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VANA 101 > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

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1
Q

Consists of heart and a system of vessels for the distribution of blood to the tissues of the body and the lungs for exchange of gases

A

Cardiovascular System

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2
Q

carry blood away from the heart

A

Arteries

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3
Q

carry blood towards the heart

A

Veins

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4
Q

circulation to the lungs

A

Pulmonary circulation

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5
Q

circulation to the body

A

Systemic circulation

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6
Q

This system includes a powerful pump, the heart

A

Blood vascular system

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7
Q

Arteries branch into progressively smaller arteries until they form microscopic vessels called?

A

capillaries

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8
Q

Capillaries feed into small veins that join to form?

A

larger veins

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9
Q

Newly oxygenated blood returns through veins to the left side of the heart that pumps it to the rest of the body and heart via the?

A

aorta

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10
Q

removes wastes and bacteria from the interstitial fluid and returns protein-rich fluid to the bloodstream

A

Lymphatic system

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11
Q

Cone-shaped, hollow muscular structure

A

Heart

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12
Q

is directed dorsad or cranio-dorsad and is attached to other
thoracic structures by large arteries, veins and the pericardial sac

A

base

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13
Q

is directed ventrad and is entirely free within the pericardial sac

A

apex

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14
Q

In the ?, the right side of the heart is on the right side of the body but oriented more cranial than the left side, which is left and somewhat caudad

A

living animal

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15
Q

● Fibroserous sac enclosing the heart
● Composed of fibrous and serous, covered by mediastinal (pericardiac) pleura

A

pericardium

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16
Q
  • atough, fibrous sac surrounding the serous pericardium, the heart and the pericardial cavity
  • it is closed above by its attachment to the great vessels of the heart
A

Fibrous pericardium

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17
Q

connects the pericardium to the floor of the thorax

A

Sternopericardiac ligament

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18
Q

connects the pericardium to the diaphragm

A

Phrenicopericardiac ligament

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19
Q
  • a serous membrane forming a closed cavity
  • it covers the heart (visceral layer) and lines the inner surface of the fibrous pericardial sac (parietal layer)
A

Serous pericardium

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20
Q

lines the inner surface of the fibrous pericardium. It reflects onto the surface of the heart as the visceral layer

A

Parietal layer of the serous pericardium

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21
Q
  • covers the myocardium of the heart closely
  • it is also called the epicardium
A

Visceral layer of the serous pericardium

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22
Q
  • A potential space between the visceral and parietal layers of serous pericardium
  • It has approximately one ml of yellow fluid between the contacting layers, which acts as a lubricant to allow the heart freedom of movement during contraction
A

Pericardial cavity

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23
Q

the outer serous covering; thin layer of mesothelium covering the surface of the heart

A

Epicardium

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24
Q

the muscle layer making up the majority of the thickness of the heart wall; between the endocardium and epicardium

A

Myocardium

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25
Q

thin, mesothelial layer lining the atria and ventricles; continuous with the endothelium lining the great vessels entering and leaving the heart

A

Endocardium

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26
Q

low-pressure system

A

pulmonary circulation

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27
Q

high pressure systems

A

systemic circulation

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28
Q

receives blood by way of large veins

A

Atrium

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29
Q

pumps blood from the heart through a large artery

A

Ventricle

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30
Q

a pectinated muscular structure which forms a distinctive
pouch visible on the exterior of the heart and overlaps the pulmonary trunk

A

Auricle

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31
Q

the large vein returning blood from the head, neck and thoracic limbs to the right atrium

A

Cranial vena cava

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32
Q

the large vein returning blood from part of the thorax, the viscera and the caudal part of the body to the right atrium

A

Caudal vena cava

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33
Q

the chamber of the heart receiving deoxygenated
blood from the body

A

Right atrium

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34
Q

the chamber receiving blood from the right atrium and sending it to the lungs

A

Right ventricle

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35
Q

is the funnel shaped end of the right ventricle leading to the pulmonary trunk

A

conus

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36
Q

the large vessel carrying blood from the right ventricle to the pulmonary arteries, thus, to the lungs

A

Pulmonary trunk

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37
Q

the two branches of the pulmonary trunk carrying blood to the lungs; one to the right lung, one to the left

A

Pulmonary arteries

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38
Q

the numerous vessels emptying oxygenated blood from the lungs into the left atrium of the heart

