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VANA 101 > (8) Nervous System > Flashcards

(8) Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

● Consists of the brain, the spinal cord, and the peripheral nerves, which connect various parts of the body to either the brain or spinal cord

A

Nervous System

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2
Q

primary functional cell of the nervous system

A

Neuron

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3
Q

other cells types that functions to maintain the cellular environment to support the activity of the neurons

A

Glia

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4
Q

this system is the control center consisting of the brain and the spinal cord

A

Central Nervous System

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5
Q

this system has all the nerve processes connecting to the CNS, consisting of cranial and spinal nerves

A

Peripheral Nervous System

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6
Q

conducts sensory (afferent) information from the periphery to the CNS

A

Sensory (afferent) system

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7
Q

sensory fibers in the spinal cord that travel toward the brain

A

Ascending tracts

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8
Q

consists of motor (efferent) nerves that conduct from higher to lower levels of the CNS and from the CNS to the periphery

A

Motor (efferent) system

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9
Q

extend from the brain down the descending tracts in the cord to synapse on lower motor neurons (LMN)

A

Upper motor neurons (UMN)

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10
Q

What motor neuron extend away from the spinal cord and brain to the muscles and glands of the body

A

Lower motor neurons (LMN)

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11
Q

bundles of upper motor neuron fibers that move caudally in the spinal cord

A

Descending tracts

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12
Q

This system carries conscious voluntary information from the CNS to the skeletal muscles along cranial and spinal nerves

A

Somatic nervous system (soma, body)

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13
Q

This system carries involuntary information (sensory and motor) to and from smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands of the body along cranial and spinal nerves to the spinal cord and brain

A

Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

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14
Q

● An artificial classification because many of the nerves of the body are partly in both divisions

A

Structural Classification

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15
Q

● Takes into account the impulses (sensory or motor) carried by nerves and the directions they travel

A

Impulse Classification

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16
Q

● Takes into account the activities that are directed by the nervous system

A

Functional Classification

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17
Q

from nerves of the somatic nervous system to skeletal muscles; and from skin and deeper somatic structures

A

Somatic fibers (motor and sensory)

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18
Q

supply skeletal (somatic) muscles, no matter what the branchial arch origin

A

Somatic motor (efferent) fibers

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19
Q

carry sensory information from skin and deeper somatic structures (skeletal muscle, skin, tendons, joint capsules, bones, etc)

A

Somatic sensory (afferent) fibers

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20
Q

from nerves of the ANS

A

ANS fibers

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21
Q

These fibers are carried by branches of all spinal and most cranial nerves

A

Sympathetic fibers

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22
Q

These fibers are restricted to some sacral spinal nerves (pelvic nerve) and only a few cranial nerves

A

Parasympathetic fibers

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23
Q

these fibers can be further divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers

A

ANS motor (efferent) fibers

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24
Q

These fibers carry sensory fibers from blood vessels and viscera throughout the body

A

ANS sensory (afferent) fibers

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25
Q

These fibers carry special sensory information of taste, smell, vision, hearing and vestibular function to the brain

A

Special sensory fibers

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26
Q

■ Nerve cells or neurons
■ Neuroglial cells
■ These are bathed in what fluid?

A

extracellular fluid

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27
Q

the supporting structure of nervous tissue consisting of neuroglial cells

A

Neuroglia

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28
Q

○ different portions of the neuron have different membrane properties and to a degree different internal organelles, therefore, making them functional and structural compartments
○ This concept explains how disease can affect only specific compartments
○ These specialized compartments communicate with each other by transport systems

A

Compartmentalization

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29
Q

nerve cells are grouped biochemically by their neurotransmitters, allowing each set to carry out specific functions

A

Biochemical specialization

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30
Q

lack the ability to divide

A

Non reproducible

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31
Q

distinguishes nervous tissue from other tissues and is central to the functioning of nervous tissue

A

Complex connections

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32
Q

are the information cells of the body

A

Information

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33
Q

○ Synthesizes enzymes and other molecules essential to the normal function and the survival of the other compartments of the neuron
○ If the cell body is damaged, the rest of the cell dies
○ On the other hand, if an axon in the periphery is damaged, it has possibility of regenerating
○ Neurofibrils form a network extending into the nerve fibers, functioning in support and transport of materials between the compartments of the neuron

