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VANA 101 > (1) Anatomy 101 - Chapter 1 > Flashcards

(1) Anatomy 101 - Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

● Science that deals with the form and structure of all organisms
● Literally means to cut apart

A

Anatomy

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2
Q

○ Study of the form and relations (relative positions) of the structures of the body that can be seen with the unaided

A

Gross (macroscopic) Anatomy

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3
Q

○ Study of the structures of various species of animals, with particular emphasis on those characteristics that aid in classification

A

Comparative anatomy

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4
Q

○ Study of developmental anatomy, covering the period from conception to birth

A

Embryology

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5
Q

○ Study of tissues and cells that can be seen only with the aid of a microscope

A

Histology (microscopic anatomy)

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6
Q

○ Deals with portions of cells and tissues as they are visualized with the aid of the electron microscope

A

Ultrastructural cytology

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7
Q

a term frequently used in reference to structures seen in electron micrographs

A

Fine structure

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8
Q

○ A study of anatomy through a systematic approach

A

Systemic anatomy

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9
Q

suffix added to the root word referring to the system to name the study

A

-ology (branch of knowledge or science)

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10
Q

Practical Names?

A

○ Function (i.e. adductor muscle of the thigh)
○ Position relative to other similar structure (i.e. superficial inguinal ring)
○ Location (i.e. infraorbital foramen)
○ Appearance or form (i.e. greater curvature of the stomach

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11
Q

○ Relate the structure to a person, usually the person who first described the structure (e.g. canal of Schlemm)

A

Eponymous names

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12
Q

Because eponyms are useless from a practical standpoint, what ? discourages their use

A

Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria

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13
Q

towards the head

A

Cranial

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14
Q

towards the tail

A

Caudal

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15
Q

are directional terms used in reference to features of the head

A

Rostral and caudal

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16
Q

toward the nose

A

rostral

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17
Q

an imaginary plane passing through the body so as to divide the body into equal right and left halves

A

Median plane

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18
Q

any plane parallel to the median plane

A

Sagittal plane

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19
Q

The median plane is sometimes called the?

A

midsagittal plane

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20
Q

at right angles to the median plane and divides the body into cranial and caudal segments

A

Transverse plane

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21
Q

○ At right angles to both the median plane and transverse planes
○ Divides the body into dorsal (upper) and ventral (lower) segments

A

Horizontal plane

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22
Q

adjective meaning close to or toward the median plane

A

Medial

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23
Q

means away from the median plane

A

Lateral

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24
Q

toward or beyond the backbone or vertebral column

A

Dorsal

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25
Q

the noun referring to the dorsal portion or back

A

Dorsum

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26
Q

away from the vertebral column or toward the midabdominal wall

A

Ventral

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27
Q

indicate proximity to the center of an anatomical structure

A

Deep and internal

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28
Q

refer to proximity to the surface of the body

A

Superficial and external

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29
Q

relatively close to a given part, usually the vertebral column, body or center of gravity. Generally used in reference to an extremity of limb

A

Proximal

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30
Q

farther from the vertebral column, and generally used in reference to portions of an extremity

A

Distal

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31
Q

suffix used to form an adverb from any of the named directional terms, indicating movement in the direction of or toward

A

-ad

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32
Q

refers to the flexor or caudal surface when describing the thoracic limb (forelimb)

A

Palmar

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33
Q

refers to the caudal surface when describing the pelvic limb (hindlimb)

A

Plantar

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34
Q

used in reference to the digits to mean toward the functional axis of the limb

A

Axial

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35
Q

decreases the angle of a joint, as when the elbow or finger is bent

A

Flexion

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36
Q

increases the angle of a joint, as when the elbow or finger is straightened

A

Extension

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37
Q

extends a joint beyond a linear or straight configuration, so that the angle of the joint is extended beyond 180 degrees

A

Hyperextension (dorsiflexion)

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38
Q

moves a body part toward the median plane, as when a limb is tucked under the body

A

Adduction

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39
Q

moves a body part away from the median plane, as when a limb is pulled to the side

A

Abduction

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40
Q

moves a structure cranially or rostrally, or moves it away from the central body, a when the tongue is projected from the mouth

A

Protraction

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41
Q

moves a structure back toward the body, as when the tongue is replaced in the mouth

