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ARTHROLOGY Flashcards

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1
Q

When one bone connects to another they form an articulation or
union also known as an?

A

arthrosis or joint

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2
Q

Arthrology also known as?

A

syndesmology

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3
Q

study of articulations (unions) between bones

A

Arthrology (syndesmology)

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4
Q

Arthrology (syndesmology) commonly called?

A

joints

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5
Q

Union or junction between two or more bones of the skeleton

A

Articulations/joints

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6
Q

CLASSIFICATION OF JOINTS:

A
  • Fibrous joints (synarthrosis)
  • Cartilaginous joints (amphiarthrosis)
  • Synovial joints
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7
Q

Fibrous joints, also known as?

A

synarthroses

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8
Q
  • Bones that are united by fibrous tissue
  • No joint cavity, most are temporary
  • Practically no movement; immovable joint
A

Fibrous joints (synarthrosis)

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9
Q

What are three main types of fibrous joints:

A
  • Syndesmosis
  • Sutures
  • Gomphosis
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10
Q

is a type of joint where two bones are connected by a ligament or a sheet of connective tissue, allowing only a small amount of movement

A

Syndesmosis

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11
Q

it means that over time, these joint turns into bone and become more solid

A

sutures

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12
Q

Specialized articulation of teeth in their alveoli.

A

Gomphosis

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13
Q

Cartilaginous joints, also known as?

A

amphiarthroses

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14
Q
  • United by cartilage with no joint cavity.
  • Limited movements or no movement at all
A

Cartilaginous joints (amphiarthrosis)

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15
Q

are types of cartilaginous joints

A

synchondrosis and symphysis

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16
Q

is a type of joint where bones are connected by hyaline cartilage

A

synchondrosis

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17
Q

synchondrosis is a type of joint where bones are connected by?

A

hyaline cartilage

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18
Q

It’s an immovable joint

A

Synchondrosis

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19
Q

is a type of joint where bones are connected by tough, flexible cartilage. It’s called a fibrocartilaginous joint

A

symphysis

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20
Q

symphysis is a type of joint where bones are connected by tough, flexible cartilage. It’s called a?

A

fibrocartilaginous joint

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21
Q

This type of suture occurs where the edges of the bones overlap each other

A

Squamous

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22
Q

In this type of suture, the edges of the bones are irregular and interlocked like a puzzle.

A

Serrated

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23
Q

This refers to sutures where the edges of the bones are straight and fit neatly together without overlapping or irregularities

A

Harmonious Suture

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24
Q

Synovial joints, also known as?

A

diarthrodial joints or diarthrosis

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25
Q

are the type of joints in your body that allow for a wide range of movements. These joints are special because they have a space called a joint cavity

A

Synovial joints

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26
Q

Synovial joints are the type of joints in your body that allow for a wide range of movements. These joints are special because they have a space called a?

A

joint cavity

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27
Q

term used when fibrous/cartilaginous tissues are replaced by a bone

A

Synostosis

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28
Q

COMPONENTS/PARTS OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS:

A
  • Articular surface
  • Articular cartilage
  • Joint (articular) cavity
  • Joint capsule
  • Ligaments
  • Menisci
  • Bursa
  • Synovial sheath
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29
Q

specialized layer of compact bone on the surfaces that articulate with other bone

A

Articular surface

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30
Q

A layer of hyaline cartilage covering the articular surface

A

Articular cartilage

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31
Q

space between adjacent bones of the joint surrounded by joint capsule

A

Joint (articular) cavity

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32
Q

Two types of joint capsules:

A
  • Fibrous layer/capsule
  • Synovial membrane
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33
Q

is a structure that surrounds and protects a joint in the body

A

joint capsule

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34
Q

This is the tough, outer layer. It provides protection and strength to the joint

A

Fibrous layer/capsule

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35
Q

This is the inner layer. It produces a slippery fluid called synovial fluid, which lubricates the joint, making it easier to move.

