(6 & 6.1) Cardiovascular System & Arterial System Flashcards
What system consists of heart and a system of vessels for the distribution of blood to the tissues of the body and the lungs for exchange of gases?
Cardiovascular System
carry blood away from the heart
Arteries
carry blood towards the heart
Veins
circulation to the lungs
Pulmonary circulation
circulation to the body
Systemic circulation
This system includes a powerful pump, the heart
Blood vascular system
Arteries branch into progressively smaller arteries until they form microscopic vessels called?
capillaries
Capillaries feed into small veins that join to form larger?
veins
Newly oxygenated blood returns through veins from the lungs to the left side of the heart that pumps it to the rest of the body and heart via the?
aorta
What system removes wastes and bacteria from the interstitial fluid and returns protein-rich fluid to the bloodstream?
Lymphatic system
Cone-shaped, hollow muscular structure
Heart
is directed dorsad or cranio-dorsad and is attached to other
thoracic structures by large arteries, veins and the pericardial sac
base
is directed ventrad and is entirely free within the pericardial sac
apex
In the ?, the right side of the heart is on the right side of the body but oriented more cranial than the left side, which is left and somewhat caudad
living animal
● Fibroserous sac enclosing the heart
● Composed of fibrous and serous, covered by mediastinal (pericardiac) pleura
pericardium
- atough, fibrous sac surrounding the serous pericardium, the heart and the pericardial cavity
- it is closed above by its attachment to the great vessels of the heart
Fibrous pericardium
This ligament connects the pericardium to the floor of the thorax
Sternopericardiac ligament
This ligament connects the pericardium to the diaphragm
Phrenicopericardiac ligament
- a serous membrane forming a closed cavity
- it covers the heart (visceral layer) and lines the inner surface of the fibrous pericardial sac (parietal layer)
Serous pericardium
lines the inner surface of the fibrous pericardium. It reflects onto the surface of the heart as the visceral layer
Parietal layer of the serous pericardium
- covers the myocardium of the heart closely
- it is also called the epicardium
Visceral layer of the serous pericardium
- A potential space between the visceral and parietal layers of serous pericardium
- It has approximately one ml of yellow fluid between the contacting layers, which acts as a lubricant to allow the heart freedom of movement during contraction
Pericardial cavity
the outer serous covering; thin layer of mesothelium covering the surface of the heart
Epicardium
the muscle layer making up the majority of the thickness of the heart wall; between the endocardium and epicardium
Myocardium
thin, mesothelial layer lining the atria and ventricles; continuous with the endothelium lining the great vessels entering and leaving the heart
Endocardium
low-pressure system
pulmonary circulation
high pressure systems
systemic circulation
Part of heart receives blood by way of large veins
Atrium
Part of heart that pumps blood from the heart through a large artery
Ventricle
a pectinated muscular structure which forms a distinctive
pouch visible on the exterior of the heart and overlaps the pulmonary trunk
Auricle
the large vein returning blood from the head, neck and thoracic limbs to the right atrium
Cranial vena cava
the large vein returning blood from part of the thorax, the viscera and the caudal part of the body to the right atrium
Caudal vena cava
the chamber of the heart receiving deoxygenated
blood from the body
Right atrium
the chamber receiving blood from the right atrium and sending it to the lungs
Right ventricle
is the funnel shaped end of the right ventricle leading to the pulmonary trunk
conus
the large vessel carrying blood from the right ventricle to the pulmonary arteries, thus, to the lungs
Pulmonary trunk
the two branches of the pulmonary trunk carrying blood to the lungs; one to the right lung, one to the left
Pulmonary arteries
the numerous vessels emptying oxygenated blood from the lungs into the left atrium of the heart
Pulmonary veins
receives oxygenated blood from the lungs via the pulmonary veins
Left atrium
sends oxygenated blood to the body from heart
Left ventricle
the major outflow from the left ventricle into the systemic circulation
Aorta
Valve between the atrium and the ventricle of each side
Atrioventricular valve (A-V valve)
left A-V valve, because in humans, it has two distinct flaps or cusps
Bicuspid valve
left A-V valve, because of its imagined resemblance to a bishop’s miter, or two-sided hat
Mitral valve
right A-V valve, because in humans it has three flaps or cusp
Tricuspid valve
strong, fibrous connections between the valve leaflets and the papillary muscles
Chordae tendineae
The chordae tendineae attach to small muscular protrusions called ? that project into the lumina of the ventricle
papillary muscle
- Ensures that blood flows only from the ventricle into the artery and not in the opposite direction
- Has three cuplike leaflets, with convex side facing the ventricle
Semilunar valve
Valve that lies at the junction of the left ventricle and aorta
Aortic valve
Valve at the junction of the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
Pulmonary valve
Resembles the branching of a tree in that the arteries start as large vessels and divide into smaller and smaller branches
Blood Vessels
The smallest arteries are?
