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VANA 101 > Digestive System ( Finals ) > Flashcards

Digestive System ( Finals ) Flashcards

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1
Q

Its Functions:
• Prehension and mastication
• Provides an alternate or supplemental airway
• Facilitates intra- and interspecific communication (by facial posturing), defense and vocalization

A

MOUTH

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2
Q

• The wide gape of it is related to the dog’s role as predator
• The ability to open it wide permits the use of the teeth in securing prey
• Also permits rapid consumption of large pieces of food without extensive mastication
• Elongated in all but brachycephalic breeds

A

MOUTH

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3
Q

• In anatomic term includes only the opening between the lips into the vestibule of the oral cavity

A

MOUTH (ORAL FISSURE)

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4
Q

• The space extending from the lips to the pharynx, bounded laterally by the cheeks
• Divided into: 1. vestibule, 2. oral cavity proper
• Contains the salivary glands , teeth and tongue
• Teeth separate the outer vestibule from the central oral cavity proper

A

ORAL CAVITY

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5
Q

ORAL CAVITY Divided into:

A
  1. vestibule, 2. oral cavity proper
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6
Q

It separate the outer vestibule from the central oral cavity proper

A

Teeth

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7
Q

• The space external to the teeth and gums, and internal to the lips and cheeks
• bounded laterally by the cheeks and lips, medially by the teeth and gums that contains the openings of certain salivary glands

A

ORAL VESTIBULE

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8
Q

the space between the incisors and the lips

A

Labial vestibule

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9
Q

the space between the cheek teeth and the cheeks

A

Buccal vestibule

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10
Q

These two open into the dorsocaudal part of the vestibule

A

parotid and zygomatic salivary ducts

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11
Q

It is located opposite the caudal part of the superior fourth premolar tooth, approximately 5 mm from the fornix of the vestibule parotid duct opens through the cheek

A

Parotid papilla

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12
Q

• The region containing the teeth, tongue and openings of certain salivary glands

A

ORAL CAVITY PROPER

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13
Q

Identify the dorsal boundaries of the oral cavity proper.

A

Hard palate, small part soft palate

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14
Q

Identify the ventral boundaries of the oral cavity proper.

A

Tongue and reflected mucosa

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15
Q

Identify the lateral and rostral boundaries of the oral cavity proper.

A

Dental arches and teeth

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16
Q

Identify the caudal boundaries of the oral cavity proper.

A

Palatoglossal arches

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17
Q

the major sublingual and mandibular salivary glands open rostrally ventral to the body of the tongue on the caruncles

A

Sublingual caruncles

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18
Q

formed by the underlying mandibular and major sublingual ducts and a variable number of lobules of the polystomatic portion of the sublingual gland

A

Sublingual fold

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19
Q

a rounded eminence that extends caudally to blend with the first transverse ridge formed of the mucosa covering the hard palate, just caudal to the superior central incisor teeth; behind the incisor teeth where the incisive ducts open, ducts lead to vomeronasal organ

A

Incisive papilla

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20
Q

the spaces between the teeth

A

Interdental spaces

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21
Q

form the rostral and most of the lateral external boundaries of the vestibule; has philtrum; superior and inferior lips with tactile hairs

A

Lips

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22
Q

the median cleft of the upper lip

A

Philtrum

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23
Q

oral commisure; where upper and lower lips unite

A

Angle of the mouth

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24
Q

form the caudal portion of the lateral walls of the vestibular
cavity; buccinator muscle; support, send food from outer vestibule into mouth cavity proper

A

Cheeks

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25
Q

gingiva; the oral mucosa over the jaws, enclosing the necks of the teeth

A

Gums

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26
Q

roof of the mouth cavity proper; partly bony, partly membranous partition separating the respiratory and the digestive passages of the head

A

Palate

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27
Q

bony shelf formed by the palatine processes of the incisive, maxillary, and palatine bones; covered by ridged mucosa

A

Hard palate (palatum durum)