A

Synovial membrane

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36
Q

connective tissue bonds that extend from bone to bone

A

Ligaments

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37
Q

There are two main types of ligaments:

A
  • Intracapsular
  • Extracapsular
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38
Q

These ligaments are located inside the joint capsule, which is surrounded by synovial membrane

A

Intracapsular

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39
Q

These ligaments are situated outside the joint capsule

A

Extracapsular

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40
Q

Located on the sides (medial and lateral aspects) of the joint, providing stability

A

Collateral Ligaments

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41
Q

Positioned in front (dorsal) and behind (palmar/plantar) the joint, helping to support movement.

A

Dorsal and Palmar/Plantar Ligaments

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42
Q

These ligaments encircle the joint, reinforcing and protecting the joint capsule with fibers that form a circle around it

A

Annular Ligaments

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43
Q

Menisci are also commonly referred to as?

A

fibrocartilaginous discs

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44
Q
  • C-shaped piece of cartilage which is located between the major weight
    bearing bones
  • functions include stability, lubrication, nutrition, and shock absorption
  • Only in stifle and temporomandibular joint
A

Menisci (fibrocartilage disc)

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45
Q
  • A small, fluid-filled sac lined
    with synovial membrane
  • Act as cushions and are
    generally found where tendons
    cross over a bony prominence
A

Bursa

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46
Q
  • lined tube that wraps around the
    tendon’s circumference
  • Mostly in the distal limbs
    where long tendons pass over
    joints
A

Synovial sheath

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47
Q

MOVEMENTS OF JOINTS - Synovial joints:

A
  1. Gliding or sliding
  2. Flexion
  3. Extension
  4. Hyperextension
  5. Rotation
  6. Adduction
  7. Abduction
  8. Circumduction
  9. Pronation
  10. Supination
  11. Inversion/eversion
  12. Protraction/Retraction
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48
Q

the articular surfaces of a joint slide over one another

A

Gliding or sliding

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49
Q

decrease of angle between segments

A

Flexion

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50
Q

increase of angle between segments

A

Extension

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51
Q

angles between segments are beyond 180 degrees or a straight line

A

Hyperextension

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52
Q

twisting movement of a segment around its own axis

A

Rotation

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53
Q

movement of extremity towards the median plane

A

Adduction

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54
Q

movement of extremity away from the median plane

A

Abduction

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55
Q

Making circular movements with a joint that combine flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction, like swinging your arm in a circle

A

Circumduction

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56
Q

– Rotation of extremity so that the dorsum is up
- Rotating the forearm so that the palm faces downwards, like turning your hand to pour out water

A

Pronation

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57
Q

– Rotation of extremity so that the palmar aspect is up
- Rotating the forearm so that the palm faces upwards, like holding a bowl of soup with your hand upwards

A

Supination

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58
Q

Tilting the foot inward (inversion) or outward (eversion), like rolling your ankle

A

Inversion/eversion

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59
Q

Moving a part of the body forwards (protraction) or backwards (retraction), like pushing your jaw forwards or pulling it back

A

Protraction/Retraction:

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60
Q

TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS:

A
  • Ginglymus or hinge
  • Arthrodial (plane/gliding) joint
  • Pivot (trochoid) joint
  • Spheroid (enarthrodial or ball
    and socket) joint
  • Condylar joint
  • Ellipsoid joint
  • Saddle joint
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61
Q
  • joints move only in the sagittal plane (extension, flexion)
  • Allows movement in one plane only
A

Ginglymus or hinge

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62
Q
  • joint with slight gliding movement between relatively flat apposed surfaces (facets)
  • Allows sliding of one bony surface over the other
A

Arthrodial (plane/gliding) joint

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63
Q

arthrodial joint is also commonly referred to as a?

A

plane joint or a gliding joint

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64
Q
  • Rotary movement around one axis
  • Consists of a peg sitting within a ring; allows rotation
A

Pivot (trochoid) joint

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65
Q

A spheroid joint is also commonly referred to as?

