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VANA 101 > Integumentary System ( Finals ) > Flashcards

Integumentary System ( Finals ) Flashcards

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1
Q

► Comprises the skin, hair, claws, pads, and skin glands, including the glands of the paranal sinus and the mammary glands
► Largest organ

A

Common Integument

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2
Q

These are the functions of?
Functions
► Protection of underlying structures from abrasion,
thermal and chemical injury, against invasion by
microorganisms, against desiccation and overhydration
► As sensory organ, has receptor for the perception of
touch, pressure, vibration, tension, noxious stimuli,
heat, cold, and harmful chemicals
► Secretion e.g. pheromone, mammary gland
► Site of Vitamin D synthesis

A

Common Integument

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3
Q

preservation of excessive heat loss and dissipation of excessive body heat

A

Thermoregulation

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4
Q

What tissue serve as a reservoir for fat, electrolytes, water, carbohydrates, and proteins

A

subcutaneous tissues

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5
Q

► The thin organ covering the body, protecting underlying
tissues from injury, drying and bacterial invasion
► Helps regulate body temperature, excretes water and
salts through sweat glands, senses the environment and
synthesizes vitamin D3

A

The Skin (Cutis)

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6
Q

The Skin (Cutis) consist of two layers:

A

a superficial “ epidermis “ of stratified squamous epithelium and an underlying connective tissue, the “ dermis “

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7
Q

lies on a layer of loose connective tissue, the ? – functions as a moveable support for the skin allowing it to glide over underlying tissues

A

subcutis or hypodermis

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8
Q

► Superficial (outer) layer
► Avascular stratified squamous epithelium that is nearly free
of nerve endings
► Multiple layers of cells that are constantly renewed

A

Epidermis

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9
Q

From deep to superficial, the five histologic layers are as follows:

A

► Stratum basale
► Stratum spinosum
► Stratum granulosum
► Stratum lucidum
► Stratun corneum

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10
Q

The first two layers of histological lauers are often called the?

A

germinal layer (stratum germinativum)

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11
Q

► Fibrous protein of stratum corneum

A

Keratin

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12
Q

► Drying and hardening of the superficial cells that renders the surface of the skin tough and resistant to drying

A

Keratinization and cornification

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13
Q

► Local increase in thickness in response to continuous trauma.

A

Callus

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14
Q

► An undulating sheet with fingerlike projections into the underlying connective tissue the dermis

A

Epidermal pegs

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15
Q

► consists of a connective tissue bed containing blood vessels, lymphatics, muscles, and nerve endings covered by stratified squamous epithelium
► It bear ridges and nipplelike projection (the dermal papillae) that interdigitate with the overlying epidermis

A

Dermis (Corium)

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16
Q

2 layers of dermis:

A

► papillary layer
► reticular layer

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17
Q

► A local disruption of association between layers (epidermal pegs and dermal papillae) usually due to trauma

A

Blister

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18
Q

► Pigment cells found in the cytoplasm of the stratum basale that generates pigment granules

A

Melanocytes

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19
Q

► Brown, yellowish-brown or black pigments

A

Melanin

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20
Q

► Absence of pigment in the skin due to genetic inability of melanocytes to manufacture pigment

A

Albinism

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21
Q

► superficial fascia/subcutaneous tissue
► A layer of loose (areolar) connective tissue
and interspersed fat connecting the skin to
underlying structures such as bones and
muscles
► Permits movement of the skin without tearing
► not part of skin but underlies the skin, bind
the skin to muscles, provides pathway for
vessels and nerves to reach the skin

A

Hypodermis

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22
Q

fatty and loose ( hypodermis layer )

A

Superficial layer

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23
Q

membranous and stronger ( hypodermis layer )

A

Deep layer

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24
Q

► This muscle is associated directly with hair follicles
► Erect the hairs against cold and in behavioristic displays

A

Arrector pili muscles

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25
Q

► Anchored in dermis closely affixed to superficial fascia
► Contraction of these muscles causes movement of the skin or structures associated with the skin

A

Cutaneous muscles

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26
Q

► Deepest, major blood supply to the skin ( plexus )

A

Subdermal plexus

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27
Q

► Intermediate in position, forms a network around hair follicles and glands ( plexus )

A

Cutaneous plexus

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28
Q

► Branch of cutaneous, most superficial
► Source of nutrients and oxygen for the epidermis
► Serves as the “sink” for waste products produced by the epidermal layer ( plexus )

A

Subpapillary plexus

29
Q

► Includes the hair and associated follicle, footpads, claws, sebaceous glands and sweat glands associated with the skin

A

Appendages of the skin

30
Q

► uniquely mammalian features
► All common domestic mammals except the pig have abundant hair
► The long, slender, filamentous appendage of the skin composed of keratinized (dead) epithelial cells.

A

Haircoat

31
Q

Each hair consist of?