A

Cell body (soma or perikaryon)

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34
Q

○ Well-defined with a prominent nucleolus and granular chromatin
○ After 4 years of age, it appears to be unable to undergo mitosis, therefore unable to increase or replace neurons

A

Nucleus

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35
Q

Two types nerve processes that extends from the cell:

A

dendrites and axons

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36
Q

○ Two types extend from the cell: dendrites and axons.
○ A cell usually has only one axon, but may have many dendrites

A

Nerve processes

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37
Q

○ The multiple processes acting as the receptor portion of the neuron that conduct information (electrical impulses) toward the cell body
○ They are usually multi-branched processes containing cytoplasmic organelles and Nissl bodies

A

Dendrites

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38
Q

○ Carries information (electrical impulses) away from the cell body to other neurons or tissue
○ A long cylindrical process, usually singular, that may have tiny side branches (axon collaterals)
○ It has neurofibrils, but no Nissl bodies
○ Their terminal branches (telodendrites) end in synaptic knobs

A

Axons

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39
Q

○ Form the presynaptic side of the synapse and contain synaptic vesicles that store chemicals for release at the synapse

A

Synaptic knobs

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40
Q

○ These neurons brings information from receptors in the periphery to the CNS
○ These neurons have their cell bodies located outside the CNS

A

Sensory (afferent) neuron

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41
Q

○ These neuros carries information from the CNS to peripheral muscles, glands, or other neurons
○ Their neurons have their cell bodies inside the CNS (brain or spinal cord) and their axons (motor, efferent) extending to the periphery

A

Motor (efferent) neurons

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42
Q

○ Carry sensory impulses from sensory neurons to motor neurons

A

Interneuron

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43
Q

The whole interneuron (cell body, dendrites and axon) is located inside what system?

A

CNS

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44
Q

○ Receive many dendrites and has one axon

A

Multipolar

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45
Q

○ Receive one common trunk formed by its dendrites and sends out one axon

A

Bipolar

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46
Q

○ Receive one common trunk formed by the axon and dendrite

A

Unipolar or pseudounipolar

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47
Q

● The second cellular component of nervous tissue
● They are about 10-50 times more abundant than nerve cells
● Function as a binding agent to maintain the form of the nervous system
● Provide metabolic support for nerve cells and play a role in repair of damaged nervous tissue
● Unlike neurons, they are able to divide, therefore, are the primary source of intrinsic tumors

A

Neuroglia

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48
Q

Neuroglia of the CNS:

A

● Ependymal cells
● Astrocytes
● Oligodendrocyte
● Microglia

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49
Q

Neuroglia of the PNS:

A

● Schwann cells

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50
Q

○ Star-shaped cells that supply support to nervous tissue
○ The processes extend to form a membrane around the capillaries of the CNS
○ They bring nutrients from the capillaries to the neurons, thus, providing nutritional support

A

Astrocytes

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51
Q

○ Smaller and less branched than astrocytes, they wrap around the axons of nerve cells to form myelin

A

Oligodendrocyte

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52
Q

It increases the speed of conduction along the axon, resulting in faster information transfer

A

Myelin

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53
Q

○ The smallest neuroglial cells of the CNS
○ They migrate and act to phagocytize waste products in nerve tissue

A

Microglia

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54
Q

○ Neuroglia of the PNS
○ Form myelin sheaths by winding around nerve processes
○ Equivalent of the oligodendrocyte of the CNS

A

Schwann cells

55
Q

○ Unmyelinated gaps between segments of the myelin sheath

A

Nodes of Ranvier

56
Q

○ Lipoprotein forming a sheath around nerve processes
○ Axons and dendrites can have both myelin sheaths (myelinated) or remain naked (unmyelinated)
○ Increases the speed of impulse conduction and insulates the nerve process

A

Myelin

57
Q

The remaining portion of the Schwann cell encircling the sheath is known as the ?, which assists in regeneration of injured axons

A

neurolemma

58
Q

● A specialized site of apposition where information passes from one nerve cell to another cell

A

Synapse

59
Q

the neuron that is transferring information to the postsynaptic cell
○ The first cell
○ Always a nerve

