(10) RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Flashcards
• system responsible for the exchange of waste gas for usable
gas between the blood and the air in the environment
• found in the thoracic cavity
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Tract that optimally warm or cool the gases brought into the body
upper respiratory tract
Tract that includes the trachea to the lungs
lower respiratory tract
• Production of sound caused by movement of air across the vocal folds, causing them to vibrate. The associated resonance, changed and modified by the tongue, oral cavity, mouth and lips, produces characteristic sounds
Phonation
• The sense of smell, perceived in the brain (cerebral cortex) involves receptors located in the nasal cavity
Olfaction
• By panting, the dog helps control the body temperature via evaporation. The lungs also play a role in acid-base balance and regulation of circulating substances in the blood
Heat regulation
the rostral structure protruding slightly from the face
External nose
the groove in the lip and middle of the nose separating the nostrils
Philtrum
(cranial nares) the external openings into the nasal cavity, thus, the respiratory system
Nostrils
the rostral end of the nasal bones and the incisive bones, referred to as the immovable nose; the nasal cartilages extend from the opening rostrally
Bony nasal aperture
the nasal cartilages, their ligaments and skin coverings
Movable portion of the nose
the structure giving the nose its characteristic appearance. The nasal cartilages project rostrally from the bony nasal aperture
Cartilage of the nose
opens externally at the nostrils or external nares. It communicates behind with the nasopharynx thru the posterior nares and the paranasal sinuses.
nasal cavity
the rostral part just inside the nostril
Vestibule
Part of nasal cavity filled with nasal conchae
Middle part
Part that contains numerous ethmoturbinates of nasal cavity
Caudal part
a vertical plate, cartilaginous rostrally and bony caudally, that separates the nasal cavity into right and left halves
Nasal septum
This organ is a paired structure that lies in the rostroventral portion of nasal septum and functions in kin recognition and sexual behavior by its reception of pheromones; opens into the incisive duct that elicits flehman response
Vomeronasal organ
(“shells”) which are delicate paper-thin scrolls of bone covered with vascular mucus membrane that projects at the lateral walls of the cavity
Conchae or turbinate bones
In the caudal half of nasal cavity, covered by mucosa containing sensory endings of olfactory nerve, responsible for the keen sense of smell
Ethmoidal nasal concha (ethmoidal labyrinth)
spaces in between the chonchae
Meati
communicates caudally with the nasopharynx and eventually the esophagus
Ventral nasal meatus
• Air-filled spaces in the skull
• Communicate with the space of the nasal cavity
PARANASAL SINUS
• part of both respiratory and digestive systems
PHARYNX
located caudal to the nasal cavity, contains opening of auditory tube
nasopharynx
located caudal to the oral cavity, ventral to the soft palate; contains the tonsils
oropharynx
caudal to both the nasopharynx and oropharynx; surrounds larynx; opens into the esophagus and larynx
laryngopharynx
• A complex cartilaginous and muscular tube that connects the
pharynx and trachea
• located just caudal to the soft palate and the base of the tongue; ventral to the pharynx at the level of the atlas
• Suspended in the intermandibular space and attached to the tongue by the hyoid apparatus
LARYNX
This cartilage forms the epiglottis
Epiglottic cartilage
largest, open dorsally of laryngeal cartilage
Thyroid cartilage
This cartilage forms a complete ring (signet)
Cricoid cartilage
paired cartilage ; where the vocal ligament (“vocal cord”) and the vocalis muscles is attached
Arytenoid cartilage
• Suspends the tongue and larynx from the skull in the intermandibular space
• Attached to the mastoid region proximally and thyroid cartilage distally
• Composed of a set of tiny yet strong bones assembled by synchondrosis
HYOID APPARATUS
rod shaped distinctly bowed towards the midline
Stylohyoid bone (“pole”)
sitting “upon” the central region of the hyoid apparatus
Epihyoid bone (“upon”)
shortest hyoid bone
Ceratohyoid bone (“horn”)
positioned within the base of the tongue
Basihyoid bone
attached to the thyroid cartilage
Thyrohyoid bone
• cartilaginous and membranous tube which extends from the
larynx to the hilus of the lungs where it terminates by dividing
into left and right bronchi above the base of the heart
• composed of a series of C shaped cartilaginous rings joined by
fibroelastic connective tissue called the annular ligaments
TRACHEA OR WINDPIPE
divisions of airways within the lungs; with progressively decreasing diameter at the level of the base of the heart; the last and smallest division of the airway is the dead-end alveolus, arranged in clusters like grapes off the end of a bronchiole
Bronchi
This segment is a self-contained, cone shaped section of lung tissue within a lobe
Bronchopulmonary segment
convex cranial end of the lungs, directed toward the thoracic inlet
Apex
concave caudal portion of the lungs, conforms to the diaphragm
Base (diaphragmatic surface)
This surface lies laterally against the thoracic wall
Costal surface
This surface faces the opposite lung through the mediastinun; with cardiac impression of the right lung between the 3rd and 6th rib
Medial surface
concave surface conforming to the diaphragm
Diaphragmatic surface
the opening between lobes of the lungs where the heart sac comes in contact with the thoracic wall
Cardiac notch of the right lung
the general area where vascular, nervous and airway structures enter or leave the lung
Hilus
comprise the collected structures that pass into and out of the lung at the hilus
Root
• Supplies lung tissue with oxygenated blood
• They arise from branches of the aorta
Bronchial vessels
This lung is larger than the left, more lobes than the left
Right lung
• The space between the lungs, a median structure extending along the midline from the thoracic inlet to the diaphragm
MEDIASTINUM
• A musculotendinous organ of inspiration that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity
• Has a tendinous center and muscular periphery
• Pierced by three foramina
• Innervated by the phrenic nerves
DIAPHRAGM
