ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE AND TERMINOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

What is a branch of biological science which deals with the form and structure of all organisms

A

Anatomy

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2
Q

Subdivisions of Anatomy:

A

◦ Macroscopic (Gross) Anatomy
◦ Microscopic Anatomy
◦ Developmental Anatomy

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3
Q

◦Oldest and most encompassing
◦Study of structures of the body with the naked
eye.

A

Macroscopic anatomy

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4
Q

◦ Is a branch of science which deals with the form and structure of the principal
domesticated animals.
◦ Largely descriptive in character.

A

Veterinary anatomy

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5
Q

◦ study of structures of different animal species, specially emphasizing on their distinct characteristics

A

Comparative veterinary anatomy

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6
Q

Approaches to Gross Anatomy:

A

◦ Systemic (systematic) anatomy
◦ Regional (topographic) anatomy
◦ Functional Anatomy
◦ Applied anatomy
◦ Clinical anatomy

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7
Q

◦ Study of anatomy of the animal body by systems

A

Systemic (systematic) anatomy

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8
Q

◦ This approach considers all the systems within a given region

A

Regional (topographic) anatomy

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9
Q

◦ Focused on relation of the structure and function to each other

A

Functional Anatomy

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10
Q

is the system used to name parts of the body

A

Anatomic nomenclature

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11
Q

Anatomic nomenclature is the system used to name parts of the body. Here are some practical ways we name these parts:

A
  • Function
  • Position
  • Location
  • Appearance or Form
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12
Q

Named after people who discovered or described them (e.g., foramen of Monro, canal of Schlemm).

A

Eponymous names

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13
Q

Sometimes names are based on other characteristics or features (e.g., radial nerve is named after its path along the radius bone, sympathetic nervous system is named for its role in the body’s response to stress).

A

Other names

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14
Q

the dog (or any quadruped) stands erect on all four limbs, facing
left, with the tail slightly raised

A

Anatomic position

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15
Q

any surface, real or imaginary, along which any two points can be connected by a straight line

A

Anatomic plane

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16
Q

Anatomic Planes:

A

◦ Median plane
◦ Sagittal plane
◦ Transverse plane
◦ Dorsal plane

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17
Q

◦ imaginary plane passing through the body craniocaudally
◦ Divides the animal body into equal right and left halves

A

Median plane (mid-sagittal plane)

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18
Q

Median plane are also called?

A

mid-sagittal plane

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19
Q

Median plane are also called?

A

mid-sagittal plane

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20
Q

◦ any plane parallel to the median plane

A

Sagittal plane (para-median/para-sagittal plane)

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21
Q

Sagittal plane are also called?

A

para-median/para-sagittal plane

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22
Q

◦ plane at right angles to the median plane (cross-section of
body)
◦ Divides the animal into cranial and caudal parts

A

Transverse plane

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23
Q

◦ plane at right angles to the median plane (cross-section of
body)
◦ Divides the animal into cranial and caudal parts

A

Transverse plane

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24
Q

◦ plane at right angles to both median and transverse plane

A

Dorsal plane

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25
Q

◦ A cut parallel to the long axis of an organ or limb

A

Longitudinal section

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26
Q

◦ A cut through the transverse plane

A

Transverse (cross) section

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27
Q

means toward the head

A

Cranial and anterior

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28
Q

means toward the tail

A

Caudal and posterior

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29
Q

means toward the nose

A

Rostral

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30
Q

means toward or close to the median plane

A

Medial

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31
Q

means away from the median plane

A

Lateral

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32
Q

means toward or beyond the vertebral column or backbone.

