ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE AND TERMINOLOGY ❌ Flashcards
What is a branch of biological science which deals with the form and structure of all organisms
Anatomy
Subdivisions of Anatomy:
◦ Macroscopic (Gross) Anatomy
◦ Microscopic Anatomy
◦ Developmental Anatomy
◦Oldest and most encompassing
◦Study of structures of the body with the naked
eye.
Macroscopic anatomy
◦ Is a branch of science which deals with the form and structure of the principal
domesticated animals.
◦ Largely descriptive in character.
Veterinary anatomy
◦ study of structures of different animal species, specially emphasizing on their distinct characteristics
Comparative veterinary anatomy
Approaches to Gross Anatomy:
◦ Systemic (systematic) anatomy
◦ Regional (topographic) anatomy
◦ Functional Anatomy
◦ Applied anatomy
◦ Clinical anatomy
◦ Study of anatomy of the animal body by systems
Systemic (systematic) anatomy
◦ This approach considers all the systems within a given region
Regional (topographic) anatomy
◦ Focused on relation of the structure and function to each other
Functional Anatomy
is the system used to name parts of the body
Anatomic nomenclature
Anatomic nomenclature is the system used to name parts of the body. Here are some practical ways we name these parts:
- Function
- Position
- Location
- Appearance or Form
Named after people who discovered or described them (e.g., foramen of Monro, canal of Schlemm).
Eponymous names
Sometimes names are based on other characteristics or features (e.g., radial nerve is named after its path along the radius bone, sympathetic nervous system is named for its role in the body’s response to stress).
Other names
the dog (or any quadruped) stands erect on all four limbs, facing
left, with the tail slightly raised
Anatomic position
any surface, real or imaginary, along which any two points can be connected by a straight line
Anatomic plane
Anatomic Planes:
◦ Median plane
◦ Sagittal plane
◦ Transverse plane
◦ Dorsal plane
◦ imaginary plane passing through the body craniocaudally
◦ Divides the animal body into equal right and left halves
Median plane (mid-sagittal plane)
Median plane are also called?
mid-sagittal plane
Median plane are also called?
mid-sagittal plane
◦ any plane parallel to the median plane
Sagittal plane (para-median/para-sagittal plane)
Sagittal plane are also called?
para-median/para-sagittal plane
◦ plane at right angles to the median plane (cross-section of
body)
◦ Divides the animal into cranial and caudal parts
Transverse plane
◦ plane at right angles to the median plane (cross-section of
body)
◦ Divides the animal into cranial and caudal parts
Transverse plane
◦ plane at right angles to both median and transverse plane
Dorsal plane
◦ A cut parallel to the long axis of an organ or limb
Longitudinal section
◦ A cut through the transverse plane
Transverse (cross) section
means toward the head
Cranial and anterior
means toward the tail
Caudal and posterior
means toward the nose
Rostral
means toward or close to the median plane
Medial
means away from the median plane
Lateral
means toward or beyond the vertebral column or backbone.
Dorsal
dorsal portion of the back
Dorsum
means away from the vertebral column, toward the mid-abdominal wall
◦ Parts of the farthest from the
vertebral column
Ventral
refer to closeness to the center of gravity or center of the body or center of extremity
Deep and internal
refers to proximity to skin or surface of body or surface of extremity
Superficial and external
means close to the main mass of the body, vertebral column or center of gravity; or it lies near the origin of the structure
◦ Usually used in reference to the limbs (parts of limb near the vertebral column)
Proximal
parts of limbs far or away from the main mass of the body or origin
Distal
caudal or rear surface of forepaw that bears the footpads; below the
elbow
Palmar/ volar
caudal or rear surface of hind paw that bears the footpads; below the hock joint or ankle
Plantar
used in reference to the digits to mean towards the functional axis of the limb
Axial
used in reference to the digits to
mean away from the functional axis of the limb
Abaxial
decreases the angle of a joint, as when the elbow or finger is bent
Flexion
increases the angle of a joint, as when the elbow or finger is straightened
Extension
extends a joint beyond a linear or straight configuration , so that the angle of a joint is extended beyond 180 degrees
Hyperextension (dorsiflexion)
Hyperextension also called?
dorsiflexion
moves a body part toward the median plane, as when the limb is tucked under the body
Adduction
moves a body part away from median plane, as when the limb is pulled to the side
Abduction
moves a structure cranially or rostrally, or moves it away from the central body, as when the
tongue is projected from the mouth
Protraction
moves a structure back toward the body, as when the tongue is replaced in the mouth
Retraction
moves a structure dorsally, as when the shoulder is shrugged or the eyelid is opened
Elevation
moves a structure ventrally, as when the eyelid is closed
Depression
rotates the thoracic limb so that the palmar/caudal surface faces medially, as when the dog turns the weight bearing surface of its paw “upward” to remove a burr between the pads
Supination
rotates the thoracic limb so that the palmar/caudal surface faces laterally or caudally as when the dog turns the supinated paw “downward” in order to stand
Pronation
rotates the pelvic limb so that the plantar/caudal surface faces medially (similar to supination)
Inversion
rotates the pelvic limb so that the plantar/caudal surface faces laterally or caudally (similar to pronation)
Eversion
describes an essentially circular movement of a part (rather than a joint) around its long axis, as when the head of the humerus rotates in the glenoid cavity of the scapula
Rotation
describes a combined movement, involving both flexion/extension and abduction/adduction. The resulting movement essentially describes a circle.
Circumduction
Study of developmental anatomy, covering the period from conception to birth
Embryology
Study of tissues and cells that can be seen only with the aid of a microscope
Histology (microscopic anatomy)
Deals with portions of cells and tissues as they are visualized with the aid of the electron microscope
Ultrastructural cytology
a term frequently used in reference to structures seen in electron micrographs
Fine structure
suffix added to the root word referring to the system to name the study
-ology (branch of knowledge or science)
Anatomic nomenclature can be classified or divided into different forms such as?
- Practical names
- Eponymous names
deepest type of layer
Basal layer
Because eponyms are useless from a practical standpoint, the ? discourages their use
Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria
suffix used to form an adverb from any of the named directional terms, indicating movement in the direction of or toward
-ad
Primary types of tissues:
• Epithelial tissues
• Connective tissues
• Muscle tissues
• Nervous tissues
cover the surface of the body, line body cavities and form glands
Epithelial tissues
support and bind other tissues together and from which the formed elements of the blood are derived (bone marrow)
Connective tissues
Muscle tissues
specialize in contracting
conduct impulses from one part of the body to another
Nervous tissues
• Consists of thin, platelike cells
• Much expanded in two directions but have little thickness
• The edges are joined somewhat like a mosaic tile covering a floor
Simple squamous epithelium
A layer of simple squamous epithelium has little tensile strength and is found only as a covering layer for?
stronger tissues
• Approximately equal in all dimensions
• Found in some ducts and in passageways in the kidneys
Cuboidal epithelial cells
• Cylindrical
• Arranged somewhat like the cells in a honeycomb
• Some have whiplike projections called cilia extending from the free extremity
Columnar epithelial