A

Pulmonary veins

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39
Q

receives oxygenated blood from the lungs via the pulmonary veins

A

Left atrium

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40
Q

sends oxygenated blood to the body and heart

A

Left ventricle

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41
Q

the major outflow from the left ventricle into the systemic circulation

A

Aorta

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42
Q

between the atrium and the ventricle of each side

A

Atrioventricular valve (A-V valve)

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43
Q

left A-V valve, because in humans, it has two distinct flaps or cusps

A

Bicuspid valve

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44
Q

left A-V valve, because of its imagined resemblance to a bishop’s miter, or two-sided hat

A

Mitral valve

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45
Q

right A-V valve, because in humans it has three flaps or cusp

A

Tricuspid valve

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46
Q

strong, fibrous connections between the valve leaflets and the papillary muscles

A

Chordae tendineae

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47
Q

The chordae tendineae attach to small muscular protrusions called ? that project into the lumina of the ventricle

A

papillary muscle

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48
Q
  • Ensures that blood flows only from the ventricle into the artery and not in the opposite direction
  • Has three cuplike leaflets, with convex side facing the ventricle
A

Semilunar valve

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49
Q

lies at the junction of the left ventricle and aorta

A

Aortic valve

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50
Q

at the junction of the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk

A

Pulmonary valve

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51
Q

Resembles the branching of a tree in that the arteries start as large vessels and divide into smaller and smaller branches

A

Blood Vessels

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52
Q

The smallest arteries are?

A

arterioles

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53
Q

The smallest arteries are arterioles, which are continuous with the smallest blood vessels called?

A

capillaries

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54
Q

Capillaries unite to form ? that come together to form larger and larger veins

A

small venules

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55
Q

Arteries and Arterioles are lined with?

A

endothelium

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56
Q

● Tiny tubes composed almost entirely of endothelium, a continuation of
the simple squamous epithelium that lines the heart and blood vessels
● These thin-walled vessels are only large enough in diameter to
accommodate a single file of erythrocytes
● The wall acts as a selectively permeable membrane that permits water,
oxygen and nutrients to leave the blood for tissue cells and permits waste
products from tissue cells to enter the blood

A

Capillaries

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57
Q

are larger in diameter than the arteries they parallel and have much thinner walls

A

Veins

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58
Q

frequently is present where two or more veins unite to form a larger vein

A

valve

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59
Q

does not reenter the vascular space directly is recovered by thin-walled lymphatic vessels

A

extracellular fluid

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60
Q

Resemble veins in that they contain numerous valves permitting flow only toward the heart

A

Lymphatic Vessels

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61
Q

the fluid within the lymphatic vessels; are transported to larger and larger lymph vessels and finally emptied into the cranial vena cava or one of its tributaries

A

Lymph

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62
Q

two large lymph vessels draining the head and neck, usually terminate in the jugular veins

A

Tracheal trunks

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63
Q
  • where lymph from the caudal half of the body is delivered
  • traverses the thoracic cavity adjacent to the aorta to empty its lymph into the cranial vena cava
A

Thoracic duct

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64
Q

Part of the vascular system that circulates the blood through the lungs

A

Pulmonary Circulation

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65
Q

is delivered into the pulmonary system by contraction of the right ventricle

A

Deoxygenated blood

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66
Q

Each pulmonary artery subdivides into ? going to individual lobes of the lungs

A

lobar arteries

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67
Q

In Pulmonary Circulation as gases are exchanged, the color of the blood changes from the?

A

bluish maroon color of deoxygenated blood to the bright red of oxygenated blood

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68
Q

Refers to the movement of oxygenated blood to all areas of the body and the return of deoxygenated blood to the heart

A

Systemic Circulation

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69
Q

○ The largest artery
○ The left ventricle receives oxygenated blood from the left atrium and pumps the blood throughout the systemic circulation by way of the?

