The thorax encloses and protects the?

A

thoracic organs

125
Q

the long, curved bones forming the lateral wall of the thorax

A

Ribs

126
Q

articulate by their costal cartilage with the sternum

A

True ribs (sternal ribs)

127
Q

Their costal cartilages unite to form the costal arch, indirectly joining them to the sternum

A

False ribs (asternal ribs)

128
Q

found in the dog and man, end in costal cartilages that do not join to the sternum or other costal cartilage

A

Floating ribs

129
Q

articulates with the caudal and cranial costal facets of adjacent thoracic vertebrae and the intervening intervertebral disc

A

Head of the rib

130
Q

articulates with the articular facet on the transverse process of the same numbered vertebra

A

Tubercle of the rib

131
Q

the bars of hyaline cartilage either connecting the bony rib to the sternum or to the costal arch or ending freely

A

Costal cartilage

132
Q

the curved structure formed by the costal cartilages of the false ribs

A

Costal arch

133
Q

The unpaired bones (sternebrae) forming the floor of the thorax

A

Sternum or breastbone

134
Q

the expanded first sternebrae

A

Manubrium

135
Q

the last sternebrae which is a thin, horizontal bone capped by the xiphoid cartilage

A

Xiphoid process

136
Q

formed by the last cervical vertebra, first pair of ribs and the sternum

A

Thoracic inlet or cranial thoracic opening

137
Q

sealed by the diaphragm

A

Thoracic outlet or caudal thoracic opening

138
Q

● Made up of the bones of the limbs

A

Appendicular Skeleton

139
Q

the bone articulating with the shoulder and the sternum in man to maintain the shoulder in a lateral position

A

Clavicle (collar bone)

140
Q

need their thoracic limb under their bodies, so the clavicle is absent or rudimentary

A

domestic animals

141
Q

the flat, triangular bone of the shoulder

A

Scapula (shoulder blade)

142
Q

The two scapulae make up the

A

thoracic girdle

143
Q

the long projection dividing the scapula’s lateral surface and ending as the acromion

A

Spine of the scapula

144
Q

the expanded distal end of the spine of the scapula

A

Acromion

145
Q

the area cranial to the spine providing attachment for the infraspinatus muscle

A

Supraspinous fossa

146
Q

the area caudal to the spine providing attachment for the infraspinatus muscle

A

Infraspinous fossa

147
Q

most of the medial (costal) surface of the scapula providing attachment for the subscapular muscle

A

Subscapular fossa

148
Q

the shallow cavity of scapula articulating with the head of the humerus to form the shoulder joint

A

Glenoid cavity

149
Q

the cartilaginous structure on the dorsal border of the scapula

A

Scapular cartilage

150
Q

the process near the cranial aspect of the glenoid cavity, providing attachment for the biceps brachii muscle

A

Supraglenoid tubercle

151
Q

the small process on the medial side of the supraglenoid tubercle for the attachment of the coracobrachialis muscle

A

Coracoid process

152
Q

the caudal projection of the acromion found only in the cat

A

Suprahamate process

153
Q

Suprahamate process is the caudal projection of the acromion found only in the?

A

cat

154
Q

The distal end of the spine of scapula can be called the?

A

acromion or hamate process

155
Q

the largest bone of the thoracic limb

A

Humerus (arm or brachial bone)

156
Q

It articulates proximally with the scapula, forming the
shoulder joint; and distally with the radius and ulna, forming the elbow joint

A

Humerus (arm or brachial bone)

157
Q

the sulcus between the greater and lesser tubercles through which the tendon of the biceps brachii muscle runs

A

Intertubercular (bicipital) groove

158
Q

the large process craniolateral to the head to which many muscles attach ( humerus )

A

Greater (lateral, major) tubercle

159
Q

is a surface feature formed by the greater tubercle ( humerus )

A

point of the shoulder

160
Q

the process on the medial side of the head ( humerus )

A

Lesser (medial, minor) tubercle

161
Q

the cylindrical part connecting the two ends (epiphyses) of the bone

A

Body (shaft, diaphysis)

162
Q

the large tuberosity on the lateral side of the humerus

A

Deltoid tuberosity

163
Q

the entire distal extremity of the humerus, including the two articular areas (humeral capitulum and humeral trochlea), and two fossae (three fossae in the cat) and the lateral and medial epicondyles

A

Humeral condyle

164
Q

the lateral side of the humeral condyle, giving rise to the extensors of the forearm

A

Lateral epicondyle

165
Q

Functionally, Lateral epicondyle is known as the?

A

extensor epicondyle

166
Q

The medial-most point of the humeral condyle, functionally known as the flexor epicondyle

A

Medial epicondyle

167
Q

Medial epicondyle is the medial-most point of the humeral condyle, functionally known as the?

A

flexor epicondyle

168
Q

it provides attachment for the flexor muscles of the forearm

A

flexor epicondyle

169
Q

the caudal excavation receiving the proximal end of the ulna on extension of the elbow

A

Olecranon fossa

170
Q

the excavation opposite the olecranon fossa receiving the proximal end of the radius on flexion of the elbow

A

Radial fossa

171
Q

The cat has a small ? medial to the radial fossa for the medial coronoid process of the ulna on flexion of the elbow

A

coronoid fossa

172
Q

the main weight-bearing bone of the forearm, articulating with the humerus and ulna forming the elbow joint and with the carpal bones and ulna forming the antebrachiocarpal joint

A

Radius

173
Q

Three distal grooves on Radius cranial surface accommodate?