A

Dorsal

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33
Q

dorsal portion of the back

A

Dorsum

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34
Q

means away from the vertebral column, toward the mid-abdominal wall
◦ Parts of the farthest from the
vertebral column

A

Ventral

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35
Q

refer to closeness to the center of gravity or center of the body or center of extremity

A

Deep and internal

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36
Q

refers to proximity to skin or surface of body or surface of extremity

A

Superficial and external

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37
Q

means close to the main mass of the body, vertebral column or center of gravity; or it lies near the origin of the structure
◦ Usually used in reference to the limbs (parts of limb near the vertebral column)

A

Proximal

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38
Q

parts of limbs far or away from the main mass of the body or origin

A

Distal

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39
Q

caudal or rear surface of forepaw that bears the footpads; below the
elbow

A

Palmar/ volar

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40
Q

caudal or rear surface of hind paw that bears the footpads; below the hock joint or ankle

A

Plantar

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41
Q

used in reference to the digits to mean towards the functional axis of the limb

A

Axial

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42
Q

used in reference to the digits to
mean away from the functional axis of the limb

A

Abaxial

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43
Q

decreases the angle of a joint, as when the elbow or finger is bent

A

Flexion

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44
Q

increases the angle of a joint, as when the elbow or finger is straightened

A

Extension

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45
Q

extends a joint beyond a linear or straight configuration , so that the angle of a joint is extended beyond 180 degrees

A

Hyperextension (dorsiflexion)

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46
Q

Hyperextension also called?

A

dorsiflexion

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47
Q

moves a body part toward the median plane, as when the limb is tucked under the body

A

Adduction

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48
Q

moves a body part away from median plane, as when the limb is pulled to the side

A

Abduction

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49
Q

moves a structure cranially or rostrally, or moves it away from the central body, as when the
tongue is projected from the mouth

A

Protraction

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50
Q

moves a structure back toward the body, as when the tongue is replaced in the mouth

A

Retraction

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51
Q

moves a structure dorsally, as when the shoulder is shrugged or the eyelid is opened

A

Elevation

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52
Q

moves a structure ventrally, as when the eyelid is closed

A

Depression

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53
Q

rotates the thoracic limb so that the palmar/caudal surface faces medially, as when the dog turns the weight bearing surface of its paw “upward” to remove a burr between the pads

A

Supination

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54
Q

rotates the thoracic limb so that the palmar/caudal surface faces laterally or caudally as when the dog turns the supinated paw “downward” in order to stand

A

Pronation

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55
Q

rotates the pelvic limb so that the plantar/caudal surface faces medially (similar to supination)

A

Inversion

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56
Q

rotates the pelvic limb so that the plantar/caudal surface faces laterally or caudally (similar to pronation)

A

Eversion

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57
Q

describes an essentially circular movement of a part (rather than a joint) around its long axis, as when the head of the humerus rotates in the glenoid cavity of the scapula

A

Rotation

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58
Q

describes a combined movement, involving both flexion/extension and abduction/adduction. The resulting movement essentially describes a circle.

A

Circumduction

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59
Q

Study of developmental anatomy, covering the period from conception to birth

A

Embryology

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60
Q

Study of tissues and cells that can be seen only with the aid of a microscope

A

Histology (microscopic anatomy)

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61
Q

Deals with portions of cells and tissues as they are visualized with the aid of the electron microscope

A

Ultrastructural cytology

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62
Q

a term frequently used in reference to structures seen in electron micrographs

A

Fine structure

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63
Q

suffix added to the root word referring to the system to name the study

A

-ology (branch of knowledge or science)

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64
Q

Anatomic nomenclature can be classified or divided into different forms such as?

A
  1. Practical names
  2. Eponymous names
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65
Q

deepest type of layer

A

Basal layer

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66
Q

Because eponyms are useless from a practical standpoint, the ? discourages their use

A

Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria

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67
Q

suffix used to form an adverb from any of the named directional terms, indicating movement in the direction of or toward

A

-ad

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68
Q

Primary types of tissues:

A

• Epithelial tissues
• Connective tissues
• Muscle tissues
• Nervous tissues

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69
Q

cover the surface of the body, line body cavities and form glands

A

Epithelial tissues

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70
Q

support and bind other tissues together and from which the formed elements of the blood are derived (bone marrow)

A

Connective tissues

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71
Q

Muscle tissues

A

specialize in contracting

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72
Q

conduct impulses from one part of the body to another

A

Nervous tissues

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73
Q

• Consists of thin, platelike cells
• Much expanded in two directions but have little thickness
• The edges are joined somewhat like a mosaic tile covering a floor

A

Simple squamous epithelium

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74
Q

A layer of simple squamous epithelium has little tensile strength and is found only as a covering layer for?