A

enarthrodial joint or ball-and-socket joint

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66
Q
  • Joint which moves in almost all
    directions; allows a great range of
    movement
  • A spherical head of 1 bone fits into
    a cup-shaped depression of the
    other bone
  • Consists of a rounded end or ball,
    sitting within a socket or cup
A

Spheroid (enarthrodial or ball
and socket) joint

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67
Q
  • A convex articular condyles
    articulates with somewhat concave
    articular surfaces ( a type of joint where a rounded, bumpy part of one bone fits into a slightly hollowed-out part of another bone )
  • like hinge joint but with more
    movement; Allows movement in two
    planes (extension, flexion,
    hyperextension)
A

Condylar joint

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68
Q
  • characterized by an articular
    surface expanded more in one
    direction than another forming an
    ellipse ( a type of joint in your body where the ends of the bones form an oval shape. One bone end is longer in one direction, like an ellipse or an oval. )
  • e.g. joint between distal end of
    radius + proximal row of carpal
    bones
A

Ellipsoid joint

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69
Q
  • joints with an English or flat saddle
    – shaped articular surface
  • Perform all movement except
    rotation
A

Saddle joint

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70
Q

ARTICULATIONS OF THE SKULL:

A
  1. Temporo-mandibular joint only synovial joint of the skull
  2. Mandibular symphysis (intermandibular joint) synchondrosis with an interdigitating surface that persists throughout life in the dog
  3. Sutures
  4. Synchondrosis
  5. Gomphosis
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71
Q

only synovial joint of the skull

A

Temporo-mandibular joint

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72
Q

The mandibular symphysis is also called the?

A

intermandibular joint

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73
Q

Mandibular symphysis (intermandibular joint): In dogs, this is a type of joint called a?

A

synchondrosis

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74
Q

These are the lines where the bones of the skull fit together like puzzle pieces. They are immovable joints made of strong, fibrous tissue that holds the bones tightly together.

A

Sutures

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75
Q

This is a type of joint where the bones are joined by cartilage, which can eventually turn into bone as a person grows.

A

Synchondrosis

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76
Q

This is a special type of joint found in the mouth where the teeth fit into their sockets in the jawbone.

A

Gomphosis:

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77
Q

ARTICULATIONS OF THE RIBS:

A

A. Synchondrosis
B. Synovial joints

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78
Q

at the costochondral junction refers to the type of joint found between the ribs and the cartilage that connects them to the sternum (breastbone).

A

Synchondrosis

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79
Q

This is a specific type of synovial joint found between the ribs and the vertebral column (spine).

A

Costovertebral Joint:

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80
Q

Costovertebral Joint: This is a specific type of synovial joint found between the ribs and the vertebral column (spine). It has two main parts:

A
  1. Articulation of Costal Head with Vertebral Column. (This is where the head of the rib connects to the vertebrae. )
  2. Articulation of Costal Tubercle with Transverse Process. ( This is where a small bump (tubercle) on the rib connects to a part of the vertebra called the transverse process. )
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81
Q

Ligaments are strong bands of tissue that help hold the joint together. The costovertebral joint has four key ligaments:

A
  1. Ligament of Costal Head
  2. Intercapital Ligament
  3. Ligament of the Tubercle (Costotransverse Ligament)
  4. Ligament of the Neck
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82
Q

This ligament connects the heads of two opposite ribs. It is not present between the 1st and the last two pairs of ribs.

A

Intercapital Ligament

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83
Q

This is the strongest ligament in this joint. It connects the rib’s tubercle to the vertebra’s transverse process, helping to keep the rib firmly attached to the spine.

A

Ligament of the Tubercle (Costotransverse Ligament)

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84
Q

The Ligament of the Tubercle is also called?

A

Costotransverse Ligament.

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85
Q

is where the ribs connect to the sternum (the breastbone). It helps your chest move when you breathe.

A

sternocostal joint

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86
Q

ARTICULATIONS OF THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN.
2 articulations:

A
  1. intercentral
  2. interneural
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87
Q

These are the connections between the main bodies of the vertebrae

A

Intercentral Articulations

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88
Q

Intercentral Articulations: These are the connections between the main bodies of the vertebrae. They allow limited movement and are classified as “ ? “ , which means they are slightly movable joints.

A

amphiarthrosis

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89
Q

These are the connections between the articular processes of the vertebrae.

A

Interneural Articulations

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90
Q

Interneural Articulations: These are the connections between the articular processes of the vertebrae. These joints allow more movement and are classified as “ ? “ , meaning they are freely movable joints.