arterioles
The smallest arteries are arterioles, which are continuous with the smallest blood vessels called?
capillaries
Capillaries unite to form ? that come together to form larger and larger veins
small venules
Arteries and Arterioles are lined with?
endothelium
● Tiny tubes composed almost entirely of endothelium, a continuation of the simple squamous epithelium that lines the heart and blood vessels
● These thin-walled vessels are only large enough in diameter to accommodate a single file of erythrocytes
● The wall acts as a selectively permeable membrane that permits water, oxygen and nutrients to leave the blood for tissue cells and permits waste products from tissue cells to enter the blood
Capillaries
are larger in diameter than the arteries they parallel and have much thinner walls
Veins
frequently is present where two or more veins unite to form a larger vein
valve
Fluid that does not reenter the vascular space directly is recovered by thin-walled lymphatic vessels
extracellular fluid
These vessels resemble veins in that they contain numerous valves permitting flow only toward the heart
Lymphatic Vessels
the fluid within the lymphatic vessels; are transported to larger and larger lymph vessels and finally emptied into the cranial vena cava or one of its tributaries
Lymph
two large lymph vessels draining the head and neck, usually terminate in the jugular veins
Tracheal trunks
- where lymph from the caudal half of the body is delivered
- traverses the thoracic cavity adjacent to the aorta to empty its lymph into the cranial vena cava
Thoracic duct
Part of the vascular system that circulates the blood through the lungs
Pulmonary Circulation
is delivered into the pulmonary system by contraction of the right ventricle
Deoxygenated blood
Each pulmonary artery subdivides into ? going to individual lobes of the lungs
lobar arteries
In Pulmonary Circulation as gases are exchanged, the color of the blood changes from the?
bluish maroon color of deoxygenated blood to the bright red of oxygenated blood
Refers to the movement of oxygenated blood to all areas of the body and the return of deoxygenated blood to the heart
Systemic Circulation
○ The largest artery
○ The left ventricle receives oxygenated blood from the left atrium and pumps the blood throughout the systemic circulation by way of the?
aorta
found at the junction of the left ventricle and aorta and prevents backflow of blood from the aorta into the left ventricle when the ventricle relaxes
Aortic valve
- two large vessels that arise from the aorta immediately distal to the aortic valve
- the arterial blood supply for the myocardium
Coronary arteries (left and right)
where most of the venous blood from the myocardium passes as they are returned to the right atrium
Coronary veins
responsible for draining most of the deoxygenated blood leaving the myocardium; adjacent to the opening of the caudal vena cava
Coronary sinus
After emerging from the base of the heart, the ? courses dorsad and then caudad, just ventral to the bodies of the thoracic vertebrae
aortic arch
The aorta continues as the thoracic aorta until it passes through the aortic hiatus of the diaphragm to become the?
abdominal aorta
main blood supply to the thoracic limbs
Subclavian arteries (left and right)
provide arterial blood to regions of the neck and cranial thoracic wall
Costocervial trunks (left and right)
main source of blood for the head and brain, arise together from a single bicarotid trunk
Common carotid arteries (left and right)
● Passes caudad just ventral to the vertebral bodies
● As it does so, pairs of segmental arteries arise from its dorsal aspect to supply the thoracic wall and epaxial muscles
● Each of these intercostal arteries enters the corresponding intercostal space, giving off a spinal branch that enters the vertebral canal to supply the spinal cord and spinal nerve roots
Thoracic Aorta
This aorta passes through the aortic hiatus of the diaphragm
Abdominal Aorta
supplying the pelvic limbs
external iliac arteries
supplying the gluteal and perineal region
internal iliac arteries
supply the diaphragm
Phrenic arteries
What artery small midline continuation of the aorta that continues ventral to caudal vertebrae as the median caudal artery
Median sacral artery
Median sacral artery is a small midline continuation of the aorta that continues ventral to caudal vertebrae as the?
median caudal artery
tail vein; used for collection of blood from adult cattle
Medial caudal vein
arises from the dorsal side of the abdominal aorta and supplies the abdominal wall and epaxial muscles and giving off spinal branches that supply the spinal cord and spinal nerve roots of the lumbosacral region
Lumbar arteries
provide arterial blood to the kidneys
Renal arteries
provide arterial blood to the gonads
Testicular or ovarian arteries
These branches supply nearly all the abdominal viscera; from cranial to caudal
Unpaired visceral branches
This artery ( not abdominal artery ) arises shortly after the aorta pases through the diaphragm
Celiac artery
Large unpaired artery that supplies the spleen?
