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VANA 101 > (15.1) Sense Organ - The Ears > Flashcards

(15.1) Sense Organ - The Ears Flashcards

1
Q

the ear transduces mechanical energy (in the form of sound waves) into electrical energy (in the form of nerve impulses) and transmits information to the brain.

A

hearing

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2
Q

Parts of ear involved in hearing are:

A

external, middle and inner ear

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3
Q

delivers information to the brain on position and movement of the head as related to gravitational pull. Only the inner ear is involved

A

maintain balance

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4
Q

• External ear
– Pinna = ?
– External acoustic meatus = Ear canal

A

auricle

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5
Q

• External ear
– Pinna = auricle
– External acoustic meatus = ?

A

Ear canal

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6
Q

Tympanic cavity connects with pharynx via the auditory tube

A

Middle ear

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7
Q

– Membranous labyrinth within the bony labyrinth
– Functions for both balance and hearing

A

Inner ear

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8
Q

⚫ portion that is visible externally
⚫ supported by auricular cartilage which is elastic in nature

A

PINNA OR AURICLE

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9
Q

⚫ rostral surface is concave and caudal contour is convex forming a natural “scoop” for sound waves

A

Auricular cartilage

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10
Q

⚫ most proximal, strongly curved portion
⚫ portion closest to the head
⚫ conchal cavity

A

Concha

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11
Q

Concha – has several elevations of cartilage:

A

⚫ Tragus
⚫ pretragic incisure
⚫ Antitragus
⚫ intertragic incisure

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12
Q

more distal flattened portion of pinna

A

Scapha

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13
Q

⚫ mainly cartilaginous, but also has a bony portion
⚫ cartilaginous portion represents the tubular lateral portion of auricular cartilage

A

EAR CANAL

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14
Q

is small tubular piece of cartilage, increases mobility of external ear by joining external ears main portion with its deepest portion

A

auricular cartilage

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15
Q

Ear canal course is roughly what shape?

A

“L-shaped”

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16
Q

• Consists of an air-filled tympanic cavity connected with the
nasopharynx via the auditory tube and closed to the outside by the tympanic membrane at the level of the external acoustic meatus
– has a small, dorsal epitympanic recess and
– a large, ventral tympanic bulla

A

MIDDLE EAR

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17
Q

– thin, semitransparent membrane situated at the lumen of external acoustic meatus
– separates the external ear from the middle ear
– attached to temporal bone by tympanic ring

A

Tympanic membrane – the eardrum

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18
Q

MIDDLE EAR
• The middle portion of the tympanic cavity contains the three auditory ossicles— what are those three?

A

– malleus,
– incus, and
– stapes

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19
Q

MIDDLE EAR
• The middle portion of the tympanic cavity contains the three auditory ossicles—
– malleus,
– incus, and
– stapes—and
• what are the two muscles associated with them— ?

A

– the tensor tympani on the malleus and
– the stapedius on the stapes

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20
Q

THE TYMPANIC CAVITY
• Divided into 3 portions:

A

– Epitympanic recess
– Tympanic cavity proper
– Tympanic bulla

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21
Q

⚫ smallest most dorsal of the three chambers of tympanic cavity
⚫ contains the auditory ossicles and associated muscles

A

EPITYMPANIC RECESS

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22
Q

⚫ resemblance to hammer
⚫ largest most lateral adjacent to tympanic membrane

A

malleus

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23
Q

“handle”, elongated part of malleus, embedded in the fibrous layer of the ear drum

A

manubrium

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24
Q

Part of malleus that provides insertion point for tensor tympani muscle

A

tiny hook

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25
Q

Part of malleus that articulates with incus

A

head

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26
Q

resemblance to anvil

A

incus

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27
Q

“stirrup”, smallest bone in the entire body

A

stapes

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28
Q

⚫ midportion region adjoining the tympanic membrane
⚫ midportion of the cavity receives the opening of auditory tube (from nasopharynx) and communicates in the inner ear by way of vestibular (oval) and cochlear (round) windows

A

TYMPANIC CAVITY PROPER

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29
Q

⚫ houses the cochlea of inner ear

A

Promontory

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30
Q

(round window)

A

Cochlear window

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31
Q

(oval window)

A

Vestibular window

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32
Q

⚫ ventral portion, ventrally expanded “bubble” of bone visible from external surface of skull
⚫ theorized to aid in perception of sounds at both very high and very low ranges

A

TYMPANIC BULLA

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33
Q

• these muslces tenses or firms the tympanic membrane and bony chain as a protective measure against excessive vibration

A

MUSCLES OF MIDDLE EAR

34
Q

Muscle of the middle ear that attaches to malleus, innervated by mandibular division of trigeminal nerve

A

tensor tympani

35
Q

Muscle of the middle ear that attaches to stapes, innervated by facial nerve

36
Q

⚫ A closed bony chamber that entirely encloses and protects the delicate membranous labyrinth in the petrous part of temporal bone

A

BONY LABYRINTH

37
Q

BONY LABYRINTH - Consists of 3 continuous fluid filled regions:

A

⚫ vestibule
⚫ 3 semicircular canals
⚫ cochlea

38
Q

⚫ Similar to ( cerebrospinal fluid ) CSF
⚫ fluid that fills the space between external surface of membranous labyrinth and internal surface of bony labyrinth

