(4) Arthrology Flashcards
Classification of Joints:
- Fibrous Joints
- Cartilaginous Joints
- Synovial Joints
is the study of the articulations (unions) between bones
arthrology
arthrology is the study of the articulations (unions) between bones, which are commonly called?
joints
The tissue that unites the bones of a joint is generally?
fibrous tissue or cartilage.
This joint have no joint cavity. The bones are united by fibrous tissue
Fibrous joints
refers to a joint united by fibrous tissue that permits only slight movement.
Syndesmosis
This is the particular fibrous joint between bones of the skull. It is often completely ossify in maturity.
suture
is the specialized articulation of teeth in their alveoli (sockets) in the mandible and maxilla.
gomphosis
The collagenous tissues and fibroblasts that join the tooth to the socket constitute the?
periodontium
This joint are united by cartilage, with no intervening joint cavity.
cartilaginous joint
is an immovable joint in which the uniting medium is hyaline cartilage.
synchondrosis
Joints that are united by flattened disks of fibrocartilage as found between adjacent pelvic bones and between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae and sternebrae.
Symphyses (fibrocartilaginous joints)
The fibrous or cartilaginous tissues separating adjacent bones in syndesmoses, synchondroses, and symphyses can be replaced by bone as a result of either aging or degenerative processes. When this occurs, the joint is sometimes called a?
synostosis
This joint have similar general structure, which includes articular surfaces, articular cartilages, articular cavity, joint capsule, and ligaments
synovial (formerly called diarthrodial) joints
are specialized layers of compact bone on the surfaces that articulate with other bones.
articular surfaces
is a layer of hyaline cartilage covering the articular surface.
articular cartilage
is a space between the adjacent bones of the joint surrounded by the joint capsule.
Articular cavity
articular cavity is a space between the adjacent bones of the joint surrounded by the joint capsule. Because the space is normally very small and has within it only a very small amount of lubricating fluid, it is called?
Potential space
joint capsule consists of two layers:
- synovial membrane
- fibrous capsule
The deeper layer of joint capsule is the ?, a delicate layer of specialized connective tissue extending from the edges of the articular cartilages of the adjacent bones but not covering the articular cartilage.
synovial membrane
Synovial membrane secretes ?, which lubricates the normal joint.
Synovial fluids
fingerlike projections, may also project into the joint cavity.
Villi (villi synoviales)
The superficial layer of the joint capsule is the ?, a heavier fibrous sleeve adjacent to the synovial membrane.
fibrous capsule
in relation to the musculoskeletal system, are connective tissue bands that extend from bone to bone.
Ligaments
are connective tissue bands that connect muscle to bone.
Tendons
This ligaments are found within joints and are surrounded by the synovial membrane.
Intracapsular (intra-articular) ligaments
This ligament are external to the joint capsule; they include collateral, dorsal, palmar, plantar, and annular ligaments.
Extracapsular (periarticular) ligaments
This ligaments lie on the medial and lateral aspects of a joint.
Collateral ligaments
This ligaments lie in front of and behind the joint.
Dorsal and palmar (or plantar) ligaments
This ligaments surround the joint, and their fibers generally circle the joint to strengthen and protect the capsule.
Annular ligaments
are interposed between surfaces of some joints, where they contribute to the congruency of the articular cartilages and probably play a role in complex joint movements. Are truly intracapsular in that they are not covered by synovial membrane.
Menisci ( fibrocartilage disks)
is a small, fluid-filled sac lined with synovial membrane. It act as cushions and are generally found where tendons cross over a bony prominence.
Bursa
a synovial membrane–lined tube that wraps around the
tendon’s circumference.
synovial sheath
This joint may exhibit one or more of the following movements: gliding or sliding, flexion, extension, hyperextension, rotation, adduction, abduction, and circumduction
Synovial joints
This movement occurs between two more or less flat surfaces in plane joints.
Gliding or sliding
consists of a twisting movement of a segment around its own axis.
Rotation
combines the other types of movement with the exception of rotation
Circumduction
rotates an extremity so that the dorsum is up
Pronation
is a movement that rotates an extremity so that the palmar or plantar aspect of the limb is up.
Supination
A type of joint involve only two articulating bones
Simple joints
This is a type of joint that includes more than two bones within the same joint capsule
composite joints
This type of joint move only in their sagittal plane. The movements in this type of joint are flexion, extension, and, in some joints, hyperextension.
Ginglymus (hinge) joints
This type of joint have only a slight gliding movement between relatively flat apposed surfaces.
Plane joints
Plane joints have only a slight gliding movement between relatively flat apposed surfaces. These surfaces are called?
facets
This type of joint is one in which rotary movement occurs around one axis.
trochoid (pivot) joint
This type of joint permit movement in nearly any direction. A spherical head on one bone fits into a cup-shaped depression in the other. Flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, rotation, and circumduction are all possible
Spheroid (ball and socket) joints
What is the best example of a spheroid joint.