A

aorta

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70
Q

found at the junction of the left ventricle and aorta and prevents backflow of blood from the aorta into the left ventricle when the ventricle relaxes

A

Aortic valve

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71
Q
  • two large vessels that arise from the aorta immediately distal to the aortic valve
  • the arterial blood supply for the myocardium
A

Coronary arteries (left and right)

72
Q

where most of the venous blood from the myocardium
passes as they are returned to the right atrium

A

Coronary veins

73
Q

responsible for draining most of the deoxygenated blood leaving the myocardium; adjacent to the opening of the caudal vena cava

A

Coronary sinus

74
Q

After emerging from the base of the heart, the ? courses dorsad and then caudad, just ventral to the bodies of the thoracic vertebrae

A

aortic arch

75
Q

The aorta continues as the thoracic aorta until it passes through the aortic hiatus of the diaphragm to become the?

A

abdominal aorta

76
Q

main blood supply to the thoracic limbs

A

Subclavian arteries (left and right)

77
Q

provide arterial blood to regions of the neck and cranial thoracic wall

A

Costocervial trunks (left and right)

78
Q

main source of blood for the head and brain, arise together from a single bicarotid trunk

A

Common carotid arteries (left and right)

79
Q

● Passes caudad just ventral to the vertebral bodies
● As it does so, pairs of segmental arteries arise from its dorsal aspect to supply the thoracic wall and epaxial muscles
● Each of these intercostal arteries enters the corresponding intercostal space, giving off a spinal branch that enters the vertebral canal to supply the spinal cord and spinal nerve roots

A

Thoracic Aorta

80
Q

This aorta passes through the aortic hiatus of the diaphragm

A

Abdominal Aorta

81
Q

supplying the pelvic limbs

A

external iliac arteries

82
Q

supplying the gluteal and perineal region

A

internal iliac arteries

83
Q

supply the diaphragm

A

Phrenic arteries

84
Q

small midline continuation of the aorta that continues ventral to caudal vertebrae as the median caudal artery

A

Median sacral artery

85
Q

Median sacral artery is a small midline continuation of the aorta that continues ventral to caudal vertebrae as the?

A

median caudal artery

86
Q

tail vein; used for collection of blood from adult cattle

A

Medial caudal vein

87
Q

arises from the dorsal side of the abdominal aorta and supplies the abdominal wall and epaxial muscles and giving off spinal branches that supply the spinal cord and spinal nerve roots of the lumbosacral region

A

Lumbar arteries

88
Q

provide arterial blood to the kidneys

A

Renal arteries

89
Q

provide arterial blood to the gonads

A

Testicular or ovarian arteries

90
Q

supply nearly all the abdominal viscera; from cranial to caudal

A

Unpaired visceral branches

91
Q

arises shortly after the aorta pases through the diaphragm

A

Celiac artery

92
Q

Large unpaired artery that supplies the spleen?

A

splenic artery

93
Q

Large unpaired artery that supplies the liver?

A

hepatic artery

94
Q

pases to the greater curvature of the stomach

A

Left gastroepiploic artery

95
Q

arise from the splenic artery and pass to the fundus of the stomach

A

Short gastric arteries

96
Q

anastomoses with the left gastric artery to supply the lesser curvature of the stomach

A

Right gastric artery

97
Q

crosses the stomach to branch into right gastroepiploic and cranial pancreaticoduodenal arteries

A

Gastroduodenal artery

98
Q

passes distally along the descending duodenum to supply it and the pancreas

A

Cranial pancreaticoduodenal artery

99
Q
  • Immediately caudal to the celiac artery
  • Large, unpaired artery branching into smaller arteries that supply blood to most of the small intestine and much of the large intestine
A

Cranial mesenteric artery

100
Q

anastomoses with the cranial pancreaticoduodenal artery

A

Caudal pancreaticoduodenal artery

101
Q

supplies the transverse (“middle”) colon

A

Middle colic artery

102
Q

supplies the second half of the ascending colon

A

Right colic artery

103
Q

supplies the first part of the ascending colon

A

Colic branch of the ileocolic artery

104
Q

travels on the antimesenteric side of the ileum in the ileocecal fold

A

Antimesenteric ileal artery

105
Q
  • come off the continuation of the cranial mesenteric artery
  • these branches anastomose, making arcades from which short jejunal and ileal arteries extend to reach the organs
A

Jejunal and ileal branches

106
Q

supplies the caudal part of the large intestine and the rectum

A

Caudal mesenteric artery

107
Q
  • Supplies most of the structures of the face, head and cranial neck
  • Each runs craniad in a connective tissue sheath with the vagosympathetic trunk of the same side
A

Common carotid arteries (right and left)

108
Q

lies in a groove dorsolateral to the trachea

A

Carotid sheath

109
Q
  • branch of the Common carotid arteries that branches from the region of the larynx
  • primary source of blood for the brain
A

Internal carotid artery

110
Q

continuation of the common carotid artery whose many branches supply the face, tongue, and structures of the oral and nasal cavities

A

External carotid artery

111
Q

convenient for taking a pulse as it passes across the mandible

A

Facial artery

112
Q

The internal carotid arteries or their derivatives enter into an anastomotic ring of vessels on the base of the brain called the?