A

diarthroses

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91
Q

JOINTS OF VERTEBRAL COLUMN:

A
  1. Atlanto-Axial articulations
  2. Atlanto-Occipital joint
  3. Intervertebral symphysis (intercentral articulations)
  4. zygapophyseal joint (interneural articulations)
92
Q

This joint is between the dens (a peg-like projection) of the second vertebra (axis) and a part of the first vertebra (atlas)

A

Atlanto-Axial Articulations

93
Q

Atlanto-Axial Articulations is called the “ ? “ because it allows you to shake your head side to side as if saying “no.”

A

no joint

94
Q

Atlanto-Axial Articulations is a “ ? “, meaning one bone rotates around another.

A

pivot joint

95
Q

This joint is between the first vertebra (atlas) and the skull (occipital bone).

A

Atlanto-Occipital Joint

96
Q

Atlanto-Occipital Joint is called the “ ? “ because it allows you to nod your head up and down as if saying “yes.”

A

yes joint

97
Q

Atlanto-Occipital Joint is a “ “ , meaning it has a fluid-filled space allowing smooth movement

A

synovial joint

98
Q

the intervertebral symphysis is also called?

A

intercentral articulations

99
Q
  • These joints are between the main bodies of adjacent vertebrae.
  • They are movable joints that allow some flexibility and movement of the spine.
  • They are cushioned by intervertebral discs that act like shock absorbers.
A

Intervertebral Symphysis (Intercentral Articulations)

100
Q

the zygapophyseal joint is also referred to as?

A

interneural articulation

101
Q

These joints are between the articular processes (small bony projections) of adjacent vertebrae

A

Zygapophyseal Joint

102
Q

Zygapophyseal Joint are “ ? “, allowing mainly sliding movements which contribute to the spine’s flexibility

A

synovial joints

103
Q

MOVEMENTS OF VERTEBRAL COLUMN:

A
  • Mainly dorsal, ventral and lateral flexion and rotation ( These movements involve bending forward (ventral flexion), bending backward (dorsal flexion), and bending sideways (lateral flexion). These motions allow you to bend your spine in different directions. Rotation refers to twisting your spine around its axis. This movement helps in turning your upper body from side to side. )
  • Limited in thoracic and lumbar region ( These areas have limited flexibility compared to other parts of the spine. They support the trunk and have more stability. )
  • Freest movement in cervical and caudal region ( The cervical (neck) and caudal (tailbone) regions are more flexible. This flexibility allows for freer movements, like turning your head (cervical) or bending forward (caudal). )
104
Q

LIGAMENTS OF VERTEBRAL COLUMN:

A

A. Long Ligaments
B. Short Ligaments

105
Q

LIGAMENTS OF VERTEBRAL COLUMN.
A. Long Ligaments:

A
  1. Nuchal Ligament
  2. Supraspinous Ligament
  3. dorsal longitudinal ligament
  4. ventral longitudinal ligament
106
Q

LIGAMENTS OF VERTEBRAL COLUMN.
B. Short Ligaments:

A
  1. Interspinous ligament
  2. Intertransverse ligament
  3. Yellow ligament
107
Q
  • Begins from the spinous processes of vertebrae T1-T10 and extends from the tip of T1 to the broadened area at the base of the spinous process of C2 (axis).
  • Acts like a strong elastic band that supports the head without needing constant muscle effort.
A

Nuchal Ligament

108
Q
  • Runs along the tops of the spinous processes from T1 to the tail (caudal) end of the spine.
  • Helps prevent excessive spreading of the spinous processes when the spine bends forward (ventrally flexes).
A

Supraspinous Ligament

109
Q
  • Lies on the dorsal (back) surface of the vertebral bodies, inside the vertebral canal from the axis (C2) down to the lower back (caudal region).
  • Provides stability and support along the back of the vertebral bodies within the vertebral canal
A

Dorsal Longitudinal Ligament

110
Q
  • Lies on the front (ventral) surface of the vertebral bodies, running from the axis (C2) down to the sacrum (base of the spine).
  • Supports the front part of the vertebral bodies, contributing to the overall stability of the vertebral column.
A

Ventral Longitudinal Ligament

111
Q

attach spinous process to each other

A

Interspinous ligament

112
Q

only in lumbar region, connect transverse process of lumbar region

A

Intertransverse ligament

113
Q

This ligament stretches between the arches of the vertebrae (the bony parts of the spine). It has elastic fibers, which make it stretchy and give it a yellow color. Doctors have to go through this ligament when they need to reach the spaces around the spinal cord, like for an epidural (pain relief during childbirth) or spinal tap (collecting spinal fluid for testing).