A

Retraction

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42
Q

moves a structure dorsally, as when the shoulder is shrugged or the eyelid is opened

A

Elevation

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43
Q

moves a structure ventrally, as when the eyelid is closed

A

Depression

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44
Q

rotates the pelvic limb so that the plantar/caudal surface faces medially (similar to supination)

A

Inversion

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45
Q

rotates the pelvic limb so that the plantar/caudal surface faces laterally or caudally (similar to pronation)

A

Eversion

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46
Q

describes an essentially circular movement of a part (rather than a joint) around its long axis, as when the head of the humerus rotates in the glenoid cavity of the scapula

A

Rotation

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47
Q

described a combined movement, involving both flexion/extension and abduction/adduction.

A

Circumduction

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48
Q

refers to a position in which the dorsal aspect of the body or any extremity is uppermost

A

Prone

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49
Q

refers to the act of turning toward a prone position

A

Pronation

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50
Q

refers to the position in which the ventral aspect of the body or palmar or plantar aspect of an extremity is uppermost

A

Supine

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51
Q

refers to the act of turning toward a supine position

A

Supination

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52
Q

smallest, basic unit of life that is responsible for all of life’s processes

A

Cells

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53
Q

Cells three main parts:

A

○ Cytoplasm
○ Nucleus
○ Cell membrane

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54
Q

group of specialized cells

A

Tissue

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55
Q

made up by cells that specialize in holding structures

A

Connective tissue

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56
Q

group of tissues that work together for overall function

A

Organs

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57
Q

group of organs that participate in a common enterprise

A

Organ system

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58
Q

cover the surface of the body, line body cavities and form glands

A

Epithelial tissues

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59
Q

support and bind other tissues together and from which the formed elements of the blood are derived (bone marrow)

A

Connective tissues

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60
Q

specialize in contracting

A

Muscle tissues

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61
Q

conduct impulses from one part of the body to another

A

Nervous tissues

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62
Q

Epithelial Tissues
● Classified as?

A

simple (composed of single-layer) or stratified (many layered)

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63
Q

● Classified as simple (composed of single-layer) or stratified (many layered)
● Further subdivided according to the shape of the individual cells within it
○ Squamous - platelike
○ Cuboidal - cubic
○ Columnar - cylindrical
○ Pseudostratified columnar

A

Epithelial Tissues

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64
Q

○ Consists of thin, platelike cells
○ Much expanded in two directions but have little thickness
○ The edges are joined somewhat like a mosaic tile covering a floor
○ A layer of this tissue has little tensile strength and is found only as a covering layer for stronger tissues
○ Found where a smooth surface is required to reduce friction
○ e.g. covering of viscera and the linings of body cavities and blood vessels

A

Simple squamous epithelium

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65
Q

○ Approximately equal in all dimensions
○ Found in some ducts and in passageways in the kidneys

A

Cuboidal epithelial cells

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66
Q

○ Cylindrical
○ Arranged somewhat like the cells in a honeycomb
○ Some have whiplike projections called cilia extending from the free extremity

A

Columnar epithelial

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67
Q

Columnar epithelial
○ Cylindrical
○ Arranged somewhat like the cells in a honeycomb
○ Some have whiplike projections called ? extending from the free extremity

A

cilia

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68
Q

○ Composed of columnar cells
○ Vary in length, giving the appearance of more than one layer or stratum
○ Found in the upper respiratory tract, where the lining cells are ciliated

A

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

69
Q

○ Consists of more than one layer of epithelial cells and includes stratified squamous, stratified columnar, and transitional epithelia

A

Stratified epithelium

70
Q

○ Forms the outer layer of the skin and the lining of the first part of the digestive tract as far as the stomach
○ In ruminants, this tissue also lines the forestomach
○ Thickest and toughest of the epithelia, consisting of many layers of cells

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

71
Q

Stratified squamous epithelium
○ Layers (from deep to superficial):

A

■ Basal layer (stratum basale)
■ Parabasal layer (stratum spinosum)
■ Intermediate layer (stratum granulosum)
■ Superficial layer (stratum corneum)

72
Q

● contains the actively growing and multiplying cells
● Cells are somewhat cuboidal, but as they are pushed toward the surface, away from the blood supply of the underlying tissues, they become flattened, tough and lifeless
● This layer of cornified (keratinized) dead cells becomes very thick in areas subjected to friction