A

tendons

174
Q

the articular surface on the distal end of the radius (trochlea) which articulates with the carpal bones

A

Carpalarticular surface

175
Q

distal end of the radius

A

Styloid process of radius

176
Q

the long, thin bone serving mainly for muscle attachment and formation of the elbow joint

A

Ulna

177
Q

Poximally it articulates with the humerus and radius, distally with the radius and the carpal bones

A

Ulna

178
Q

the proximal part of the ulna providing a lever arm for the extensor muscles of the elbow. It forms the points of the elbow

A

Olecranon

179
Q

the depression for articulation with the humerus and ending in the anconeal process ( ulna )

A

Trochlear notch

180
Q

the proximal end of the trochlear notch which fits in the olecranon fossa of the humerus when the elbow is extended ( ulna )

A

Anconeal process

181
Q

the large distal end of the trochanter notch ( ulna )

A

Medial coronoid process

182
Q

the pointed, distal end of the ulna

A

Styloid process of the ulna

183
Q

the space between the ulna and radius, readily seen in the carnivores and pig.

A

Interosseous space

184
Q

○ The distal part of the thoracic limb, consisting of the carpus, metacarpus, phalanges and their associated sesamoid bones

A

Manus

185
Q

Manus is distal part of the thoracic limb, consisting of the?

A

carpus, metacarpus, phalanges and their associated sesamoid bones

186
Q

Manus is also called ? in the carnivores

A

forepaw

187
Q

also the compound joint formed by these bones, or the region between the forearm and metacarpus

A

carpal bones

188
Q

○ The two rows of bones forming the carpus

A

Carpal Bone

189
Q

Carpal Bones proximal row consists of the?

A

radial carpal , intermedial carpal , ulnar carpal , and accessory carpal

190
Q

Carpal Bones distal row, from medial to lateral, consists of?

A

carpal ones 1-4

191
Q

the largest carpal bone, medially located

A

Radial

192
Q

between the radial and ulnar carpal bones

A

Intermediate

193
Q

laterally located bone in the proximal row ( carpal )

A

Ulnar

194
Q

projects behind (palmar) carpus, articulating with the ulnar carpal

A

Accessory

195
Q

The only carpal bone to which muscles attach (flexor carpi ulnaris and extensor carpi ulnaris )

A

Accessory

196
Q

● The region of the manus located between the carpus and digits

A

Metacarpus

197
Q

the generalized metacarpus has five bones numbered I-V
from medial to laters

A

Metacarpal bones

198
Q

Each bone of metacarpus is composed of:

A
  • base
  • head
  • shaft
  • at least one sesamoid bne
199
Q

articulating with the carpus

A

base

200
Q

articulating with the proximal phalanx of digit

A

head

201
Q

connecting the two extremities ( head & base of carpus )

A

Shaft

202
Q

Metacarpal bone that is much reduced and bears no weight

A

Metacarpal I

203
Q

It is part of the dew claw

A

Metacarpal I

204
Q

● The bones corresponding to the fingers and toes of man

A

Digits

205
Q

The digits generally consist of?

A

three phalanges and a number of sesamoid bones

206
Q

four main weight bearing digits (II-IV)

A

Carnivore Digits

207
Q

the 1st digit and the 1st metacarpal bone

A

Dew claw

208
Q

Reduced in size having only two phalanges, the proximal and distal, and one proximal sesamoid bone

A

Dew claw

209
Q

have double dewclaws

A

Some dog breeds

210
Q

the first phalanx divided into the base, body and head

A

Proximal phalanx

211
Q
  • the second phalanx with the same structure as the proximal phalanx, but shorter.
  • not present in the first digit
A

Middle phalanx

212
Q

the third phalanx carries the horny claw

A

Distal phalanx

213
Q

provides insertion for the deep digital flexor tendon on the palmar side

A

flexor process

214
Q

located on the dorsal proximal part of the four main digits provides insertion for the tendons of the common digital extensor muscle

A

extensor process

215
Q

the tapered, cone-shaped process covered by the horny claw

A

Ungual process

216
Q

the fingernail-like structure covering the ungual process

A

Horny claw

217
Q
  • the nine small bones at the metacarpophalangeal joint
  • two for each main digits and one for the 1st digit
A

Palmar sesamoid bones

218
Q

Hyoid apparatus It lies between the right and left portions of the mandible and is attached to the ? of each temporal bone

A

styloid process

219
Q

Each group of vertebrae is represented by its?

A

First letter followed by the number representing how many are in each section

220
Q

This cervical vertebrae contains spinous process forms a longitudinal sail on its dorsum

A

Axis

221
Q

Characterized by well-developed spinous processes and articular facets for the ribs

A

Thoracic vertebrae

222
Q

Space between two adjacent ribs

A

Intercostal space

223
Q

Rounded process of humerus articulating with the scapula’s glenoid cavity to form the shoulder joint

A

Head

224
Q

Proximal part of radius which articulates with the humerus and ulna

A

Head

225
Q

What is the proximal part of the radius which arriculates with humerus?

A

Fovea capitis

226
Q

What is the proximal part of the radius which arriculates with ulna?

A

Capitulum

VANA 101 (34 decks)

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