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Nervous System Flashcards

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1
Q

the control center allowing the body to react to the environment. It stores, integrates, and initiates all appropriate response to information it receives. It is organized into a communication network.

A

NERVOUS SYSTEM

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2
Q

Functionally, it can be divided into the somatic and autonomic nervous systems.

A

Organization of the Nervous System

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3
Q

divided into the central and peripheral nervous system. This is an artificial division because many of the nerves of the body are partly in both divisions.

A

STRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATION

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4
Q

the control center consisting of the brain and spinal cord.

A

Central nervous system (CNS)

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5
Q

all nerve processes connecting to the central nervous system, consisting of cranial and spinal nerves.

A

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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6
Q

takes into account the impulses (sensory or motor) carried by nerves and the directions they travel.

A

IMPULSE CLASSIFICATIO

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7
Q

conducts sensory (afferent) information from the periphery to the central nervous system(CNS). Sensory information travels in ascending tracts from the spinal cord (“lower”) to the brain (“higher”).

A

Sensory (afferent) system

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8
Q

sensory fibers in the spinal cord that travel toward the brain.

A

Ascending tracts

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9
Q

consists of motor (efferent) nerves that conduct from higher to lower levels of the central nervous system and from the central nervous system to the periphery.

A

Motor (efferent) system

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10
Q

extend from the brain down descending tracts in the cord to synapse on lower motor neurons (LMN).

A

Upper motor neurons (UMN)

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11
Q

extend away from the spinal cord and brain to the muscles and glands of the body.

A

Lower motor neurons (LMN)

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12
Q

bundles of upper motor neuron fibers that move caudally in the spinal cord.

A

Descending tracts

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13
Q

takes into account the activities that are directed by the nervous system.

A

FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION

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14
Q

carries conscious voluntary information from the central nervous system to the skeletal; muscles along cranial and spinal nerves. It functions to keep the body in balance with its external environment. This system allows the animal to move and interact with its environment.

A

Somatic nervous system (soma, body)

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15
Q

carries involuntary information (sensory and motor) to and from
smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands of the body along
cranial and spinal nerves to the spinal cord and brain. It functions to regulate the balance (homeostasis) of the body’s internal environment.

A

Autonomic nervous system (ANS) (auto, self; nomos, law)

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16
Q

Form nerves of the somatic nervous system to skeletal muscle; and from skin and deeper somatic structures

A

Somatic fibers

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17
Q

supply skeletal (somatic) muscles, no matter what the branchial arch origin.

A

Somatic motor (efferent) fibers (SVE, GSE)

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18
Q

carry sensory information from skin and deeper somatic structures (skeletal muscle, skin, tendons, joint capsules, bones, etc.).

A

Somatic sensory (afferent) fibers (GSA)

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19
Q

from nerves of the autonomic nervous system. They innervate smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands. They are subdivided into fibers of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.

A

ANS fibers

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20
Q

are carried by branches of all spinal and most cranial nerves.

A

Sympathetic fibers

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21
Q

are restricted to some sacral spinal nerves (pelvic nerve) and only a few cranial nerves (Cn III, VII, IX, and X).

A

Parasympathetic fibers

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22
Q

these can be further divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers.

A

ANS motor (efferent) fibers

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23
Q

carry sensory fibers from blood vessels and viscera throughout the body. Some somatic sensory fibers also affect ANS motor fibers.

A

ANS sensory (afferent) fibers

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24
Q

carry special sensory information of taste, smell, vision, hearing, and vestibular function to the brain.

A

Special sensory fibers

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25
Q

COMPONENTS of the NERVOUS TISSUE: consists of two
types of cells - what are those cells? These are bathed in the extracellular fluid.

A

nerve cells or neurons and neuroglial cells

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26
Q

COMPONENTS of the NERVOUS TISSUE: consists of two
types of cells - nerve cells or neurons and neuroglial cells. These
are bathed in the?

A

extracellular fluid

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27
Q

the supporting structure of nervous tissue consisting of neuroglial cells. These specialized cells support, nourish and insulate nerve cells. They replace the supporting connective tissue the not present in the CNS.

A

Neuroglia (nyoo-ROG-lee-ah)

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28
Q

the functional units of the nervous system. Their specialized properties make the nervous system unique. The largest cells in the body, they are also the most numerous (on the order of 10 to the 12th power, a million million cells). Most of these are in the central nervous system as compared to the peripheral nervous system.

A

NEURONS (NYOO-ron) (G. neuron, nerve) or nerve cell

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29
Q

the different portions of a neuron have different membrane properties and to a degree different internal organelles, therefore, making them functional and structural compartments. This concept explains how diseases can effect only specific compartments. These specialized compartments communicate with each other by transport systems.

A

Compartmentalization

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30
Q

nerves cells are grouped biochemically by their neurotransmitters, allowing each set to carry out specific functions. Clinically, diseases can attack sets of neurons
based on their specific neurotransmiters.

A

Biochemical specialization

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31
Q

nerves cells are grouped biochemically by their, allowing each set to carry out specific functions.

A

neurotransmitters

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32
Q

arranged as a nucleus and its neuroplasm (cytoplasm) which contains typical organelles

A

Cell body (soma [SOH-ma] or perikaryon)

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33
Q

sythesises enzymes and other molecules essential to the normal function and the survival of the other compartments of the neuron

A

cell body

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34
Q

form a network extending into the nerve fibers, functioning in support and transport of materials between the compartments of the neuron.

A

Neurofibrils

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35
Q

well-defined with a prominent nucleolus and granular
chromatin.

A

Nucleus

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36
Q

the multiple processes acting as the receptor portion of the neuron that conduct information (electrical impulses) toward the cell body. They are usually multi-branched processes containing cytoplasmic organelles and Nissl bodies.

A

Dendrites (DEN-dryt) (G. dendron, tree)

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37
Q

It carries information (electrical impulses) away from the cell body to other neurons or tissue. It is a long cylindrical process, usually singular, that may have tiny side branches (axon collaterals). It has neurofibrils, but no Nissl bodies. Their terminal branches (telodendrites) end in synaptic knobs (end feet). It usually originates from the axon hillock, a small elevation on the cell body.

A

Axon

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38
Q

form the presynaptic side of a synapse and contain
synaptic vesicles that store chemicals for release at the synapse.

A

Synaptic knobs (also called end feet, boutons, or buttons):

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39
Q

brings information from receptors in the periphery to the central nervous system. These neurons have their cell bodies located outside the central nervous system.

A

Sensory (afferent) neuron

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40
Q

carries information from the central nervous system to peripheral muscles, glands, or other neurons. The neurons of the motor nervous system have their cell bodies in the central nervous system (brain or spinal cord) and their axons (motor, efferent) extending to the periphery.

A

Motor (efferent) neuron

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41
Q

carry sensory impulses from sensory neurons to motor neurons.

A

Interneuron

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42
Q

interneuron is located in the?

A

CNS (brain or spinal cord)

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43
Q

Sensory (afferent) neuron have their cell bodies located outside the?

A

central nervous system

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44
Q

neurons of the motor nervous system have their cell bodies in
the ? and their axons (motor, efferent) extending to the periphery.

A

central nervous system (brain or spinal cord)

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45
Q

receive many dendrites and has one axon

A

Multipolar

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46
Q

receive one common trunk formed by its dendrites and sends out one axon.

A

Bipolar

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47
Q

receive one common trunk formed by the axon and dendrite.

A

Unipolar or pseudounipolar

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48
Q

the second cellular component of nervous tissue. They are about 10 to 50 times more abundant than nerve cells.

A

NEUROGLIA (nyoo-ROG-lee-al) (neuro + G. glia, glue)

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49
Q

the second cellular component of nervous tissue. They are about 10 to 50 times more abundant than nerve cells. They bring nutrients from the capillaries to the neurons, thus, providing nutritional support.

A

NEUROGLIA (nyoo-ROG-lee-al) (neuro + G. glia, glue)

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50
Q

star-shaped cells that supply support to nervous tissue.

A

Astrocytes (AS-Loh-syt) (G. astron, star):

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51
Q

Smaller and less branched than astrocytes, they wrap around the axons of nerve cells to form myelin. Myelin increases the speed of conduction along the axon, resulting in faster information transfer.

A

Oligodendrocyte (ol’e-goh-DEN-droh-syt) (G. oligo, few)

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52
Q

the smallest neuroglial cells of the CNS. They migrate and act to phagocytize waste products in nerve tissue.

A

Microglia (my-KROG-lee-ah) (sin.= microglial cell)

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53
Q

the neuroglia of the PNS. They form myelin cells sheaths by winding around nerve processes, They are the equivalent of the oligodendrocyte of the CNS.

A

Schwann cells

54
Q

unmyelinated gaps between segments of the myelin sheath.

A

Nodes of Ranvier (rahn-ve-ay)(Fig. X-4,h)

55
Q

a lipoprotein (all cell membranes are composed of lipoproteins) forming a sheath around nerve processes.

A

Myelin (MY-e-lin

56
Q

function to i ncrease the speed of impulse conduction and to insulate the nerve process.

A

Myelin sheaths

57
Q

In the PNS, the ? is produced by Schwann
cells winding themselves around the process, leaving several
continuous layers of its cell membrane.

A

myelin sheath

58
Q

The remaining portion of the Schwann cell encircling the sheath is known as the ?, which assists in regeneration of injured axons.

A

neurolemma

59
Q

a process having a myelin sheath.

A

Myelinated fiber

60
Q

a process lacking a myelin sheath, but still having a Schwann cell covering.

A

Unmyelinated fiber

61
Q

carries an impulse (information) to an effector organ.

A

Motor (efferent) neuron

62
Q

the muscle or gland innervated by a motor neuron to react to the stimulus (pull away from the stove).

A

Effector (target) organ

63
Q

a group of nerve cell bodies outside the central nervous system, manifested as a swelling of a nerve.

A

GANGLION (pl.=ganglia)

64
Q

that part of nervous tissue consisting of neuronal cell bodies.

A

GRAY MATTER

65
Q

that part of nervous tissue consisting mainly of myelinated nerve fibers.

A

WHITE MATTER

66
Q

a bundle of nerve processes outside the CNS.

A

NERVE

67
Q

nerve fiber bundles of common origin in the brain and spinal cord. They are usually named for their origin and destination.

A

NERVE TRACTS or FASCICULI (fah-SIK-yoo ly)

68
Q

that portion of the central nervous system (CNS) contained within the skull.

A

BRAIN

69
Q

the masses of nerve cell bodies located deep in the white matter of the cerebrum.

A

Basal ganglia (GANG-lee-a) (basal nuclei):

70
Q

the twelve pairs of nerves arising fron the brain. These nerves, along with the spinal nerves, form the peripheral nervous system

A

CRANIAL NERVES (CN)

71
Q

a nerve carrying beth somatic sensory and motor fibers. They also carry ANS sympathetic motor fibers.

A

Mixed nerve

72
Q

a nerve carrying primarily somatic motor fibers to voluntary (skeletal) mm. These are understood to also carry sensory fibers from muscles innervated by motor fibers. They usually also carry ANS sympathetic motor fibers.

A

Motor nerve

73
Q

a nerve carrying only somatic sensory fibers to the brain.

A

Sensory nerve

74
Q

a nerve carrying special sensory fibers associated with smell, vision, hearing, or taste (special senses).

A

Special sensory nerve

75
Q

fibers from nerves of the autonomic nervous system. They innervate smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands and are subdivided into fibers of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.

A

Autonomic (ANS) fibers

76
Q

a neuron whose cell body is located in nuclei within the CNS (brain or spinal cord).

A

Motor neuron

77
Q

a neuron whose cell body is located in groups (ganglia) outside the CNS.

A

Sensory neuron

78
Q

the first cranial nerve, entirely special sensory, dealing with smell.

A

OLFACTORY (Cn I) NERVE (ol-FAK-toh-ree)

79
Q

the second cranial nerve, it is also special sensory, dealing with vision.

A

OPTIC NERVE (Cn II) (OP-tik)

80
Q

the joining of the two optic nerves inside the cranial cavity, just rostral to the hypothalamus. It is the site of crossing of some optic fibers.

A

Optic chiasm (ky-AZ-um, G. a crossing) (B)

81
Q

the paths from the optic chiasm to the thaiamus.

A

Optic tracts

82
Q

The third cranial nerve arises from the midbrain. It is primarily a motor nerve to most of the eye’s voluntary (skeletal) extraocular muscles-the dorsal, medial, and ventral rectus muscles, and the ventral oblique muscle. It also is motor to the superior palpebral levator, the muscle that raises the upper eyelid.

A

OCULOMOTOR NERVE (Cn III)

83
Q

the smallest cranial nerve, motor to the dorsal oblique muscle of the eyeball.

A

TROCHLEAR (TROK-lee-ar) NERVE (Cn IV)

84
Q

The largest cranial nerve, arises from the pons and is a mixed nerve with three divisions - the ophthaimic, maxillary and mandibular divisions.

A

TRIGEMINAL NERVE (CnV)

85
Q

The sixth cranial nerve, is the motor innervation to two skeletal extraocular muscles of the eye; the lateral rectus and part of the retractor bulbi muscles.

A

ABDUCENT (ab-DYOO-sent) or ABDUCENS (., drowing away) NERVE (Cn VI): (Fig. X-23)

86
Q

a mixed nerve originating in the pons and exiting the cranial cavity from the medulla to travel across the face under the skin.

A

FACIAL NERVE (Cn VII)

87
Q

the special sensory nerve dealing with hearing and equilibrium.

A

VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE

88
Q

a mixed nerve supplying, as its name suggests, the tongue and pharynx. It deals with taste, swallowing and salivation

A

GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL NERVE

89
Q

a mixed nerve. Its motor fibers innervate the muscles to the pharynx (with the glossopharyngeal nerve) and larynx that control swallowing and vocalization.

A

VAGUS NERVE

90
Q

motor nerve to some neck muscles, including the trapezius. It is divided into cranial and spinal portions, with cell bodies located in the medulla and spinal cord, respectively.

A

ACCESSORY NERVE

91
Q

the long column of nervous tissue located within the vertebral (spinal) canal that, along with the brain, makes up the central nervous system (CNS).

A

SPINAL CORD

92
Q

the joined dorsal and ventral roots arising from the spinal cord. They are mixed nerves carrying sensory impulses toward the spinal cord and motor impulses away from the spinal cord.

A

SPINAL NERVES

93
Q

network of nerves formed from the vertral branches of the last few cervical and first one or two the racic spinal nerves.

A

BRACHIAL PLEXUS

94
Q

extends from the brachial plexus around the cranial surface of the neck of the scapula to innervate the infraspinatus and supraspinatus muscles.

A

Suprascapular nerve

95
Q

supplies the extensors of the elbow, carpus and digits (caudal arm muscles and the craniolateral forearm muscles). Extending from the brachial plexus into the triceps brachii muscle, it then passes around the caudal aspect of the humerus to reach the lateral side of the arm. Continuing distally, it branches into superficial and deep branches to the forearm. The superficial branch of the radial nerve supplies the skin of the craniolateral forearm in all domestic species. It is sensory to the dorsal surface of the manus in all, except the horse.

A

Radial nerve

96
Q

motor to some caudomedial forearm muscles (flexor group) and muscles of the manus. It runs from the brachial plexus on the medial side of the forearm with the median and musculocutaneous nerves. At the elbow, it separates from these nerves to reach the caudal aspect of the forearm. It is sensory to the caudal forearm and palmar manus. In the dog it is the cutaneous innervation to the fifth (most laterai) digit.

A

Ulnar nerve

97
Q

along with the ulnar nerve, supplies motor innervation to the flexor muscles of the carpus and digits. It, with the ulnar nerve, is sensory to the palmar surface of the manus. The median nerve runs with the brachial vessels and the musculocutaneous and ulnar nerves in the arm. It continues on the medial side of the forearm to divide into medial and lateral palmar nerves, just proximal to the carpus.

A

Median nerve

98
Q

innervates the serratus ventralis muscle.

A

Long thoracic nerve

99
Q

innervates the latissimus dorsi muscle.

A

Thoracodorsal nerve

100
Q

innervates the flexors of the elbow (biceps brachii and brachialis muscles) and the coracobrachialis muscle. It gives off the median cutaneous antebrachial nerve.

A

Musculocutaneous nerve

101
Q

innervates the true flexors of the shoulder (teres major, teres minor and deltoid muscles). It dives between the teres major and subscapular muscles medially to reach the lateral side of the shoulder. Its cutaneous branches supply the lateral surface of the arm and cranial aspect of the forearm (lateral cutaneous brachial and cranial cutaneous antebrachial nerves).

A

Axillary nerve

102
Q

supplies the cutaneous trunci muscle and cutaneous innervation to the ventrolateral abdominal wall.

A

Lateral thoracic nerve

103
Q

the ventral branches of the lumbar and sacral nerves. The first three or four lumbar ventral branches and the last thoracic branch supply the abdominal wall.

A

LUMBOSACRAL PLEXUS

104
Q

The first three or four ventral lumbar branches are distributed to the abdominal wall (ilichypogastric, ilioinguinal, genitotemoral, and lateral cutaneous femoral nerves) along with the last thoracic ( costoabdominal ) nerve

A

Abdominal nerves

105
Q

innervation of the extensor muscles of the stifle (quadriceps femoris). It passes through the psoas muscles, out of the abdominal cavity and through the femoral canal to the quadriceps femoris muscle.

A

Femoral nerve

106
Q

the superficial branch of the femoral nerve, supplying cutaneous innervation to the medial side of the limb and motor innervation to the sartorius muscle.

A

Saphenous nerve

107
Q

innervates most of the medial adductor muscles of the thigh. It extends from the lumbosacral plexus through the pelvic cavity on the body of the ilium and obturator. foramen to the medial side of the thigh.

A

Obturator nerve (L)

108
Q

leaves the pelvis over the greater ischiatic notch to continue as the ischiatic nerve. It gives three branches - cranial gluteal, caudal gluteal and caudal cutaneous femoral nerves.