A

cerebral arterial circle

113
Q

More caudal parts of the brainstem and the cerebellum receive most of their blood supply from branches of the?

A

basilar artery

114
Q

left and right joins to form the single ventral artery

A

Vertebral arteries

115
Q
  • the direct continuation of the external carotid artery to the space below the orbit (pterygopalatine fossa)
  • branches supply the orbit, teeth, chin, nose, nasal cavity and palate
A

Maxillary artery

116
Q

The subclavian artery passes cranial to the first rib on the respective side, passing into the axilla (armpit) of the thoracic limb, where it is called?

A

axillary artery

117
Q
  • passes dorsocaudally between the subscapular and teres major muscles
  • it gives off the caudal circumflex humeral artery and thoracodorsal artery
A

Subscapular artery

118
Q

the continuation of the axillary artery on the medial aspect of
the arm, which it supplies

A

Brachial artery

119
Q

dives through the interosseous space between the radius and the ulna

A

Common interosseous artery

120
Q

the continuation of the brachial artery past the common interosseous artery

A

Median artery

121
Q

Which branch of the median artery supplies the caudomedial muscles of the forearm?

A

Deep antebrachial artery

122
Q

Which branch of the median artery supplies the digits?

A

Radial artery

123
Q

give off palmar metacarpal arteries (deep) and palmar common digital arteries (superficial) that supply the palmar aspect of the forearm and manus

A

Palmar arches

124
Q

blood vessels of the metacarpus and digits

A

Digital arteries

125
Q

the superficial arteries located on the palmar side of the metacarpus. Carnivores also have dorsal common digital arteries

A

Palmar common digital arteries

126
Q

the deep arteries of the metacarpus travelling next to the metacarpal bones. They parallel the larger common digital arteries and usually contribute to the formation of the proper digital arteries

A

Dorsal and palmar metacarpal digital arteries

127
Q

the distal branches of the common digital arteries past the proximal end of the digits. They extend down the sides of the digits as axial and abaxial proper digital arteries

A

Proper digital arteries

128
Q

arises from the aorta or from one of the dorsal intercostal arteries

A

Bronchoesophageal artery

129
Q

Which arteries arise from the costocervical trunk for the first few branches and directly from the aorta for the rest?

A

Dorsal intercostal arteries

130
Q

Arteries located on the inner thigh

A

Femoral arteries

131
Q

The femoral artery descends on the medial aspect of the limb, giving branches to the large thigh muscles, and continues in the region of the caudal stifle as the

A

popliteal artery

132
Q

After a very short course, the popliteal artery divides into?

A

cranial and caudal tibial arteries

133
Q

The small caudal tibial artery supplies the muscles of the?

A

crus or true leg

134
Q

arises from the femoral artery in the femoral triangle

A

Saphenous artery

135
Q

the continuation of the femoral artery behind the stifle and between the two heads of the gastrocnemius muscle

A

Popliteal artery

136
Q

the larger branch of the popliteal artery, passing in the interosseous space between the tibia and fibula to the cranial surface of the crus

A

Cranial tibial artery

137
Q

the direct continuation of the cranial tibial
artery over the tarsus

A

Dorsal pedal artery

138
Q

the superficial arteries (dorsal and plantar) in the metatarsal region

A

Common digital arteries

139
Q

the deep arteries (dorsal and plantar) of the metatarsal region

A

Metatarsal arteries

140
Q

formed from the joining of the common digital and metatarsal arteries

A

Proper digital arteries (dorsal and plantar)

141
Q

Proper digital arteries (dorsal and plantar) have ? added to their name, depending on which side of the digits they pass

A

“axial” or “abaxial”

142
Q

the terminal aortic branches supplying the pelvic viscera and part of the hip and thigh

A

Internal iliac arteries

143
Q

the branches of the terminal aorta supplying the pelvic limb

A

External iliac arteries

144
Q

the only branch of the external iliac artery present in all species.