39
Q

• central portion of bony labyrinth, encloses the utriculus and sacculus

40
Q

Vestibule two openings:

A

• vestibular window
• cochlear window

41
Q

Opening of vestibule that receives the stapes

A

vestibular window

42
Q

Opening of vestibule that covered by membranes, sometimes called secondary tympanic membrane

A

cochlear window

43
Q

Vestibule channels:

A

• vestibular aqueduct
• cochlear aqueduct

44
Q

channel of vestibule that houses the endolymphatic duct

A

vestibular aqueduct

45
Q

What is a channel of vestibule that drains the perilymph into the epidural space

A

cochlear aqueduct

46
Q

• houses the semicircular ducts

A

Semicircular Canals

47
Q

– encloses the cochlear duct
– resembles a snail shell

48
Q

central hollow core of bone

49
Q

housed within modiolus, receives input from sensory cells in the cochlear duct

A

spiral ganglion

50
Q

actual lumen of cochlea, spiral around modiolus

A

spiral canal

51
Q

shelf of bone that extend outward from the modiolus

A

spiral lamina

52
Q

Space within bony cochlea that lies dorsal to bony spiral lamina

A

Scala Vestibuli

53
Q

Space within bony cochlea lies ventral to bony spiral lamina

A

Scala Tympani

54
Q

⚫ Consist of 4 fluid-filled compartment; within the component of the bony labyrinth
⚫ Saccule and utriculus within the vestibule;
⚫ 3 semicircular ducts within bony semicircular canals
⚫ Cochlear duct within bony cochlea

A

MEMBRANOUS LABYRINTH

55
Q

⚫ blind ended channel that extends from saccules into the epidural space
⚫ terminates at expanded endolymphatic sac
⚫ plays a role in resorption of endolymph

A

Endolymphatic Duct

56
Q

⚫ clear dialysate of blood formed from vessels in specialized regions of membranous labyrinth
⚫ fills all parts of membranous labyrinth
⚫ mediate the function of membranous labyrinth
⚫ waves in fluid can be induced by movement of head (balance) or transmission of sound waves (hearing)

57
Q

receptor organ associated with semicircular duct; function in dynamic equilibrium

A

Crista ampullaris

58
Q

receptor organ found in the utriculus and saccule; function in
static equilibrium;

59
Q

macula of the ? may be more important as a receptor for sensing changes in head posture

60
Q

macula of the ? may be more sensitive to vibrational stimuli and loud sounds

61
Q

formerly organ of Corti, is a collection of hair cells and supporting cells that rests on the basilar membrane

A

spiral organ

62
Q

INNERVATION OF THE INNER EAR
• Vascularization
– ? – labyrinthine artery

A

arterial supply

63
Q

INNERVATION OF THE INNER EAR
• Vascularization
– ? – two channels along vestibular and cochlear aqueducts

A

venous drainage

64
Q

INNERVATION OF THE INNER EAR
• Innervation: via vestibulocochlear nerve
– ? – vestibular nerve passes from semicircular ducts

65
Q

INNERVATION OF THE INNER EAR
• Innervation: via vestibulocochlear nerve
– balance – vestibular nerve passes from semicircular ducts
– ? – cochlear nerve passes from cochlea

66
Q

⚫ expanded region of membranous canal situated at base of semicircular ducts

67
Q

⚫ “spot”
⚫ sensory region in the wall of utriculus
⚫ generates information related to position of head relative to gravity
⚫ transmits information to the brain via the vestibulocochlear nerve
⚫ covered with gelatinous layer statoconia (calcium carbonate crystals)

68
Q

shaped ducts

A

3 horseshoe

69
Q

dilations at one end

70
Q

sensory structure within ampulla, sensory hairs are deflected by motions in endolymph

71
Q

• expanded region at the base of cochlear duct
• sensory macule is present and functions in hearing

72
Q

• the floor (base) is formed by basilar membrane, separates the cavity of cochlear duct from the cochlea (scala tympani)
• the roof is formed by vestibular membrane (scala vestibuli)

A

Cochlear Duct

73
Q

⚫ extremely specialized region that transduces mechanical energy (fluid waves) into electrical energy (nervous impulses) for transmission to brain.
⚫ Mechanism involves deflection of sensory hair cells
⚫ Transmission is via cochlear portion of vestibulocochlear nerve

A

Organ of Corti (spiral organ)

74
Q

⚫ awning-like membrane extending over surface of hair cells
⚫ respond to fluid waves in endolymph, contacting hair cells causing them to “fire”

A

Tectorial Membrane

75
Q

⚫ pinna collects sounds
⚫ funnels it thru external ear canal to the middle ear

A

External ear

76
Q

⚫ tympanic membrane vibrates
⚫ vibration is transmitted to the chain of auditory ossicles, amplified 20x
⚫ stapes moves against the membrane covering the vestibular window which transfers energy to the inner ear

A

Middle ear

77
Q

⚫ site where mechanical impulses are transformed into electrical nervous impulses that can be interpreted by the brain

78
Q

An energy transferred to perilymph in wave form, propagated, enters the scala vestibule of the cochlea

A

mechanical energy

79
Q

What passes thru the endolymph, impinge on tectorial membrane of cochlear duct which causes to contact the hair cells which vibrates

80
Q

cells of spiral organ transmit impulses to the brain via what nerve?

A

cochlear nerve

VANA 101 (20 decks)

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