A

stronger tissues

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75
Q

• Approximately equal in all dimensions
• Found in some ducts and in passageways in the kidneys

A

Cuboidal epithelial cells

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76
Q

• Cylindrical
• Arranged somewhat like the cells in a honeycomb
• Some have whiplike projections called cilia extending from the free extremity

A

Columnar epithelial

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77
Q

Columnar epithelial arranged somewhat like the cells in a?

A

honeycomb

78
Q

Some Columnar epithelial have whiplike projections called ? extending from the free extremity

A

cilia

79
Q

• Composed of columnar cells
• Vary in length, giving the appearance of more than one layer or stratum
Found in the upper respiratory tract, where the lining cells are ciliated

A

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

80
Q

Consists of more than one layer of epithelial cells and includes stratified squamous, stratified columnar, and transitional epithelia

A

Stratified epithelium

81
Q

Stratified epithelium consists of more than one layer of epithelial cells and includes?

A

stratified squamous, stratified columnar, and transitional epithelia

82
Q

• Forms the outer layer of the skin and the lining of the first part of the digestive tract as far as the stomach
• Thickest and toughest of the epithelia, consisting of many layers of cells

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

83
Q

In ruminants, stratified squamous epithelium also lines the?

A

forestomach

84
Q

The layers are from deep to superficial

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

85
Q

contains the actively growing and
multiplying cells

A

Basal layer (stratum basale)

86
Q

Cells from Basal layer (stratum basale) are somewhat cuboidal, but as they are pushed toward the surface, away from the blood supply of the underlying tissues, they
become?

A

flattened, tough and lifeless

87
Q

Stratified squamous epithelium
Layers (from deep to superficial):

A
  1. Basal layer (stratum basale)
  2. Parabasal layer (stratum spinosum)
  3. Intermediate layer (stratum granulosum)
  4. Superficial layer (stratum corneum)
88
Q

Composed of more than one layer of columnar cells and is found lining part
of the pharynx and salivary ducts

A

Stratified columnar epithelium

89
Q

Stratified columnar epithelium Composed of more than one layer of columnar cells and is found lining part
of the?

A

pharynx and salivary ducts

90
Q

• Lines the portions of the urinary system that are subjected to stretching (i.e. urinary bladder, ureters)
• Can pile up many cells thick when the bladder is small and empty and stretch out to a single layer when completely filled

A

Transitional epithelium

91
Q

release from the gland cells of a substance that has been synthesized by the cell and that usually affects other cells in other parts of the body

A

Secretion

92
Q

expulsion of waste products

A

Excretion

93
Q

Epithelial Tissues 2 form of Glands:

A

• Endocrin
• Exocrine

94
Q

These are glands that don’t have ducts. Instead, they release their hormones directly into the bloodstream, where the hormones travel to different parts of the body to do their job.

A

Endocrine

95
Q

These glands release their products onto a surface, like the skin or inside the mouth, through small tubes or ducts.

A

Exocrine

96
Q

Humoral control and nervous control are the two mechanisms maintaining?

A

homeokinesis, also called homeostasis

97
Q

homeokinesis, also called?

A

homeostasis

98
Q

Morphologic classification of glands:

A

• Simple
• Tubular
• Tubuloalveolar gland
• Alveolar or acinar
• Compound
• Compound glands

99
Q

These glands have a duct that doesn’t branch, or sometimes they don’t have a duct at all.