A

Deep femoral artery

145
Q

a short branch off the deep femoral artery giving rise to the caudal epigastric and external pudendal arteries

A

Pudendoepigastric trunk

146
Q

courses cranially on the deep surface of the straight abdominal muscle (rectus abdominus)

A

Caudal epigastric artery

147
Q

passes through the inguinal canal and branches into the superficial caudal epigastric and ventral scrotal or ventral labial arteries

A

External pudendal artery

148
Q

courses cranially under the skin of the ventral abdominal wall to anastomose with the cranial epigastric artery

A

Superficial caudal epigastric artery

149
Q
  • can be “short” or “long”, depending on where it and the caudal gluteal artery separate
  • terminates as the ventral perineal artery and the clitoris
A

Internal pudendal artery

150
Q

○ The branch of either the internal pudendal or internal iliac, depending on which is longer
○ Supplies the urogenital organs in the pelvic cavity
○ It’s branches are named for the organs they supply

A

Prostatic or vaginal artery

151
Q

the main blood supply to the uterus

A

Uterine artery

152
Q

arises from the internal iliac or internal pudendal (horse) artery and passes to the apex of the urinary bladder

A

Umbilical artery

153
Q

The last branch of the umbilical artery is the?

A

cranial vesical artery

154
Q

the part of the umbilical artery in the edge of the lateral ligament of the bladder

A

Round ligament of the bladder

155
Q

the continuation of the internal pudendal artery in the male

A

Artery of the penis

156
Q

analogous to the artery of the penis

A

Artery of the clitoris

157
Q
  • The other terminal branch of the internal pudendal artery
  • Supplies the perineum
A

Ventral perineal artery

158
Q
  • The other terminal branch of the internal pudendal artery
  • Supplies the perineum
A

Ventral perineal artery

159
Q

Some veins are superficial, visible in the subcutaneous tissues, and these are particularly of interest as they may be accessed via?

A

venipuncture

160
Q

large vein in the neck returning blood from the head to the heart

A

External jugular vein

161
Q

arises from the digital veins on the palmar aspect of the paw

A

Cephalic

162
Q
  • arises from the digital veins on the dorsal surface of the paw
  • extends proximally to join the cephalic vein above the carpus in the carnivores and ox and near the elbow in the horse
A

Accessory cephalic vein

163
Q

the vessel returning blood from the thoracic limb to the heart

A

Subclavian vein

164
Q

found only in the carnivores and pig, formed by the intersection of the external jugular and subclavian veins

A

Brachiocephalic vein

165
Q

the great vessel emptying into the cranial part of the right atrium, returning blood from the head, neck and thoracic limbs and cranial part of the walls of the thoracic cavity

A

Cranial vena cava

166
Q

the great vessel emptying into the caudal part of the right atrium, returning blood to the heart from the abdomen, pelvis and pelvic limb

A

Caudal vena cava

167
Q

the superficial drainage of the pelvic limb

A

Medial and lateral saphenous vein

168
Q

travels on the medial side of the limb and empties into the femoral vein in the femoral triangle

A

median saphenous vein

169
Q

Travels on the lateral side of the limb and empties into the caudal femoral vein behind the stifle

A

Lateral saphenous vein

170
Q

○ Formed by the joining of the cranial and caudal mesenteric veins
○ Receives the gastroduodenal and splenic veins
○ Drains into the liver allowing intestinal blood to be processed and cleaned before it is sent on to the general
circulation

A

Portal vein

171
Q

spaces in the liver where the portal blood is processed

A

Liver sinusoids

172
Q

One in which a vessel divides into capillaries, recombines to form another vessel, and then redivides into a second capillary bed

A

Portal System

173
Q

blood that has perfused the capillary beds of the viscera is brought to the liver by a single large vein, the portal vein, and then redistributed into a secondary capillary bed within the substance of the liver

A

Hepatic portal system

174
Q

Vein from the stomach

A

Gastric vein

175
Q

Vein from the spleen

A

Splenic vein

176
Q

Vein from the intestines

A

Mesenteric vein

177
Q

Vein from the pancreas

A

Pancreatic vein

VANA 101 (34 decks)

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