splenic artery
Large unpaired artery that supplies the liver?
hepatic artery
Artery that pases to the greater curvature of the stomach
Left gastroepiploic artery
arise from the splenic artery and pass to the fundus of the stomach
Short gastric arteries
anastomoses with the left gastric artery to supply the lesser curvature of the stomach
Right gastric artery
crosses the stomach to branch into right gastroepiploic and cranial pancreaticoduodenal arteries
Gastroduodenal artery
passes distally along the descending duodenum to supply it and the pancreas
Cranial pancreaticoduodenal artery
- Immediately caudal to the celiac artery
- Large, unpaired artery branching into smaller arteries that supply blood to most of the small intestine and much of the large intestine
Cranial mesenteric artery
anastomoses with the cranial pancreaticoduodenal artery
Caudal pancreaticoduodenal artery
supplies the transverse (“middle”) colon
Middle colic artery
supplies the second half of the ascending colon
Right colic artery
supplies the first part of the ascending colon
Colic branch of the ileocolic artery
This artery travels on the antimesenteric side of the ileum in the ileocecal fold
Antimesenteric ileal artery
- come off the continuation of the cranial mesenteric artery
- these branches anastomose, making arcades from which short jejunal and ileal arteries extend to reach the organs
Jejunal and ileal branches
supplies the caudal part of the large intestine and the rectum
Caudal mesenteric artery
- Supplies most of the structures of the face, head and cranial neck
- Each runs craniad in a connective tissue sheath with the vagosympathetic trunk of the same side
Common carotid arteries (right and left)
This sheat lies in a groove dorsolateral to the trachea
Carotid sheath
- branch of the Common carotid arteries that branches from the region of the larynx
- primary source of blood for the brain
Internal carotid artery
continuation of the common carotid artery whose many branches supply the face, tongue, and structures of the oral and nasal cavities
External carotid artery
convenient for taking a pulse as it passes across the mandible
Facial artery
The internal carotid arteries or their derivatives enter into an anastomotic ring of vessels on the base of the brain called the?
cerebral arterial circle
More caudal parts of the brainstem and the cerebellum receive most of their blood supply from branches of the?
basilar artery
left and right joins to form the single ventral artery
Vertebral arteries
- the direct continuation of the external carotid artery to the space below the orbit (pterygopalatine fossa)
- branches supply the orbit, teeth, chin, nose, nasal cavity and palate
Maxillary artery
The subclavian artery passes cranial to the first rib on the respective side, passing into the axilla (armpit) of the thoracic limb, where it is called?
axillary artery
- passes dorsocaudally between the subscapular and teres major muscles
- it gives off the caudal circumflex humeral artery and thoracodorsal artery
Subscapular artery
the continuation of the axillary artery on the medial aspect of the arm, which it supplies
Brachial artery
What artery dives through the interosseous space between the radius and the ulna
Common interosseous artery
the continuation of the brachial artery past the common interosseous artery
Median artery
Which branch of the median artery supplies the caudomedial muscles of the forearm?
Deep antebrachial artery
Which branch of the median artery supplies the digits?
Radial artery
give off palmar metacarpal arteries (deep) and palmar common digital arteries (superficial) that supply the palmar aspect of the forearm and manus
Palmar arches
blood vessels of the metacarpus and digits
Digital arteries
the superficial arteries located on the palmar side of the metacarpus. Carnivores also have dorsal common digital arteries
Palmar common digital arteries
the deep arteries of the metacarpus travelling next to the metacarpal bones. They parallel the larger common digital arteries and usually contribute to the formation of the proper digital arteries
Dorsal and palmar metacarpal digital arteries
the distal branches of the common digital arteries past the proximal end of the digits. They extend down the sides of the digits as axial and abaxial proper digital arteries
Proper digital arteries
arises from the aorta or from one of the dorsal intercostal arteries
Bronchoesophageal artery
What arteries arise from the costocervical trunk for the first few branches and directly from the aorta for the rest?