A

Yellow Ligament

114
Q

is a way parts of the body are connected without using bones. Instead, they are held together by muscles and ligaments. This means there is no direct bone-to-bone link between the parts.

A

Synsarcosis

115
Q

JOINTS AND LIGAMENTS OF THE THORACIC LIMB:

A
  1. SHOULDER JOINT
  2. ELBOW JOINT
  3. RADIOULNAR JOINT
  4. CARPAL JOINTS
  5. METACARPAL JOINTS
  6. INTERPHALANGEAL JOINTS
116
Q

the shoulder joint is commonly referred to as?

A

glenohumeral joint

117
Q

Motion Type of Joint: It’s a ball-and-socket joint, like the hip, but in four-legged animals (quadrupeds), it mainly allows for bending and straightening movements (extension and flexion).

A

SHOULDER JOINT

118
Q

Shoulder Joint Type of Joint:

A

ball-and-socket joint

119
Q

Shoulder Joint.
Bones:

A
  1. Scapula
  2. Humerus
120
Q

Shoulder Joint.
Bones - Scapula: This is the shoulder blade. The part of the scapula involved in the shoulder joint is called?

A

glenoid cavity

121
Q

Shoulder Joint.
Ligaments:

A
  1. Medial and Lateral Glenohumeral Ligaments
  2. Transverse Humeral Ligament
122
Q

Shoulder Joint.
Ligaments: These are weak ligaments that help connect the scapula and humerus.

A

Medial and Lateral Glenohumeral Ligaments

123
Q

Shoulder Joint.
Ligaments: This ligament helps hold a tendon in place at the top of the humerus.

A

Transverse Humeral Ligament

124
Q

What are the alternative names for the elbow joint?

A

brachioantebrachial joint and the cubital joint

125
Q

Works like a hinge. This means it primarily allows bending and straightening movements (flexion and extension), similar to how a door opens and closes. Additionally, there is a small amount of sliding and a tiny bit of rotating movement.

A

ELBOW JOINT

126
Q

The elbow is a complex joint because it is formed by three bones:

A

The humerus (the upper arm bone), the radius (one of the forearm bones), and the ulna (the other forearm bone).

127
Q

It’s where the humerus (the upper arm bone) connects with the ulna (one of the forearm bones).

A

Humeroulnar joint

128
Q

The humeroulnar joint is a part of your elbow. It’s where the humerus (the upper arm bone) connects with the ulna (one of the forearm bones). The specific parts that connect are?

A
  • humeral trochlea (a grooved part at the end of the humerus)
  • trochlear notch (a curved part at the top of the ulna)
129
Q

This joint is mainly responsible for letting you bend (flex) and straighten (extend) your elbow

A

Humeroulnar joint

130
Q

The humeroradial joint is part of your elbow. It involves two main parts:

A
  • capitulum of the humerus (the upper arm bone)
  • head of the radius (one of the forearm bones).
131
Q

This joint helps support much of the weight and force that goes through your elbow, making it important for activities like lifting and pushing.

A

Humeroradial joint

132
Q

The proximal radioulnar joint is a part of your elbow. It’s where two bones in your forearm meet

A

radius and ulna

133
Q

This joint allows you to rotate your forearm, so you can turn your palm up or down

A

Proximal radioulnar joint

134
Q

ELBOW JOINT.
THREE SUBJOINTS:

A
  • Humeroulnar joint
  • Humeroradial joint
  • Proximal radioulnar joint
135
Q

A single cavity that surrounds and protects the entire elbow joint

A

Joint capsule

136
Q

The elbow joint includes several ligaments that contribute to its stability and function. These ligaments are:-

A
  • Medial and lateral collateral ligaments
  • Annular ligament of radius
  • Oblique ligament
  • Olecranon ligament
137
Q

Thick parts of the joint capsule that keep the elbow steady and prevent it from moving too much side to side.

A

Medial and lateral collateral ligaments:

138
Q

A thin ligament that encircles the radius, keeping it aligned with the ulna during rotation.

