(14) The Endocrine System

Question 1

primary endocrine organs
– exclusive function:

Answer 1

secrete hormone

Question 2

primary endocrine organs includes:

Answer 2

– pituitary gland (hypophysis cerebri)
– pineal gland (epiphysis cerebri)
– thyroid glands
– parathyroid glands
– adrenal glands

Question 3

– have endocrine function in addition to serving in other capacities

Answer 3

major endocrine organs

Question 4

major endocrine organs Includes:

Answer 4

– Ovaries
– Testes
– Pancreas

Question 5

– Have endocrine function that is secondary or has other major functions

Answer 5

minor endocrine glands

Question 6

minor endocrine glands Includes:

Answer 6

– Kidneys
– Liver
– Thymus
– Fetal membranes/placenta

Question 7

– A reddish appendage attached at the ventral midline to the diencephalon
– Called the “Master Gland”; although small, it plays a major regulatory role in the entire endocrine system

Answer 7

Hypophysis or the Pituitary Gland

Question 8

– Unpaired, cream-colored, wedge-shaped small excrescence on the dorsal midline surface of the diencephalon and where it is part of the epithalamus.
– Growth upon the cerebrum
– Not visible from external surface
– Produces melatonin
– Functions as a biological clock regulating both diurnal and seasonal variation in gonadal activity

Answer 8

Pineal Gland (formerly epiphysis)

Question 9

Pineal Gland (formerly epiphysis) Produces?

Answer 9

melatonin

Question 10

– Largest endocrine gland; Two separate lobes, elongated symmetrical ovals, generally dark red in color
– Lies on the ventrolateral surface of the trachea immediately caudal to the larynx

Answer 10

Thyroid Gland

Question 11

Two types of endocrine cells:

Answer 11

– Follicular cells
– Parafollicular cells (C cells)

Question 12

– Represent majority of the secretory cells in the gland
– Secretes thyroid hormone, stored within the gland and released as needed
– Controls many of the body’s metabolic process

Answer 12

Follicular cells

Question 13

Follicular cells secretes what hormone?

Answer 13

thyroid hormone

Question 14

– These cells are fewer in number
– Secretes calcitonin
– Stimulates skeleton to take up calcium thus lowering level of calcium in the blood

Answer 14

Parafollicular cells (C cells)

Question 15

Parafollicular cells (C cells) secretes?

Answer 15

calcitonin

Question 16

– Smallest endocrine glands
– Produces parathormone essential for normal metabolism of calcium
– Promotes calcium absorption from the gut
– Mobilizes calcium from skeleton
– Induce excretion of calcium in the urine

Answer 16

Parathyroid Glands

Question 17

Adrenal Glands
– Paired organs that are flat elongated and roughly rectangular
– Lies sandwiched between two companion vessels, the common trunk of the caudal phrenic and cranial abdominal arteries and veins (veins – ventral to gland, arteries – dorsal to gland)

Question 18

What adrenal glands located between kidney and aorta

Answer 18

Left adrenal gland

Question 19

What adrenal gland located between kidney and caudal vena cava

Answer 19

Right adrenal gland

Question 20

Adrenal cortex is a major steroid-producing organ – produce ? that regulate mineral balance via normal kidney function and most useful for carbohydrate metabolism

Answer 20

steroid hormone (mineralocorticoids & glucocorticoids)

Question 21

Medulla produces ? augments together with nervous system , the general adaptation of the body to stress

Answer 21

epinephrine and norepinephrine

Question 22

These two combine to influence markedly the organism’s response to both acute and chronic stress

Answer 22

cortex and medulla

Question 23

Pancreatic islets (Islet of Langerhans) secrete ? to regulate blood sugar levels

Answer 23

insulin and glucagon

Question 24

Ovaries
– Corpus luteum – source of?

Answer 24

progesterone

Question 25

– Corpus luteum – source of progesterone
– In pregnant bitch, provides levels of progesterone sufficient to maintain pregnancy

Answer 25

Ovaries

Question 26

– During last two trimester of pregnancy produce progesterone sufficient to maintain pregnancy and bring it to term

Answer 26

Placenta

Question 27

These cells are the source of male androgens including testosterone

Answer 27

Interstitial cells (of Leydig)

Question 28

Interstitial cells (of Leydig) – source of male androgens including
testosterone

Answer 28

Testes

Question 29

– Juxtaglomerular cells has secretory granules which contains renin which plays a role in increasing the blood pressure

Answer 29

Kidney

Question 30

What cells has secretory granules which contains renin which plays a role in increasing the blood pressure

Answer 30

Juxtaglomerular cells