A

Simple Glands

100
Q

These glands have ducts that do branch.

A

Compound Glands

101
Q

In these glands, the part that secretes substances is shaped like a tube.

A

Tubular Glands

102
Q

In these glands, the part that secretes substances looks like a small grape or a hollow ball.

A

Alveolar or Acinar Glands

103
Q

These glands have a mix of both tubular and alveolar structures for secreting substances.

A

Tubuloalveolar Glands

104
Q

Subdivided grossly into globes, which are further subdivided into globules

A

Compound glands

105
Q

Compound glands are Subdivided grossly into?

A

globes, which are further subdivided into globules

106
Q

are the tissue structures that divide the gland into smaller sections.

A

Septa

107
Q

If the septa separates lobes, it’s called?

A

interlobar septa

108
Q

If septa separates lobules, it’s called?

A

interlobular septa

109
Q

releases its secretions without harming or losing any part of the cell. The secretions pass through the cell wall and out of the gland without affecting the cell’s structure or causing damage.

A

merocrine gland

110
Q

is the least common type of gland, where cells fill with secretory material, and then the entire cell, including its membrane, breaks down to release the material.

A

holocrine gland

111
Q

is a rare type of gland where the cells fill up with secretory material. When the cells are full, they break apart and release their contents into the gland’s opening. This process is how the gland’s secretion is formed.

A

holocrine gland

112
Q

is a type of gland that releases its secretions by letting a small part of its cell break off along with the secretion. This means that a bit of the cell’s outer layer and some of its internal fluid are lost with the secretion.

A

Apocrine gland

113
Q

• Serve to connect other tissues
• They give form and strength to many organs and often provide protection and leverage

A

Connective Tissues

114
Q

Connective Tissues Includes:

A

• Elastic tissue
• Collagenous (white fibrous) tissue
• Reticular (netlike) tissue
• Adipose (fat) tissue
• Cartilage

115
Q

• Contains kinked fibers that tend to regain their original shape after being stretched
• Found in the ligamentum nuchae, a strong band that helps to support the head, particularly in horses and cattle
• Found in the abdominal tunic, in the ligamenta flava of the spinal canal, in elastic arteries, and mixed with other tissues wherever elasticity is needed

A

Elastic tissue

116
Q

Elastic tissue are found in the?

A

ligamentum nuchae

117
Q

a strong band that helps to support the head, particularly in horses and cattle

A

ligamentum nuchae

118
Q

Collagenous (white fibrous) tissue includes:

A

• Dense regular connective tissue
• Dense irregular connective tissue

119
Q

• The fibers are arranged in parallel bundles, forming cords or bands of considerable strength
• These are the tendons, which connect muscles to bones and the ligaments, which connect bones to bones

A

Dense regular connective tissue

120
Q

• Arranged in a thick mat, with fibers running in all directions
• The dermis of the skin, which may be tanned to make leather, consists of dense irregular connective tissue
• This forms a strong covering that resists tearing and yet is flexible enough to move with the surface of the body

A

Dense irregular connective tissue

121
Q
  • Found throughout the body wherever protective cushioning and flexibility are needed
  • ie. blood vessels are surrounded by a sheath of areolar connective tissue, which permits the vessels to move and yet protects them
A

Areolar (loose) connective tissue

122
Q

• Consists of fine fibrils and cells
• Makes up part of the framework of endocrine and lymphatic organs

A

Reticular connective tissue

123
Q

• Forms when connective tissue cells called adipocytes store fat as inclusions within the cytoplasm of the cell
• As more fat is stored, the cell eventually becomes so filled with fat that the nucleus is pushed to one side of the cell, which, as a result, becomes spherical

A

Adipose (fat) tissue

124
Q

found in most animal body, although may have a yellow tinge in horses and some breeds of dairy cattle because of carotenoids in the feed

A

White fat

125
Q
  • may be found domestic mammals, hibernating mammals, rodents, and human infants
  • generates heat to protect young mammals and hibernating mammals from extreme cold
A

Brown fat

126
Q

A special type of connective tissue that is firmer than fibrous tissue but not as hard as bone

A

Cartilage

127
Q

The nature of cartilage is due to the structure of the intercellular material found between the?