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28
Q

six to ten paired elevations crossing the hard palate transversely

A

Palatine ridges

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29
Q

caudal continuation of the hard palate, composed of small muscles, salivary glands, and connective tissue, separates the oral and nasal cavities

A

Soft palate (velum palatinum)

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30
Q

or caudal pillar of the soft palate; serves a part of the boundary between the nasopharynx and the laryngopharynx

A

palatopharyngeal arch (arcus palatopharyngeus)

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31
Q

serves as part of the boundary between the oral cavity and the oral pharynx

A

palatoglossal arch (arcus palatoglossus)

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32
Q

the main arteries to the hard palate

A

major palatine arteries (aa. Palatinae majores)

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33
Q

Main arteries to the soft palate are the, aided by the ascending pharyngeal (a. pharyngea ascendens) and the major palatine

A

minor palatine arteries (aa. palatinae minores)

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34
Q

• are highly specialized structures that serve for the procuring, cutting, and crushing of food as well as for social interaction.
• Perform the principal function of mastication but also aid in food gathering (prehension) and are formidable weapons in some species

A

TEETH

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35
Q

visible part of the tooth, encased in enamel

A

crown

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36
Q

embedded in the gum, encased in cement

A

root

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37
Q

between the root and the crown

A

neck

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38
Q

row of teeth, usually refers to superior (upper/maxillary) or inferior (lower/mandibular) dental arcade

A

Dental arcade/arches

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39
Q

tooth socket

A

Alveolus

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40
Q

specialized connective tissue that connects the tooth to the socket

A

Periodontal ligament

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41
Q

The first set that is fully erupted and functional early in the second month after birth; is replaced by a second, stronger, permanent set of teeth

A

Temporary dentition (milk or deciduous)

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42
Q

teeth are differently developed in different regions of the mouth for specific functions

A

heterodont

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43
Q

dental formula - arranged as

A

I/I - C/C - P/P - M/M

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44
Q

• low crowned teeth
• have crown, neck, and root
• suited to a softer diet with less wear
• stop growing

A

brachydont

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45
Q

• some of the crown of the tooth is below the gumline, extruded later with attrition of the masticatory surface
• characterized by continual eruption
• equine and bovine are examples (except ruminant incisors and canines are brachydontal)

A

hypsodont

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46
Q

forms the body of the tooth

A

Dentin

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47
Q

is soft tissue surrounded by dentine, composed of connective tissue, richly vascularized and innervated; contained within the central pulp cavity of the tooth

A

Pulp

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48
Q

Surface faces the tongue

A

Lingual surface

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49
Q

Surface faces the lip or cheek (vestibule)

A

Vestibular surface (labial/buccal)

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50
Q

the surface adjacent to the next tooth in the dental arch (all are distal or mesial)

A

Contact surface

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51
Q

the contact surface adjacent to the next caudal or lateral tooth

A

Distal surface

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52
Q

the contact surface adjacent to the next rostral or medial tooth

A

Mesial surface

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53
Q

surface that faces the ipsilateral opposite superior or inferior dental arch; masticatory or chewing surface

A

Occlusal surface

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54
Q

Direction toward the crown

A

Coronal

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55
Q

Direction toward the apex of the root

A

Apical

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56
Q

small, peg like, most rostral teeth adapted to cutting

A

Incisor (I)

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57
Q

robust, long, pointed and slightly curves teeth that are adapted to piercing and grasping prey for food

A

Canines (C)

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58
Q

“cheek teeth”

A

Premolars and molars

59
Q

irregular, often have several cusps ( projections of the crown of the tooth); smaller than molars, adapted to assist the canine teeth with grasping

A

Premolars (P)

60
Q

“carnassial or sectorial teeth” of the upper jaw; largest teeth of the upper arcade

A

Upper 4th premolar

61
Q

irregular teeth with cusps, broader than premolars, used primarily for crushing, present only in adults; variable in size and form; adapted to chewing or shearing

A

Molars (M)

62
Q

DENTAL FORMULA
• Temporary : ?