A

Presynaptic cell

60
Q

the neuron, muscle or from the gland receiving information presynaptic cell
○ The second cell
○ Can be a nerve, muscle or gland

A

Postsynaptic cell

61
Q

an electrical event that travels down an axon

A

Nerve action potential (NAP)

62
Q

the terminal end of the presynaptic nerve that is in apposition synaptic cell

A

Synaptic button

63
Q

membrane-bound organelles containing neurotransmitters located in the synaptic button

A

Synaptic vesicle

64
Q

a chemical substance within the synaptic vesicle that mediates information transfer between nerve cells and other cells at synapses

A

Neurotransmitters

65
Q

integral proteins inserted in the membrane of the postsynaptic cell
○ They bind with a neurotransmitter, resulting in a change in the membrane of the postsynaptic cell

A

Receptors

66
Q

the synaptic connection between a neuron and muscular tissue where electrical impulses pass from the neuron to the muscle cell
○ This can result in contraction of the muscle

A

Neuromuscular junction

67
Q

If the postsynaptic cell is a nerve, it can ? another nerve action potential in the postsynaptic nerve

A

initiate or inhibit

68
Q

● The simplest impulse pathway

A

Reflex Arc

69
Q

is an involuntary response to a sensory stimulus

A

reflex

70
Q

This pathway involves sensory neuron, an interneuron, and a motor neuron

A

reflex arc (pathway of a reflex)

71
Q

Specialized receptors at the end of sensory neurons receive a stimulus, resulting in an?

A

impulse

72
Q

What travels through the dendrite, body, and axon of the sensory neuron into the spinal cord?

A

impulse

73
Q

a change in the environment

A

Stimulus

74
Q

the end of a sensory neuron’s dendrite that responds to change (stimulus) by developing a nerve impulse

A

Receptor

75
Q

This neuron sends sensory impulses to the CNS

A

Sensory (afferent) neuron

76
Q

located in the spinal cord, connect a sensory neuron with a motor neuron

A

Interneuron, association (internucial) neurons

77
Q

This neuron carries an impulse to an effector organ

A

Motor (efferent) neuron

78
Q

muscle or gland innervated by a motor neuron to react to the stimulus

A

Effector (target) organ

79
Q

aggregations of nerve cell bodies (perikarya) located in the brain

A

Nucleus

80
Q

a group of nerve cell bodies outside the CNS, manifested as a swelling of a nerve

A

Ganglion

81
Q

This matter is part of the nervous tissue consisting mainly of neuronal cell bodies

A

Gray matter

82
Q

This matter is part of the nervous tissue consisting mainly of myelinated nerve fibers

A

White matter

83
Q

a bundle of nerve processes outside the CNS

A

Nerve

84
Q

nerve fiber bundles of common origin in the brain and spinal cord
○ They are usually named for their origin and destination

A

Nerve tracts or Fasciculi

85
Q

● The portion of the CNS contained within the skull

A

Brain

86
Q

Brain can divided into three major parts:

A

the cerebrum, the cerebellum, and the brain stem

87
Q

is the basis of the many medical terms relating to the brain

A

Encephalon (Gr. enkephalos, brain)

88
Q

● Forms the bulk of and performs the higher functions of the brain
● Largest part of the brain, divided by the median fissure into two cerebral hemispheres
● Interprets sensory inputs from the sense organs, initiates voluntary skeletal muscle movements, and stores memory

A

Cerebrum (or Telencephalon)

89
Q

Cerebrum (or Telencephalon)
● Forms the bulk of and performs the higher functions of the brain
● Largest part of the brain, divided by?

A

median fissure

90
Q

What are the two structures created by the longitudinal fissure dividing the cerebrum

A

Cerebral hemispheres

91
Q

Cerebral hemispheres are connected deeply by the?