A

Basal layer (stratum basale)

73
Q

○ Composed of more than one layer of columnar cells and is found lining part of the pharynx and salivary ducts

A

Stratified columnar epithelium

74
Q

○ Lines the portions of the urinary system that are subjected to stretching (i.e. urinary bladder, ureters)
○ Can pile up many cells thick when the bladder is small and empty and stretch out to a single layer when completely filled

A

Transitional epithelium

75
Q

Cells that are specialized for secretion or excretion

A

Glandular epithelial cells

76
Q

release from the gland cells of a substance that has been synthesized by the cell and that usually affects other cells in other parts of the body

A

Secretion

77
Q

expulsion of waste products

A

Excretion

78
Q

glands without ducts, which empty their secretory products directly into the bloodstream

A

Endocrine

79
Q

glands that empty their secretory products on an epithelial surface,usually by means of ducts

A

Exocrine

80
Q

Endocrine glands produce?

A

hormones

81
Q

carried to all parts of the body by the blood constitute the humoral control of the body

A

Hormones

82
Q

Humoral control and nervous control are the two mechanisms maintaining?

A

homeokinesis

83
Q

Humoral control and nervous control are the two mechanisms maintaining homeokinesis , also called?

A

homeostasis

84
Q

Endocrine glands constitute what system?

A

endocrine system

85
Q

if the duct that not branch or has no duct at all ( gland )

A

Simple

86
Q

if it does not branch ( gland )

A

Compound

87
Q

if the secretory portion form a tubelike structure ( gland )

A

Tubular

88
Q

if the secretory portion resembles a grape or hollow ball ( gland )

A

Alveolar or acinar

89
Q

combination of tubular and alveolar secretory structures ( gland )

A

Tubuloalveolar gland

90
Q

Compound glands subdivided grossly into?

A

globes

91
Q

Compound glands subdivided grossly into globes , which are further subdivided into?

A

globules

92
Q

The connective tissue partitions, septa , are classified as ? if they separate lobes

A

interlobar septa

93
Q

The connective tissue partitions, septa , are classified as ? if they separate lobules

A

interlobular septa

94
Q

■ Pass their secretory products through the cell wall without any appreciable loss of cytoplasm or noticeable damage to the cell membrane

A

Merocrine gland

95
Q

■ Least common type
■ After the cells fills with secretory material, the entire gland cell discharges to the lumen of the gland to constitute the secretion
■ Sebaceous glands associated with hair follicles of the skin are the most common holocrine gland

A

Holocrine gland

96
Q

■ An intermediate form of secretion in which a small amount of cytoplasm and cell membrane is lost with the secretion
■ Prostate and some sweat glands

A

Apocrine gland

97
Q

Connective Tissues include:

A

○ Elastic tissue
○ Collagenous (white fibrous) tissue
○ Reticular (netlike) tissue
○ Adipose (fat) tissue
○ Cartilage
○ Bone

98
Q

○ Contains kinked fibers that tend to regain their original shape after being stretched
○ Found in the ligamentum nuchae , a strong band that helps to support the head, particularly in horses and cattle
○ Found in the abdominal tunic, in the ligamenta flava of the spinal canal, in elastic arteries, and mixed with other tissues wherever elasticity is needed

A

Elastic tissue

99
Q

Elastic tissue found in the?

A

ligamentum nuchae

100
Q

a strong band that helps to support the head, particularly in horses and cattle

A

ligamentum nuchae

101
Q

○ Found throughout the body in various forms
○ Individual cells (fibroblasts) produce long proteinaceous fibers of collagen, which have remarkable tensile strength
○ These fibers may be arranged in regular repeating units, or laid down in a more random, irregular arrangement

A

Collagenous (white fibrous) tissue

102
Q

○ The fibers are arranged in parallel bundles, forming cords or bands of considerable strength
○ These are the tendons , which connect muscles to bones and the ligaments, which connect bones to bones

A

Dense regular connective tissue

103
Q

○ What tissue is arranged in a thick mat, with fibers running in all directions
○ This forms a strong covering that resists tearing and yet is flexible enough to move with the surface of the body

A

Dense irregular connective tissue

104
Q

The dermis of the skin, which may be tanned to make leather, consists of what tissue?