The coxofemoral (hip) joint
This joint has a convex articular condyles articulate with somewhat concave articular surfaces.
condylar joint
What are some examples of condylar joints
temporomandibular and femorotibial (stifle) joints
this joint has an articular surface that is expanded more in one direction than another, forming an ellipse
ellipsoid joint
This joint has surfaces that resemble an English saddle. It permits all types of movement except rotation
saddle joint
This joint are between the mandible and the temporal bone of the skull consists of an articular surface on the skull and one on the mandible, with a plate of cartilage (articular disk or meniscus) between.
temporomandibular joint
The temporomandibular joint acts as a what type of joint?
when the mouth opens
ginglymus joint
The temporomandibular joint acts as a ginglymus joint when the mouth opens and closes and as a what type of joint? when the jaw moves from side to side and forward and back, as in grinding food.
plane joint
temporomandibular joint may be described as what type of joint?
condylar joint.
What do you call a joint between the occipital bone of the skull and first cervical vertebra (the atlas) is strictly a ginglymus joint
atlanto-occipital joint
The only movements possible of atlanto-occipital joint are flexion and extension in the sagittal plane, as in nodding the
head ( what movement: yes or no? )
yes
Rotation of the head occurs between the atlas and axis, at the what joint?
atlantoaxial joint
atlantoaxial joint is the best example of what joint? , in which one segment rotates around the long axis of another.
trochoid (pivot) joint
Joints between adjacent vertebrae throughout the rest of the vertebral column exhibit relatively little motion.
symphyseal (fibrocartilaginous) joints
The bodies of adjacent vertebrae are united by a heavy disk of fibrocartilage, called the ?, that is flexible enough to permit some bending in any direction, even twisting.
intervertebral disk (IVD)
the soft center of the intervertebral disk is called the?
nucleus pulposus
This intervertebral disk has a soft center, the nucleus pulposus, which may abnormally protrude through the surrounding ? into the vertebral canal
annulus fibrosus
The heads of the paired ribs on each side of an intervertebral
space are joined by what ligament ? , which forms a reinforcing band across the dorsal side of the intervertebral disk
intercapital ligament
The scapula has no true bony connection with the thorax. It is held in place by a number of muscles and ligaments. This type of joint is sometimes called?
synsarcosis
This joint of the thoracic limb is spheroid. Movements in all directions, including rotation, are possible.
shoulder (scapulohumeral) joint
This joint is a true ginglymus joint formed by the humeral condyle meeting the proximal ends of the radius and ulna.
elbow joint
This joint is a complex joint that permits flexion and extension not only between the radius and proximal row of carpal bones (radiocarpal joint), but also to a lesser degree between the proximal and distal rows of carpal bones (midcarpal joint).
carpus joint
The joint between the distal row of carpal bones and the metacarpus (carpometacarpal joint) is almost entirely a what type of joint? , which allows only limited gliding movements and makes almost no contribution to the degree to which the entire carpus can flex
plane joint
The fibrous layer of the joint capsule of the carpus is extensive, being a long sleeve extending from the radius to the metacarpus and enclosing the carpal bones. The synovial membrane, however, forms three separate sacs:
- radiocarpal sac
- midcarpal sac
- carpometacarpal sac
This joint is formed by the distal end of the metacarpus; the proximal end of the first phalanx, or long pastern bone; and the two proximal sesamoid bones. It is a ginglymus joint that in the normal standing position is hyperextended
metacarpophalangeal (fetlock) joint
This joint is a ginglymus joint between the first and second phalanges
proximal interphalangeal (pastern) joint
What is a specific condition that occurs when there are degenerative changes in the proximal interphalangeal (pastern)joint
High ringbone
What joint is formed by the second and third phalanges and the distal sesamoid (navicular) bone. The coffin joint is largely encased within the hoof and is essentially a ginglymus joint.
distal interphalangeal joint (coffin joint)
Degenerative joint disease in this distal interphalangeal joint (coffin joint) is commonly referred to as?
low ringbone
This joint is the only bony connection between the axial and appendicular skeletons. In the young animal, this joint exhibits features of both synchondroses and synovial joints, although its mobility is progressively diminished in the adult.
sacroiliac joint
Ligaments in the sacroiliac joint include?
dorsal and ventral sacroiliac and sacrotuberous ligaments
This joint is the best example of a spheroid (ball and socket) joint. The head of the femur is about two-thirds of a sphere that fits into the less extensive acetabulum of the os coxae. The margin of the acetabulum is reinforced and deepened by a marginal cartilage.
coxofemoral (hip) joint
The joint capsule of what joint? is extensive, but not so extensive as that of the shoulder joint
hip joint
What ligaments of the femur connects the head of the femur with a nonarticular area within the acetabulum.
The ligament of the femoral head (formerly round ligament)
What joint corresponds to the human knee. It comprises the
condyles of the distal femur, the patella, and the proximal tibia.
stifle joint
The femoral condyles are separated from the proximal tibia by two intra-articular?
menisci
This joint is stabilized by medial and lateral collateral ligaments and by two intra-capsular cruciate ligaments that form an X as they cross from the tibia to the femur in the middle of the joint.
stifle joint
This sesamoid bone embedded in the tendon of insertion of the large cranial muscles of the thigh.
patella (kneecap)
This joint like the carpus, is a composite joint. The ginglymus portion is formed between the distal end of the tibia and the talus.
tarsus (hock) joint
The calcaneus projects proximad and caudad to form a lever for attachment of what tendon?, which is the common insertional tendon of the extensor muscles of the hock.
common calcaneal tendon (Achilles tendon)