A

Annular ligament of the radius

139
Q

A small ligament on the front side of the joint that helps prevent the elbow from overextending or hyperextension

A

Oblique ligament

140
Q

A short band that maintains the close connection between the olecranon (back part of the elbow) and the humerus (upper arm bone).

A

Olecranon ligament

141
Q

is where the two bones in your forearm, the radius and ulna, meet and allow your forearm to rotate slightly

A

radioulnar joint

142
Q

radioulnar joint motion:

A

It allows a limited degree of rotation, like turning your palm up and down.

143
Q

Radioulnar joint structure:

A
  • Distal radioulnar joint
  • Proximal radioulnar joint
144
Q

This is the joint closer to your wrist. It is formed by the rounded end of the ulna fitting into a notch on the radius.

A

Distal radioulnar joint

145
Q

CARPAL JOINTS.
Three main joint:

A
  • Antebrachiocarpal joint
  • Middle carpal joint
  • Carpometacarpal joint
146
Q

This is where the bones of your forearm (the radius and ulna) meet the first row of wrist bones.

A

Antebrachiocarpal joint

147
Q

This joint is between the first and second rows of wrist bones.

A

Middle carpal joint

148
Q

This joint connects the second row of wrist bones to the bones in your hand (the metacarpal bones).

A

Carpometacarpal joint

149
Q

These joints primarily allow for bending (flexion), straightening (extension), and some limited sliding (gliding).

A

carpal joints

150
Q

are the most mobile and open widely when the wrist is fully bent.

A

antebrachiocarpal and middle carpal joints

151
Q

(joints between individual wrist bones) have very limited movement.

A

carpometacarpal and intercarpal joints

152
Q

Carpal joint capsule is a?

A

sheath-like structure that covers the entire wrist area, creating three separate compartments.

153
Q

These carpal joints are connected, but they do not connect with the antebrachiocarpal compartment

A

middle carpal and carpometacarpal compartments

154
Q

Carpal joint ligaments:

A
  • extensor retinaculum
  • flexor retinaculum
  • palmar carpal fibrocartilage
  • special ligament of the carpus
155
Q
  • Prevent the wrist from collapsing when the hand bears weight.
  • Smooth the surface of the wrist bones to allow the flexor tendons (which help move the fingers) to pass through easily.
  • Serve as attachment points for many of the muscles that move the fingers.
A
  • Extensor retinaculum
  • Flexor retinaculum
  • Palmar carpal fibrocartilage
156
Q

These are the joints in your hand between the long bones (metacarpals) and other bones.

A

Metacarpal Joints

157
Q

Metacarpal Joints: These are the joints in your hand between the long bones (metacarpals) and other bones. There are two main types:

A
  • intermetacarpal joint
  • metacarpophalangeal joint
158
Q

This joint is between the bases of the adjacent metacarpal bones (the bones in your palm). It doesn’t move much.

A

Intermetacarpal Joint

159
Q

This is the joint where the metacarpal bones meet the first bones of your fingers (phalanges).

A

Metacarpophalangeal Joint

160
Q

Metacarpophalangeal Joint Motion:

A

It mainly allows your fingers to bend and straighten (flexion and extension).

161
Q

Metacarpal Joints
Bones:

A

It’s formed by the rounded ends of the metacarpal bones and the bases of the finger bones. There are small bones called sesamoid bones on the palm side and tiny ones on the back of the joint.

162
Q

Metacarpophalangeal Joint.
Joint capsule:

A

each has its own separate synovial joint capsule

163
Q

These ligaments that support the sides of metacarpal joints

A

Medial and Lateral Collateral Ligaments

164
Q

These ligaments are around the sesamoid bones, present on both the palm and back sides of the joint.

A

Sesamoidean Ligaments

165
Q

Has only one interphalangeal joint and two bones called phalanges.

A

Digit I (thumb/big toe)

166
Q

Have two interphalangeal joints and three phalanges.

A

Digits II-V (fingers/toes 2-5)

167
Q

Interphalangeal joints

A

Motion: These joints work like a hinge, mainly allowing bending and straightening.

168
Q

Interphalangeal Joint Bones involved:

A

Each joint is between the end (head) of a more proximal (closer) bone and the base of a more distal (farther) bone.