A

corpus callosum

92
Q

the thin, superficial layer of gray matter made up of nerve cell bodies

A

Cerebral cortex

93
Q

the myelinated nerve axons connecting the cortex with other parts of the cortex, brain and spinal cord

A

White matter

94
Q

axons connecting nerve cells in different parts of the same cerebral hemisphere

A

Association fibers

95
Q

axons passing between nerve cells of both hemispheres and from the corpus callosum

A

Commissural fibers

96
Q

axons connecting the cerebral cortex to other parts of the brain and the spinal cord

A

Projection fibers

97
Q

masses of nerve cell bodies located deep in the white matter of the cerebrum

A

Basal ganglia

98
Q

the numerous folds on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres greatly increasing its surface area

A

Convolutions or gyri

99
Q

the depressions between the gyri, divided into two groups according to their dept

A

Grooves

100
Q

deep grooves

A

Fissure

101
Q

shallow grooves

A

Sulci

102
Q

the deep groove separating the cerebrum into two cerebral hemispheres

A

Longitudinal fissure

103
Q

the deep groove separating the cerebellum from the cerebral hemispheres

A

Transverse fissure

104
Q

named for the bones overlying the cerebrum

A

Lobes and functional areas

105
Q

mapped for sensory and motor areas

A

Cortex

106
Q

What hemisphere controls skeletal muscle movements on the body’s left side, and vice versa

A

right

107
Q

the rostral part of each cerebral hemisphere.

A

Frontal lobe

108
Q

the caudal part of each cerebral hemisphere where the centers for vision are located

A

Occipital lobe

109
Q

the lateral side of the cerebrum caudoventral to the lateral fissure
■ This is the location of the hearing centers

A

Temporal lobe

110
Q

dorsal part of the cerebrum

A

Parietal lobe

111
Q

the centers for smell (cerebrum)

A

Ventral cerebrum

112
Q

the areas next to the sensory and motor areas
■ They analyze sensory input and are concerned with memory

A

Association areas

113
Q

The rostral brainstem between the cerebrum and the midbrain, surrounding the third ventricle composed primarily of the ?, both gray matter grouped into nuclei

A

thalamus and the hypothalamus

114
Q

the two oval masses , mainly gray matter, connected by the interthalamic adhesion
○ Functions as a central relay center for sensory impulses to the cerebral cortex, and contains some motor fibers from the cortex to other brain centers

A

Thalamus

115
Q

Thalamus - the two oval masses , mainly gray matter, connected by the?

A

interthalamic adhesion

116
Q

the floor of the diencephalon
○ Seen in a ventral view of the brain, located beneath the thalamus
○ Communicates with the cortex, thalamus and other parts of the brain, as well as with the pituitary gland via infundibular stalk
○ Regulates the viscera by controlling and integrating the ANS
○ Through the ANS, it controls heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature and GI secretions and motility

A

Hypothalamus

117
Q

The two hormones hypothalamus produces that are sent to the posterior pituitary gland for storage and release

A

antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin

118
Q

○ The small gland of internal secretion attached to the hypothalamus by the infundibulum

A

Pituitary gland or hypophysis

119
Q

Pituitary gland or hypophysis consists of two main parts:

A

■ Anterior lobe (adenohypophysis)
■ Posterior lobe (neurohypophysis)

120
Q

○ Stalk attaching the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus

A

Infundibulum

121
Q

● Located between the diencephalon and the pons, it connects lower brain centers and the spinal cord with higher brain centers

A

Midbrain and Mesencephalon

122
Q

What part of the midbrain is composed of four colliculi (corpora quadrigemina)

A

roof (tectum)

123
Q

functions as a motor reflex center in coordinating subconscious and conscious skeletal muscle movements

A

cerebellum

124
Q

located in muscles, tendons, and joints, sense the relative position of one body part to another

A

Proprioceptors

125
Q

the central part of the cerebellum

A

Vermis

126
Q

the parts on either side of the vermis

A

Lateral masses

127
Q

the thin, outer layer of gray matter

A

Cerebellar cortex

128
Q

the white matter tracts branching into the cerebellum

A

Arbor vitae

129
Q

bundles of fibers connecting the cerebellum to the brain stem

A

Cerebellar peduncles

130
Q

The caudal cerebellar peduncles connect the?

A

medulla, spinal cord and the cerebellum

131
Q

The middle cerebellar peduncles connect the?

A

cerebellum and the pons

132
Q

The rostral cerebellar peduncles connect the?

A

midbrain and the cerebellum

133
Q

This lobe is the area of temperature, pressure, touch and pain sensations

A

rostral lobe

VANA 101 (20 decks)

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