A

chondrocytes (cartilage cells)

128
Q

The three types of cartilage:

A

hyaline, elastic and fibrous

129
Q
  • Glasslike covering of bones within joints
  • Forms a smooth surface that reduces friction, so that one bone easily glides over the another
  • The actively growing areas near the ends of long bones also consist of ?
A

Hyaline cartilage

130
Q

• Consists of a mixture of cartilage substance and elastic fibers
• This type of cartilage gives shape and rigidity to the external ear

A

Elastic cartilage

131
Q

• Consists of a mixture of cartilage and collagenous fibers, which forms a semi elastic cushion of great strength
• The intervertebral discs between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae are composed of fibrocartilage

A

Fibrocartilage

132
Q

• Produced by bone-forming cells called osteoblasts

A

Bone

133
Q

osteoblasts cells produce?

A

osteoid tissue

134
Q

which later becomes calcified to form bone

A

osteoid tissue

135
Q

sponge-like network formed when bone is arranged in the form of spicules (small spikes) and flat plates

A

Cancellous or spongy bone

136
Q

bone is laid down in the form of laminated cylinders (Haversian or osteonal systems) closely packed together

A

Compact bone

137
Q

Spongy bone is also called?

A

cancellous or trabecular bone

138
Q

is also called cancellous or trabecular bone. It is found in the long bones and it is surrounded by compact bone.

A

Spongy bone

139
Q

Compact bone, also called?

A

cortical bone, surrounds spongy bone

140
Q

also called cortical bone, surrounds spongy bone. They are heavy, tough and compact in nature

A

Compact bone

141
Q

• Consists of a fluid matrix (liquid portion), the plasma, a variety of cells, proteins, monosaccharides (simple sugars), products of fat degradation, and other circulating nutrients, wastes, electrolytes, and chemical intermediates of cellular metabolism
• It is sometimes considered to be a connective tissue because of the origin of some of its components

A

Blood

142
Q

Main function is to carry hemoglobin

A

Red blood cells | erythrocytes

143
Q

Red blood cells | erythrocytes in most domestic mammals they are non-nucleated biconcave discs that contain the protein?

A

hemoglobin

144
Q

is a reduction in the concentration of functional RBCs in the blood

A

Anemia

145
Q

• One of the body’s first line of defense against infection

A

White cells | leukocytes

146
Q

Agranulocytes contains:

A
  • Monocytes
  • Lymphocytes
147
Q

large cells that engulf and destroy foreign particles

A

Monocytes

148
Q

smaller and are associated with immune responses

A

Lymphocytes

149
Q

have 3 types that are described according to their affinity for different stains

A

Granulocytes | polymorphonuclear lymphocytes

150
Q

The three types of granulocytes, also known as polymorphonuclear leukocytes, are:

A
  1. Neutrophils
  2. Eosinophils
  3. Basophils
151
Q

stain indifferently

A

Neutrophils

152
Q

have dark-staining granules when stained with common blood stains

A

Basophils

153
Q

have red-staining granules

A

Eosinophils

154
Q

small, irregularly shaped cellular fragments that are associated with the clotting of the blood

A

Platelets (thrombocytes)

155
Q

• Is the fluid part of the unclotted blood
• Particularly useful as a substitute for blood in transfusions because the proteins in it give it the same osmotic pressure as blood

A

Plasma

156
Q

• Is the supernatant fluid that remains after a clot forms and incorporates the cellular components of blood
• It is similar to plasma but lacks most of the clotting factors
• Sometimes administered for prevention and treatment of diseases because it contains the antibody fractions of the blood

A

Serum

157
Q

Three types of muscle tissue:

A

• Skeletal
• Smooth
• Cardiac

158
Q

muscle cells that consist of fibers that show characteristic cross-striations under the microscope

A

Striated muscle

159
Q
  • Each muscle cell must have its own nerve supply, and when stimulated, the whole fiber contracts
  • This is the all-or-none law of muscle contraction
  • The force of contraction depends on the state on the state of the fiber at any moment
A

Skeletal muscle tissue

160
Q

Striated skeletal muscle tissue plus some connective tissue makes up the?