169
Q

Interphalangeal Joints.
Joint capsule:

A

Each joint has its own capsule, which is a protective cover around the joint.

170
Q

Interphalangeal Joints.
Ligaments:

A
  • Medial and lateral collateral ligaments
  • Dorsal ligament
171
Q

These are on the sides of the interphalangeal joint and help keep it stable.

A

Medial and lateral collateral ligaments

172
Q

Found in the distal joints(on the back), this ligament helps hold the claw (if present) in a partially retracted position.

A

Dorsal ligament

173
Q

JOINTS OF PELVIC LIMB:

A
  • SACROILIAC JOINT
  • COXOFEMORAL (HIP) JOINT
  • STIFLE (KNEE) JOINT
  • TIBIOFIBULAR JOINTS
  • TARSAL JOINTS
  • METATARSAL JOINTS
  • INTERPHALANGEAL JOINTS
174
Q

connects the sacrum (the base of the spine) to the ilium (part of the pelvis).

A

sacroiliac joint

175
Q

sacroiliac joint connects the ? to the ?

A

sacrum (the base of the spine) to the ilium (part of the pelvis)

176
Q

It is where the leg connects firmly to the spine

A

sacroiliac joint

177
Q

How many sacroiliac joints on each side of the body

A

2

178
Q

There are two sacroiliac joints on each side of the body, one at the ? and one at the ?

A

back (dorsal) and one at the front (ventral)

179
Q

There are two sacroiliac joints on each side of the body, one at the back (dorsal) and one at the front (ventral), making a total of?

A

four joints

180
Q

sacroiliac joint motion:

A

Even though the sacroiliac joints are tightly connected to the spine, they can move a little. This slight movement helps absorb shocks when you walk or run

181
Q

sacroiliac joint structure:

A

The joint is mostly made up of tough, fibrous tissue that provides stability, but it also has a small part that is like a lubricated hinge (synovial) allowing for minor movements.

182
Q

What type of joint is the coxofemoral (hip) joint?

A

Ball and socket joint

183
Q

Which bones contribute to the structure of the hip joint?

A

Os coxae (at the acetabulum) and femur (head)

184
Q

Which ligament is involved in the hip joint?

A

Ligament of the head of femur

185
Q

Describe the ligament of the head of femur.

A

It is a thick, well-developed ligament that extends between the fovea capitis and the acetabular fossa.

186
Q

Are there any collateral ligaments at the hip joint?

A

No, there are no collateral ligaments at the hip joints.

187
Q

What is the stifle (knee) joint described as, in terms of complexity and the fit of its bones?

A

The most complex joint in the body, largely attributed to the poor fit of the bones that form the joint.

188
Q

What type of motion does the stifle joint primarily allow?

A

The motion is largely restricted to flexion and extension, best thought of as a ginglymus (hinge) joint.

189
Q

Which bones form the stifle joint?

A

Femur, patella, tibia, and fibula.

190
Q

THREE MOBILE SUB-JOINTS OF STIFLE (KNEE) JOINT:

A
  • Femorotibial joint
  • Femoropatellar joint
  • Proximal tibiofibular joint
191
Q

What is the orientation and function of the femorotibial joint?

A

This joint runs from the top of the femur to the top of the tibia and supports both bending and straightening of the leg, as well as bearing the body’s weight.

192
Q

What is the orientation and function of the femoropatellar joint?

A

Positioned from the front of the femur to the patella, this joint helps protect the thigh muscle (quadriceps) by spreading its pressure over a larger area.

193
Q

What is the function and motion of the proximal tibiofibular joint?

A

Located between the top ends of the tibia and fibula, this joint allows minimal to no movement, serving more as a stabilizer than a mover.

194
Q

What are the two menisci in the stifle joint and how do they differ in size and shape?

A

There are two menisci: the larger, more open medial meniscus and the smaller lateral meniscus, both shaped like a C to better fit the femur and tibia.

195
Q

How many ligaments attach the menisci to the tibia and to each other?

A

Six ligaments secure the menisci to the tibia and to each other.

196
Q

Which ligaments attach the cranial edge of each meniscus to the tibia?

A

The cranial tibial ligaments (both lateral and medial) attach the front edge of each meniscus to the front of the tibia.