A

(I3/3 C1/1 P3/3 M0/0)2 = 28

63
Q

DENTAL FORMULA
• Permanent : ?

A

(I3/3 C1/1 P4/4 M2/3)2 = 42

64
Q

• a system for numbering each tooth in the mouth
• each tooth is assigned a 3-digit number

A

Modified Triadan System

65
Q

Quadrant: right upper/maxillary
Quadrant number: ?

A

100

66
Q

Quadrant: left upper/maxillary
Quadrant number: ?

A

200

67
Q

Quadrant: left lower/mandibular
Quadrant number: ?

A

300

68
Q

Quadrant: right lower/mandibular
Quadrant number: ?

A

400

69
Q

• A term used to designate the supporting tissues of the teeth.

A

PERIODONTIUM

70
Q

This so-called “ ? ” is filled by blood vessels, lymphatics, and
nerves as well as collagenous and elastic connective tissue fibers and cells.

A

space

71
Q

• Surround the teeth and are composed of dense fibrous tissue covered by smooth, richly vascularized mucosae.
• They bleed readily and heal quickly.
• It is thick around the necks of the teeth and extend down into the alveoli to be continuous with the alveolar periosteum.
• The labial surface of it is continuous with the mucosa of the vestibule.
• Internally it blend with the floor of the oral cavity proper and the hard palate.
• In those breeds with pigmented mucosae the it is likewise pigmented

A

Gums

72
Q

• The muscular organ filling the oral cavity; forms the floor of the oral cavity

A

TONGUE

73
Q

Part of tongue, widest most caudal position; attached to the basihyoid bone of the hyoid apparatus; lies within the oropharynx

A

root

74
Q

main part of tongue, attached to the floor of the oral cavity by a mucosal fold called the frenulum

A

body

75
Q

tip of tongue, free or unattached

A

apex

76
Q

• important prehensile organ, also used by dog to dissipate heat
• involved with movement of ingesta within the mouth

A

TONGUE

77
Q

Only dogs has a ? - a fibrous septum (rodlike, flexible) that forms the median groove on the dorsum of the tongue, act as the stretch receptor of the tongue

A

lyssa (lytta)

78
Q

covers the tongue’s dorsum on the rostral 2/3; smallest and most numerous; thorn shaped structure serving the mechanical function of directing food caudally

A

Filiform

79
Q

mushroom-shaped on the rostral 2/3 of tongue; gustatory

A

Fungiform papillae

80
Q

largest and least numerous; circled by a cleft filled with taste buds rostral to the root (caudal third) of the tongue; with serous gustatory glands or von Ebner’s gland

A

Vallate (circumvallate) papillae

81
Q

series of leaf-shaped ridges separated by furrows on lateral border of tongue; gustatory

A

Foliate

82
Q

cone-shaped papillae located on the caudal 1/3 of the tongues dorsum; mechanical function

A

Conical and lenticular papillae

83
Q

this pappilae can only be found in newborn puppies that function in suckling, helping to prevent milk from spilling, aid in sealing the lips around the nipple for suction; disappears when diet changes from milk to solid; mechanical and tactile

A

Marginal papillae

84
Q

the sense of it to rostral two thirds of the tongue is carried over to the facial nerve

A

Taste (special sense)

85
Q

This innervations of the tongue carried over the lingual branch of the mandibular nerve

A

Sensation (pain, temperature and tactile)

86
Q

This innervation of the tongue is via the hypoglossal nerve

A

Motor innervation

87
Q

muscular bundles running in diverse directions to form the bulk of the tongue; cause subtle changes in the shape of the tongue during swallowing, chewing and vocalization

A

Intrinsic muscles

88
Q

anchor the tongue to the skeleton

A

Extrinsic muscles

89
Q

• Resembles letter “V”, surrounds the base of the ear
• molded around the ventral part of the auricular cartilage
• Parotid duct crosses the surface of the cheek and masseter muscle to enter the vestibule of the mouth next to the upper 4th premolar tooth
• Predominantly serous secretion