A

dense irregular connective tissue

105
Q

○ Found throughout the body wherever protective cushioning and flexibility are needed

A

Areolar (loose) connective tissue

106
Q

○ Consists of fine fibrils and cells
○ Makes up part of the framework of endocrine and lymphatic organs

A

Reticular connective tissue

107
Q

○ Forms when connective tissue cells called adipocytes store fat as inclusions within the cytoplasm of the cell
○ As more fat is stored, the cell eventually becomes so filled with fat that the nucleus is pushed to one side of the cell, which, as a result, becomes spherical

A

Adipose (fat) tissue

108
Q

Adipose (fat) tissue forms when connective tissue cells called ? store fat as inclusions within the cytoplasm of the cell

A

adipocytes

109
Q

What adipose tissue is found in most animal body, although may have a yellow tinge in horses and some breeds of dairy cattle because of carotenoids in the feed?

A

White fat

110
Q

What adipose tissue may be found domestic mammals, hibernating mammals, rodents, and human infants?
■ Generates heat to protect young mammals and hibernating mammals from extreme cold

A

Brown fat

111
Q

○ A special type of connective tissue that is firmer than fibrous tissue but not as hard as bone

A

Cartilage

112
Q

The nature of cartilage is due to the structure of the intercellular material found between the?

A

chondrocytes (cartilage cells)

113
Q

The three types of cartilage:

A

hyaline, elastic and fibrous

114
Q

■ Glasslike covering of bones within joints
■ Forms a smooth surface that reduces friction, so that one bone easily glides over the another
■ The actively growing areas near the ends of long bones also consist of this cartilage

A

Hyaline cartilage

115
Q

■ Consists of a mixture of cartilage substance and elastic fibers
■ This type of cartilage gives shape and rigidity to the external ear

A

Elastic cartilage

116
Q

■ Consists of a mixture of cartilage and collagenous fibers, which forms a semi elastic cushion of great strength
■ The intervertebral discs between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae are composed of this cartilage

A

Fibrocartilage

117
Q

Produced by bone-forming cells called osteoblasts

A

Bone

118
Q

Bone is produced by bone-forming cells called?

A

osteoblasts

119
Q

What tissue does osteoblast produce? which later becomes calcified to form bone

A

osteoid tissue

120
Q

sponge-like network formed when bone is arranged in the form of spicules (small spikes) and flat plates

A

Cancellous or spongy bone

121
Q

what bone is laid down in the form of laminated cylinders (Haversian or osteonal systems ) closely packed together

A

Compact bone

122
Q

○ Consists of a fluid matrix (liquid portion), the plasma, a variety of cells, proteins, monosaccharides (simple sugars), products of fat degradation, and other circulating nutrients, wastes, electrolytes, and chemical intermediates of cellular metabolism
○ It is sometimes considered to be a connective tissue because of the origin of some of its components

A

Blood

123
Q

■ In most domestic mammals they are non-nucleated biconcave discs that contain the protein hemoglobin
■ Main function is to carry hemoglobin

A

Red blood cells | erythrocytes

124
Q

Red blood cells also called?

A

erythrocytes

125
Q

in turn has the primary function of carrying oxygen from the lungs to all tissues of the animal

A

Hemoglobin

126
Q

is a reduction in the concentration of functional RBCs in the blood

A

Anemia

127
Q

One of the body’s first line of defense against infection

A

White cells | leukocytes

128
Q

White cells also called?

A

leukocytes

129
Q

large cells ( Agranulocytes/White cells ) that engulf and destroy foreign particles

A

Monocytes

130
Q

smaller cell ( Agranulocytes/White cells ) and are associated with immune responses

A

Lymphocytes

131
Q

have 3 types that are described according to their affinity for different stains

A

Granulocytes | polymorphonuclear lymphocytes

132
Q

Granulocytes also called?