○ Their main branch courses on the caudal aspect of the ribs to anastomose with the ventral intercostal arteries
Dorsal intercostal arteries
Arteries located on the inner thigh
Femoral arteries
The femoral artery descends on the medial aspect of the limb, giving branches to the large thigh muscles, and continues in the region of the caudal stifle as the
popliteal artery
After a very short course, the popliteal artery divides into?
cranial and caudal tibial arteries
The small caudal tibial artery supplies the muscles of the?
crus or true leg
arises from the femoral artery in the femoral triangle
Saphenous artery
the continuation of the femoral artery behind the stifle and between the two heads of the gastrocnemius muscle
Popliteal artery
the larger branch of the popliteal artery, passing in the interosseous space between the tibia and fibula to the cranial surface of the crus
Cranial tibial artery
the direct continuation of the cranial tibial
artery over the tarsus
Dorsal pedal artery
the superficial arteries (dorsal and plantar) in the metatarsal region
Common digital arteries
the deep arteries (dorsal and plantar) of the metatarsal region
Metatarsal arteries
formed from the joining of the common digital and metatarsal arteries
Proper digital arteries (dorsal and plantar)
Proper digital arteries (dorsal and plantar) have ? added to their name, depending on which side of the digits they pass
“axial” or “abaxial”
the terminal aortic branches supplying the pelvic viscera and part of the hip and thigh
Internal iliac arteries
the branches of the terminal aorta supplying the pelvic limb
External iliac arteries
the only branch of the external iliac artery present in all species.
Deep femoral artery
a short branch off the deep femoral artery giving rise to the caudal epigastric and external pudendal arteries
Pudendoepigastric trunk
Artery that courses cranially on the deep surface of the straight abdominal muscle (rectus abdominus)
Caudal epigastric artery
passes through the inguinal canal and branches into the superficial caudal epigastric and ventral scrotal or ventral labial arteries
External pudendal artery
courses cranially under the skin of the ventral abdominal wall to anastomose with the cranial epigastric artery
Superficial caudal epigastric artery
- can be “short” or “long”, depending on where it and the caudal gluteal artery separate
- terminates as the ventral perineal artery and the clitoris
Internal pudendal artery
○ The branch of either the internal pudendal or internal iliac, depending on which is longer
○ Supplies the urogenital organs in the pelvic cavity
○ It’s branches are named for the organs they supply
Prostatic or vaginal artery
the main blood supply to the uterus
Uterine artery
arises from the internal iliac or internal pudendal (horse) artery and passes to the apex of the urinary bladder
Umbilical artery
The last branch of the umbilical artery is the?
cranial vesical artery
the part of the umbilical artery in the edge of the lateral ligament of the bladder
Round ligament of the bladder
the continuation of the internal pudendal artery in the male
Artery of the penis
analogous to the artery of the penis
Artery of the clitoris
- The other terminal branch of the internal pudendal artery
- Supplies the perineum
Ventral perineal artery
Some veins are superficial, visible in the subcutaneous tissues, and these are particularly of interest as they may be accessed via?
venipuncture
large vein in the neck returning blood from the head to the heart
External jugular vein
arises from the digital veins on the palmar aspect of the paw
Cephalic
- arises from the digital veins on the dorsal surface of the paw
- extends proximally to join the cephalic vein above the carpus in the carnivores and ox and near the elbow in the horse
Accessory cephalic vein
the vessel returning blood from the thoracic limb to the heart
Subclavian vein
found only in the carnivores and pig, formed by the intersection of the external jugular and subclavian veins
Brachiocephalic vein
the great vessel emptying into the cranial part of the right atrium, returning blood from the head, neck and thoracic limbs and cranial part of the walls of the thoracic cavity
Cranial vena cava
the great vessel emptying into the caudal part of the right atrium, returning blood to the heart from the abdomen, pelvis and pelvic limb
Caudal vena cava
the superficial drainage of the pelvic limb
Medial and lateral saphenous vein
travels on the medial side of the limb and empties into the femoral vein in the femoral triangle
median saphenous vein
Travels on the lateral side of the limb and empties into the caudal femoral vein behind the stifle
Lateral saphenous vein
○ Formed by the joining of the cranial and caudal mesenteric veins
○ Receives the gastroduodenal and splenic veins
○ Drains into the liver allowing intestinal blood to be processed and cleaned before it is sent on to the general circulation
Portal vein
spaces in the liver where the portal blood is processed
Liver sinusoids
One in which a vessel divides into capillaries, recombines to form another vessel, and then redivides into a second capillary bed
Portal System
blood that has perfused the capillary beds of the viscera is brought to the liver by a single large vein, the portal vein, and then redistributed into a secondary capillary bed within the substance of the liver
Hepatic portal system
Vein from the stomach
Gastric vein
Vein from the spleen
Splenic vein
Vein from the intestines
Mesenteric vein
Vein from the pancreas
Pancreatic vein