A

Parotid gland

90
Q

• round or oval situated between lingoufacial and maxillary veins
• smaller than parotid
• found ventral to the ear medial to the angle of the mandible
• drains by a single duct
• duct runs deep to the mandible, lateral to the root of the tongue
• enters the oral cavity at the sublingual caruncle found on the floor of the mouth
• Mixed secretion

A

Mandibular glands

91
Q

• Gland under the tongue having polystomatic and monostomatic part
• can be attached to the rostral edge of the mandibular gland
• duct runs with the mandibular duct
• Mixed secretions

A

Sublingual gland

92
Q

• ventral to the eye
• deep to zygomatic arch

A

Zygomatic gland

93
Q

• A part of pharynx between the soft palate and the epiglottis, it contains tonsillar tissue

A

OROPHARYNX

94
Q

• lymph nodules; diffuse aggregates of lymphoid tissue
• Found on the dorsolateral oral mucosa of oropharynx
• Guard against passage of infectious agents to deeper parts of the digestive and respiratory systems
• Like a lymph node, with no capsule or afferent ducts
• Entrance usually in the form of crypts

A

Tonsils

95
Q

• muscular tube, begins dorsal to the cricoid cartilage of the larynx
• carries food from pharynx to stomach

A

ESOPHAGUS

96
Q

• Lies in the left cranial quadrant of the abdomen, within the rib cage and caudal to the liver
• Functions: storage, acidification and manipulation of the ingesta for periodic passage to the intestines

A

Stomach

97
Q

entrance of the esophagus into the stomach

A

Cardia

98
Q

a blind region or dome rising above the cardia, positioned farthest left of the midline

A

Fundus

99
Q

largest portion of the stomach between the fundus and the pyloric part

A

Body

100
Q

caudal third of the stomach

A

Pyloric part

101
Q

dilated portion of the pyloric part of the stomach, between the body and the pylorus

A

Pyloric antrum

102
Q

distal opening of the stomach into the small intestine; controlled by the pyloric sphincter

A

Pylorus

103
Q

caudal convex border, the outside of the “C” shape of the stomach

A

Greater curvature

104
Q

cranial concave border, the inside of the “C” shape of the stomach

A

Lesser curvature

105
Q

a double fold of peritoneum; attaches the spleen to the greater curvature of the stomach; first structure observed on ventral incision

A

Greater omentum

106
Q

space between the two folds of the greater omentum, opening into which is called the epiploic foramen

A

Omental bursa

107
Q

attaches the porta of the liver to the lesser curvature of the stomach

A

Lesser omentum

108
Q

• this ligament fixes the cardia to the region of the esophageal hiatus in the diaphragm

A

Gastro-phrenic ligament

109
Q

• Connects the lesser curvature and pylorus to the hilus of the liver

A

Gastro-hepatic ligament

110
Q

• Forms part of the greater curvature, attaches the spleen to the greater curvature of the stomach

A

Gastro-splenic ligament

111
Q

• The principal site of digestion and absorption

A

SMALL INTESTINE

112
Q

Small intestine are divided into (proximal to distal):

A

duodenum, jejunum, and ileum

113
Q

is most extensive (longest) part of small intestine

A

jejunum

114
Q

• A small-bore muscular tube with a smooth external surface
• Lies to the right of the midline and is held close to the dorsal
abdominal wall by its short mesentery

A

Duodenum

115
Q

• The short terminal portion, positioned near the dorsal body wall just lateral to the ascending duodenum

A

Ileum

116
Q

• A blind-ended pouch (diverticulum); projects from the junction of the ileum and large intestine
• Positioned right of the midline in the cranial abdomen, close to the dorsal body wall (in the region of the transverse process of vertebrae L2-L4) and dorsal to the jejunal loops
• consists of a base, body, and apex

A

CECUM

117
Q

• The major part of the large intestines, larger in diameter than the S.I.