A

polymorphonuclear lymphocytes

133
Q

stain indifferently

A

Neutrophils

134
Q

have dark-staining granules when stained with common blood stains

A

Basophils

135
Q

have red-staining granules

A

Eosinophils

136
Q

small, irregularly shaped cellular fragments that are associated with the clotting of the blood

A

Platelets (thrombocytes)

137
Q

■ Is the fluid part of the unclotted blood
■ Particularly useful as a substitute for blood in transfusions because the proteins in it give it the same osmotic pressure as blood
■ This fluid, therefore, will not escape from blood vessels as readily as a salt solution

A

Plasma

138
Q

■ Is the supernatant fluid that remains after a clot forms and incorporates the cellular components of blood
■ It is similar to plasma but lacks most of the clotting factors
■ Sometimes administered for prevention and treatment of diseases because it contains the antibody fractions of the blood

A

Serum

139
Q

Three types of muscle tissue:

A

○ Skeletal
○ Smooth
○ Cardiac

140
Q

muscle cells that consist of fibers that show characteristic cross-striations under the microscope

A

Striated muscle

141
Q

■ Each muscle cell must have its own nerve supply, and when stimulated, the whole fiber contracts
■ This is the all-or-none law of muscle contraction
■ The force of contraction depends on the state on the state of the fiber at any moment

A

Skeletal

142
Q

Striated skeletal muscle tissue plus some connective tissue makes up the ? of meat-producing animals

A

flesh

143
Q

■ Are spindle-shaped cells that contain one centrally located nucleus per cell
■ Found in the walls of the digestive tract, in the walls of blood vessels, and in the walls of urinary and reproductive organs
■ These cells contract more slowly than skeletal muscle and in response to a variety of stimuli, although they are not under voluntary control

A

Smooth muscle cells

144
Q

■ Also known as involuntary striated muscle because it is not usually under conscious control, yet it does have cross-striations
■ The heart muscle is composed of a complex branched arrangement of cardiac muscle cells

A

Cardiac muscle

145
Q

Modified muscle cells called ? conduct impulses within the heart, much as nerve fibers do in other parts of the body

A

Purkinje fibers

146
Q

the essential cell of nervous tissue

A

Neuron

147
Q

the processes that conduct impulses away from the cell body

A

Axons

148
Q

the processes that conduct impulses toward the cell body

A

Dendrites

149
Q

bundles of axons in the spinal cord

A

Tracts

150
Q

bundles of axons in the periphery

A

Nerves

151
Q

What is a specialized wrapping created by supportive cells called Schwann cells in nerves and oligodendrocytes within the brain and spinal cord

A

Myelin sheath

152
Q

Myelin sheath is a specialized wrapping created by supportive cells called ? in nerves

A

Schwann cells

153
Q

Myelin sheath - a specialized wrapping created by supportive cells called ? within the brain and spinal cord

A

oligodendrocytes

154
Q

what is a special connective tissues of nervous tissue and are found only in the central nervous system?

A

Neuroglia

155
Q

● Exhibits bilateral symmetry
● The right and left sides of it are mirror images of each other

A

body

156
Q

Similar right and left structures of the body are called

A

paired structures

157
Q

Most unpaired structures are on or near on what plane ?, and of course, only one of each unpaired structure exists in any given animal

A

median plane

158
Q

Most unpaired structures are on or near on what plane ?, and of course, only one of each unpaired structure exists in any given animal

A

median plane

159
Q

the simple squamous epithelium lining various body cavities

A

Mesothelium

160
Q

divides the embryonic body cavity into a thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity

A

diaphragm

161
Q

What sac surrounds the heart

A

Pericardial sac

162
Q

What sac surrounds the two lungs

A

Pleural sac (2)

163
Q

Sacs are formed by a serous membrane called ? , a layer of simple squamous epithelium with underlying connective tissue, moistened with the small amount of fluid within the cavity of the sac

A

pleura

164
Q

divided into abdominal and pelvic cavity

A

Abdominopelvic cavity

165
Q

What cavity contains the kidneys, most of the digestive organs and a variable amount of the internal reproductive organs in both sexes

A

Abdominal cavity

166
Q

contains the terminal part of the digestive system (the rectum) and all of the internal portions of the urogenital system not found in the abdominal cavity

A

Pelvic cavity

167
Q

the serous membrane that surrounds the abdominal viscera and part of the pelvic viscera

A

Peritoneum

168
Q

part of the serous membrane covering the viscus

A

Visceral serous membrane

169
Q

serous membrane lining a body cavity

A

Parietal serous membrane

VANA 101 (20 decks)

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