197
Q

Which ligaments attach the caudal edge of each meniscus to the tibia?

A

The caudal tibial ligaments (both lateral and medial) attach the back edge of each meniscus to the back of the tibia.

198
Q

What is the role of the intermeniscal (transverse) ligament?

A

This ligament stretches between the front ends of the two menisci, helping to stabilize them.

199
Q

meniscofemoral ligament also known as the ? of the lateral meniscus

A

femoral ligament

200
Q

where does meniscofemoral ligament extend?

A

This ligament extends from the back edge of the lateral meniscus up to the inner side of the medial femoral condyle (part of the thigh bone)

201
Q

What are the subparts of the joint capsule?

A

These sections include the medial and lateral femorotibial joint sacs, as well as the femoropatellar joint sac.

202
Q

How many ligaments are associated with the stifle joint?

A

There are thirteen ligaments connected to the stifle joint.

203
Q

What is the function of the collateral ligaments (medial and lateral)?

A

These ligaments prevent the femur from shifting too far to the side relative to the tibia.

204
Q

These ligaments are inside the joint, crossing each other to form an “X” shape. They prevent the femur from sliding forward or backward too much relative to the tibia.

A

cruciate ligaments (cranial and caudal)

205
Q

These ligaments help keep the patella (kneecap) in its proper position, preventing it from moving too much to the sides.

A

femoropatellar ligaments (medial and lateral)

206
Q

It’s a part of the quadriceps tendon that extends from the patella to the tibia. It maintains the position of the patella during movements, essentially continuing the function of the quadriceps muscle itself.

A

patellar ligament

207
Q

What is the general relationship between the tibia and fibula at the joints?

A

Two synovial joints are present between the tibia and fibula

208
Q

What connects the medial surfaces of the tibia and fibula where they are separated?

A

The interosseous membrane connects much of the medial surfaces of the two bones.

209
Q

Describe the characteristics of the proximal tibiofibular joint.

A

It is small and has minimal movement.

210
Q

What are the characteristics of the distal tibiofibular joint?

A

It is small and tight.

211
Q

What is the name of the membrane that connects the tibia and fibula?

A

Interosseous membrane

212
Q

Name the three main joints in the tarsal region.

A

Talocrural joint, Intertarsal joints, Tarsometatarsal joints.

213
Q

Which joint provides the greatest range of motion at the tarsal region?

A

Talocrural joint

214
Q

Where does motion primarily occur at the hock?

A

Talocrural joint

215
Q

Which tarsal joint is accessible to needle puncture?

A

Talocrural joint

216
Q

Name the collateral ligaments found in the tarsal joint.

A

Medial and lateral collateral ligaments

217
Q

How many extensor retinacula are present in the tarsal joint? Name them.

A

Three.
- Proximal extensor retinaculum (Crural extensor retinaculum).
- Distal extensor retinaculum (Tarsal extensor retinaculum).
- Peroneal muscle retinacula.

218
Q

What is the function of the flexor retinaculum in the tarsal joint?

A

It attaches plantarly to the calcaneal tuber and medially to the distal tibia and tarsal bones.

219
Q

Which ligament smooths the plantar surface of the tarsal bones?

A

Plantar tarsal fibrocartilage.

220
Q

Name the special ligament associated with lameness when strained in the tarsal joint.

A

Long plantar ligament

221
Q

Where is the tarsal canal positioned?

A

On the plantar surface of the tarsal joint.

222
Q

What structures does the tarsal canal transmit? List them.

A

Muscular structures (tendons of lateral head of deep digital flexor), vascular structures (plantar branches of saphenous artery and veins), nervous structures (medial and lateral plantar nerves).

223
Q

What type of joints are metatarsal joints generally classified as?

A

Metatarsal joints are typically classified as condyloid joints.

224
Q

Identify the type of joint found between the metatarsal bones and the proximal phalanx.

A

Metatarsophalangeal joint

225
Q

Name the type of joint found between the proximal and middle phalanges of the digit.

A

Proximal interphalangeal joint

226
Q

Describe the type of movement allowed at the interphalangeal joints of the digit.

A

Interphalangeal joints allow for flexion and extension movements.

VANA 101 (22 decks)

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