A

flesh of meat-producing animals

161
Q

• Are spindle-shaped cells that contain one centrally located nucleus per cell
• Found in the walls of the digestive tract, in the walls of blood vessels, and in the walls of urinary and reproductive organs
• These cells contract more slowly than skeletal muscle and in response to a variety of stimuli, although they are not under voluntary control

A

Smooth muscle cells

162
Q

Cardiac muscle also known as?

A

involuntary striated muscle

163
Q

• Also known as involuntary striated muscle because it is not usually under conscious control, yet it does have cross-striations
• The heart muscle is composed of a complex branched arrangement of cardiac muscle cells
• Modified muscle cells called Purkinje fibers conduct impulses within the heart, much as nerve fibers do in other parts of the body

A

Cardiac muscle

164
Q

• The essential cell of nervous tissue
• Consists of a nerve cell body and two or more nerve processes (nerve fibers)

A

Neuron

165
Q

the processes that conduct impulses away from the cell body

A

Axons

166
Q

the processes that conduct impulses toward the cell body

A

Dendrites

167
Q

bundles of axons in the spinal cord

A

Tracts

168
Q

bundles of axons in the periphery

A

Nerves

169
Q

• A specialized wrapping created by supportive cells called Schwann cells in nerves and oligodendrocytes within the brain and spinal cord
• Covers a nerve fiber

A

Myelin sheath

170
Q

special connective tissues of nervous tissue and are found only in the central nervous system

A

Neuroglia

171
Q

exhibits bilateral symmetry

A

The body

172
Q

The right and left sides of the body are?

A

mirror images of each other

173
Q

Similar right and left structures are called?

A

paired structures

174
Q

the simple squamous epithelium lining various body cavities

A

Mesothelium

175
Q

divides the embryonic body cavity into a thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity

A

diaphragm

176
Q

The thoracic cavity contains:

A

Pericardial sac
Pleural sacs (2)

177
Q

surrounds the heart

A

Pericardial sac

178
Q

surrounds the two lungs

A

Pleural sac (2)

179
Q

A layer of simple squamous epithelium with underlying connective tissue, moistened with the small amount of fluid within the cavity of the sac

A

pleura

180
Q

divided into abdominal and pelvic cavity

A

Abdominopelvic cavity

181
Q

contains the kidneys, most of the digestive organsm and a variable amount of the internal reproductive organs in both sexes

A

Abdominal cavity

182
Q

contains the terminal part of the digestive system (the rectum) and all of the internal portions of the urogenital system not found in the abdominal cavity

A

Pelvic cavity

183
Q

the serous membrane that surrounds the abdominal viscera and part of the pelvic viscera

A

Peritoneum

184
Q

The visceral serous membranes include:

A
  • Visceral pericardium
  • Visceral pleura
  • Visceral peritoneum
185
Q

Parietal serous membrane includes:

A

• Parietal pericardium
• Parietal pleura
• Parietal peritoneum

186
Q

part of the serous membrane covering the viscus

A

Visceral serous membrane

187
Q

serous membrane lining a body cavity

A

Parietal serous membrane

188
Q

serous membrane lining a body cavity

A

Parietal serous membrane

189
Q

red blood cells are also called.

A

erythrocytes

190
Q

White blood cells are also called.

A

leukocytes

191
Q

Myelin sheath - a specialized wrapping created by supportive cells called?

A

Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes