THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

Question 1

What is the unique feature of the endocrine system compared to other body systems?

Answer 1

The component organs are not in direct continuity.

Question 2

How do endocrine glands release hormones?

Answer 2

Directly into the blood, lymph, or tissue fluid.

Question 3

What do hormones supplement in response to stimuli?

Answer 3

The nervous system.

Question 4

What system do endocrine secretions affect significantly?

Answer 4

The immune system.

Question 5

What bodily processes do hormones control?

Answer 5

Metabolism and homeostasis.

Question 6

How are the components of the endocrine system anatomically organized?

Answer 6

Separate.

Question 7

What is distinct about the substances produced by the endocrine system?

Answer 7

Structurally and functionally distinct from each other.

Question 8

What do the endocrine system components lack?

Answer 8

Secretory ducts.

Question 9

What type of cells are abundant in the endocrine system?

Answer 9

Epitheloid parenchymal cells.

Question 10

Name the primary endocrine organs.

Answer 10

Pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid glands, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands.

Question 11

Which organs have both endocrine functions and other roles?

Answer 11

Ovaries, testes, pancreas.

Question 12

Which organs have endocrine functions secondary to their main roles?

Answer 12

Kidneys, liver, thymus, fetal membranes/placenta.

Question 13

What tissues and cells also produce hormonal substances?

Answer 13

Gastrointestinal and respiratory mucosa, granulated cardiac myocytes, thymic epithelioreticular cells, cells of general connective tissues.

Question 14

What is the common name for the hypophysis?

Answer 14

Pituitary gland.

Question 15

Why is the pituitary gland called the “Master Gland”?

Answer 15

It regulates the entire endocrine system.

Question 16

List the hormones produced by the pituitary gland.

Answer 16

Somatotrophic hormone (STH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) or interstitial cell-stimulating hormone (ICSH), prolactin, oxytocin, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH), vasopressin (ADH).

Question 17

What hormone does the pineal gland produce?

Answer 17

Melatonin.

Question 18

What does the pineal gland regulate?

Answer 18

Diurnal and seasonal variations in gonadal activity.

Question 19

What are the two types of cells in the thyroid gland?

Answer 19

Follicular cells and parafollicular cells.

Question 20

What do follicular cells secrete?

Answer 20

Thyroid hormone.

Question 21

What do parafollicular cells secrete?

Answer 21

Calcitonin.

Question 22

What hormone do the parathyroid glands produce?

Answer 22

Parathormone.

Question 23

What does parathormone promote?

Answer 23

Calcium absorption from the gut, mobilization from the skeleton, excretion in urine.

Question 24

What do the adrenal cortex and medulla produce?

Answer 24

Cortex: steroid hormones (mineralocorticoids & glucocorticoids), Medulla: epinephrine and norepinephrine.

Question 25

What is the function of epinephrine and norepinephrine?

Answer 25

Stress response.

Question 26

What hormones do the pancreatic islets secrete?

Answer 26

Insulin and glucagon.

Question 27

What does the corpus luteum in the ovaries produce?

Answer 27

Progesterone.

Question 28

What hormone does the placenta produce during the last two trimesters?

Answer 28

Progesterone.

Question 29

What do the interstitial cells in the testes produce?

Answer 29

Testosterone.

Question 30

What hormone do juxtaglomerular cells in the kidney secrete?

Answer 30

Renin.

Question 31

Where are enteroendocrine cells found?

Answer 31

Digestive and respiratory tracts.

Question 32

Name a common endocrine disorder in dogs.

Answer 32

Diabetes insipidus.

Question 33

List three endocrine disorders in dogs.

Answer 33

Hypophyseal adenoma, diabetes mellitus, hypothyroidism.