A

COLON

118
Q

modified in all species; on right side ( colon )

A

ascending colon

119
Q

right to left; cranial to the root of the mesentery ( colon )

A

transverse colon

120
Q

the longest segment of the large intestine; continuous to rectum on the left side

A

descending colon

121
Q

• The large intestine within the pelvic cavity, extending from the descending colon to the anal canal

A

RECTUM

122
Q

the short termination of the alimentary canal, opening to the exterior as the anus

A

Anal canal

123
Q

the external opening of the intestine

A

Anus

124
Q

• Usually referred to as anal sacs, consist of two sinuses with one on each side of the anal canal
• frequently become enlarged, or they may become abscessed and painful, causing constipation
• functions for territorial scent marking as in wolves

A

PARANAL SINUS

125
Q

• The region of the pelvic outlet.
• It includes the anal and urogenital regions

A

PERINEUM

126
Q

• a glandular organ similar in appearance to a salivary gland
• v-shaped; right lobe associated with the mesoduodenum, left lobe associated with the caudal surface of the stomach near the spleen
• functions as both an endocrine and an exocrine gland

A

PANCREAS

127
Q

largest part of pancreas, produces enzymes essential for the
digestion of carbohydrates, fats and proteins

A

Exocrine gland

128
Q

produces insulin and glucagon essential in regulating the sugar content of blood ( pancreas )

A

Endocrine gland

129
Q

more cranial usually smaller of the two ducts of pancreas opens into the cranial part of descending duodenum on major duodenal papilla; occasionally absent.

A

Pancreatic duct

130
Q

largest duct of pancreas, caudally positioned main conduit of the gland in dogs, opens on the minor duodenal papilla

A

Accessory pancreatic duct

131
Q

• The largest gland of the body
• Function:
• Has both exocrine and endocrine functions
• Also play a role in the metabolism of food and the detoxification of numerous substances
• Positioned immediately caudal to the diaphragm; attached to the diaphragm by the triangular, coronary, and possibly the falciform ligaments
• covered with peritoneum except by the porta (portion that transmits the hepatic vessels, nerves and bile duct)
• divided by fissures into lobes

A

LIVER

132
Q

• With renal impression ( lobe of a lung )

A

Right lateral lobe

133
Q

• Lies along the midline
• Gallbladder lies bet
• Falciform ligament lies bet. The quadrate and left medial lobe

A

Quadrate lobe

134
Q

This lobe of liver has two processes

A

Caudate lobe

135
Q

largest part, forms the majority of the renal impression ( liver )

A

Caudate process

136
Q

• “U”-shaped attachment on the diaphragmatic surface of the liver; provides the only attachment of the liver to any wall of the abdomen

A

Coronary ligament

137
Q

• Thin, transparent fold of peritoneum at the right and left termination of the coronary ligament

A

Triangular ligament (R and L)

138
Q

• extends between the liver and the diaphragm and ventral body wall caudally to the umbilicus

A

Falciform ligament

139
Q

• Contained in the free border of the falciform ligament; a vestige of the umbilical vein of the fetus

A

Round ligament

140
Q

• Doubled layer of the peritoneum that extends between the renal fossa of the liver and the right kidney

A

Hepatorenal ligament

141
Q

• Positioned approximately at the level of the 8th intercostal space
• stores bile produced by the liver
• released as needed into the cystic (bile) duct to the cranial duodenal papillae in the proximal portion of the small intestine

A

GALLBLADDER

142
Q

This duct carries bile from the gallbladder to the duodenum; also receives the hepatic duct from the hepatic parenchyma

A

Cystic duct

143
Q

3-5 ducts receiving bile from multiple lobes and carrying it to the cystic duct

A

Hepatic ducts

144
Q

the continuation of cystic duct following entrance of the last hepatic duct; opens on major duodenal papilla

A

Common bile duct

VANA 101 (34 decks)

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