A

Lambosacral trunk

109
Q

supplies flexors and extensors of the hip (tensor fasciae latae, middle and deep gluteal muscles [also the superficial gluteal in some species]).

A

Cranial gluteal nerve

110
Q

supplies the superficial gluteal muscles and the proximal part of the hamstring muscles, thus, the extensors of the hip.

A

Caudal gluteal nerve

111
Q

the largest nerve of the lumbosacral plexus; supplying the caudal thigh muscles and, by its terminal branches (tibial and common fibular [peroneal]), the muscles of the cris and pes. It continues the lumbosacral trunk caudal to the hip joint, to run distally caudal to the femur and deep to the biceps femoris muscle. It supplies the hamstring muscles and the pelvic association (internal obturator [except in ruminants and pigs], gemelli and quadratus femoris). It branches mid-thigh into tibial and common (fibular) peroneal nerves.

A

Ischiatic (sciatic) nerve

112
Q

one of the two terminal branches of the ischiatic nerve. It runs between the two heads of the gastrocnemius muscle to reach and supply the caudal muscles of the crus. It splits at the level of the point of the hock into medial and lateral plantar nerves. The plantar nerves continue down the plantar aspect of the pes mainly supplying sensation .

A

Tibial nerve

113
Q

the other terminal branch of the ischiatic nerve, coursing around the lateral side of the crus. It supplies the craniolateral muscles of the crus (deep peroneal branch) and the skin of the craniolateral crus and dorsal foot (superficial peroneal branch).

A

Common peroneal nerve

114
Q

supplies motor innervation to the cranio lateral muscles of the leg. It travels with the cranial tibial artery between the extensor muscles and the tibia.

A

Deep peroneal nerve

115
Q

mainly a sensory nerve. It divides on the dorsal surface of the pes into the dorsal coumon digital nerves

A

Superficial peroneal (fibular) nerve

116
Q

supplies the internal and external genitalia, rectum and perineal area. Arising from the ventral branches of tie sacral nerves, it travels obliquely through the pelvic cavity. Its main branches are the superficial and deep perineal nerves and the dorsal nerve of the penis.

A

PUDENDAL NERVE

117
Q

the parasympathetic (ANS) nerve supply to the pelvic area.

A

PELVIC NERVES

118
Q

nerve supply to the anus

A

CAUDAL RECTAL NERVES

119
Q

that portion of the nervous system operating involuntarily
or automatically to keep the animal’s body stable

A

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM (ANS)

120
Q

ANS is divided into two divisions, the?

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

121
Q

Autonomic functions are mainly controlled by?

A

reflex arcs

122
Q

The smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands being controlled by the ANS.

A

Visceral [effector] structures

123
Q

carry stimuli from a visceral effector or other receptor to the spinal cord via the dorsal root of the spinal nerve or to the brainstem via cranial nerves.

A

ANS sensory (afferent) neurons

124
Q

carry motor impulses to a visceral effector by two motor (efferent) neurons. This is different from the somatic system, where reflex ares have only one motor (efferent) neuren.

A

ANS motor (efferent) neurons

125
Q

an ANS motor neuron whose fiber extends from the CNS to synapse in an autonomic (mctor) ganglion with a postganglionic neuron.

A

Preganglionic neuron

126
Q

also an ANS motor (efferent) neuron whose fiber extends from a ganglion to the visceral structure (visceral effector) innervated.

A

Postganglionic neuron

127
Q

postganglionic fibers arising from the cervicothoracic ganglion. It travels up the neck through the transverse canal and sends fibers (gray communicating branches) to the cervical spinal nerves to supply vessels and skin glands.

A

Vertebral nerve

128
Q

The preganglionic fibers passing through the sympathetic trunk without synapsing. They leave the sympathetic trunk at the caudal thoracic and the lumbar regions

A

Splanchnic nerves

129
Q

the sympathetic innervation to the pelvic region. Postganglionic fibers extend from the caudal mesenteric collateral ganglion in the mesocolon to the pelvic plexus on the sides of the rectum:

A

Hypogastric nerve

130
Q

carries preganglionic fibers to the ciliary ganglion to synapse on postganglionic fibers to the smooth muscles that constrict the pupil and “accommodate” (adjust the shape of the lens of the eye.

A

Oculomotor nerve (Cn III)

131
Q

carries preganglionic fibers to the pterygopalatine (ter’i-goh-PAL-a- tin) (B) and the submandibular ganglia (C). Postganglionic fibers extend to the lacrimal gland, the glands of the nasal mucosa, palate, pharynx and the mandibular salivary gland.

A

Facial nerve (Cn VII)

VANA 101 (23 decks)

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