A

shaft and a root

32
Q

is contained in a depression (hair follicle)

A

root

33
Q

► Outmost layer (topcoat), covers most of skin surface except the sheep and pig
► Generally thick, long and stiff
► Effective in preventing water from penetrating the skin, preventing chilling

A

Guard hairs

34
Q

► Innermost layer of hair (undercoat) over most of skin surface
► Thinner, more undulating (wavy), softer, finer and shorter than guard hairs
► Provides direct insulation and warming effect
► The hair type of the fleece of sheep

A

Wool hairs

35
Q

► Specialized hair adapted to provide sensory information from the environment particularly the perception of touch and space
► The base resides in a blood-filled sinus that gently amplifies the motion of hair and increase its sensitivity
► Thicker than other hair in the body and usually protrude outside beyond the surrounding hair coat
► Mostly concentrated in the head; on the upper and lower lip, chin, cheek, around the eye and the carpus

A

Tactile hairs (Tylotrich hair /sinus hair/vibrissae)

36
Q

► Determined by complicated genetic factors governing the amount of pigment (melanin) in the hair.

A

Color of Hair

37
Q

There are only three hair pigments;

A

black, brown and
yellow.

38
Q

result from loss of pigments ( color of hair )

A

Gray hairs of aging

39
Q

This color of hair is due to absence of pigment and presence of air in the hair shaft

A

white hair

40
Q

► A modification of the epidermis
► Invaginates from the surface of the skin as a double layered root sheath that surrounds the hair and terminates in a hair bulb of epidermal origin

A

Hair follicle

41
Q

This animal has a compound hair follicles with single primary hair and a group of smaller secondary hairs

A

Dog

42
Q

This animal has a single follicle with primary guard hair surrounded by clusters of compound follicles

A

Cat

43
Q

This animal has a 4 digital pads, carpal pad and metacarpal/metatarsal pad

A

Dogs

44
Q

Hairless, cushion-like, toughest skin on the dog

A

Pads

45
Q

extremely thickened and cornified (usu. Heavily pigmented) and possess conical papillae that provide friction as the dog walks

A

Epidermal pad

46
Q

typical dermis and markedly thickened subcutis containing abundant reticular, collagenous and elastic fibers interspersed with adipose tissue and eccrine sweat glands formed within adipose tissue of footpads

A

Digital cushion

47
Q

function as the load-bearing, shock-absorbing pads

A

metacarpal, metatarsal, and digital pads

48
Q

This pad helps with skid and traction on a slope or while stopping

A

carpal pad

49
Q

► Associated or connected to hair follicles, ducts open at the base of the hair follicles
► The cells lining the glands disintegrate to form the secretion sebum

A

Sebaceous glands or oil glands

50
Q

an oily substance consisting of a mixture of cholesterol, protein and inorganic salts which is released into the hair follicles to lubricate the skin and prevent excessive evaporation

A

Sebum

51
Q

► Located in the skin surrounding the anus, open directly into skins surface; can become neoplastic (perianal adenoma)

A

Circumanal glands

52
Q

► Sebaceous in nature, lies within the walls of anal sacs

A

Anal sac glands

53
Q

► Sebaceous glands located in a diamond-shaped area on the dorsal aspect on tail at level of Cd 7-9
► Hairs in this region are larger
► The modified skin is believed to function in individual recognition and I.D.

A

Tail area glands/caudal gland

54
Q

in all domestic species; in the wall of the external auditory canal; produce “ear wax” which protects the tympanic membrane from foreign bodies

A

Ceruminous glands

55
Q

only in cats; in the skin around the mouth esp the lower lip; called “cleaning glands” but functional significance is probably for marking

A

Circumoral/perioral glands

56
Q

► Predominant in man ( sweat glands )
► Restricted in the footpads of carnivores
► Function relates to territorial markings and thermoregulation

A

Eccrine (merocrine) sweat glands

57
Q

predominates in domestic species ( sweat glands )

A

Apocrine sweat glands

58
Q

► Thought to be a modified sweat glands that nourishes the young

A

Mammary Glands

59
Q

This animal usually has a 10 mammae; 5 (4-6) mammary complexes on each side separated by an intermammary groove

A

Bitch

60
Q

This animal has 8 mammae, four on each side of the ventral
adominal wall

A

Queen

61
Q

–extra teats may or may not be connected to primary mammary gland tissue in both male and females

A

Accessory teats or supernumerary teats (polythelia)

62
Q

extra mammae

A

Polymastia

63
Q

► An epidermal structure composed of keratin
► Formed from modification of the superficial layers
of epidermis, often deeply pigmented
► It create traction and help a dog dig and tear at prey

A

Claws

64
Q

most distal portion of claw

A

Sole

65
Q

laterally compressed portion and form the axial and abaxial surfaces of the claw

A

Walls (2)

66
Q

if claw is cut too short the dermis maybe exposed, “quicked”, causing pain and bleeding

A

Nail trimming

67
Q

removal of the claws of cats; to prevent regrowth, the dorsal aspect of the ungual crest must be removed usu done by removing the whole distal phalanx by cutting through the distal phalangeal joint

A

Declaw (onychectomy)

68
Q

► The accessory digits

A

Dewclaw

VANA 101 (34 decks)

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