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OSTEOLOGY Flashcards

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1
Q
  • From the Greek word, osteon = bone and logos = study
A

Osteology

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2
Q

Osteology cam from the Greek word?

A

Osteon

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3
Q

Osteology cam from the Greek word, osteon = ?

A

Bone and logos

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4
Q

Osteology cam from the Greek word, osteon = bone and logos = ?

A

Study

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5
Q
  • study of bones that make up the skeleton or framework of the body
A

Osteology

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6
Q

Osteology functions:

A
  • Protection of vital organs
  • Act as levers and attachments
  • Give rigidity and form to the body
  • Formation of blood cells
  • Source of minerals in the body
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7
Q
  • DIVISIONS OF SKELETON.
    Axial skeleton:
A
  • Skull
  • Vertebral column
  • Ribs and sternum
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8
Q
  • DIVISIONS OF SKELETON.
    Appendicular skeleton:
A
  • Thoracic limb
  • Pelvic limb
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9
Q
  • DIVISIONS OF SKELETON.
    Heterotopic bones:
A
  • Os penis
  • Os rostri
  • Os cordis
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10
Q

CLASSIFICATION OF BONES:

A
  • Short bones
  • Long bones
  • Flat bones
  • Irregular bones
  • Sesamoid bones
  • Pneumatic bones
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11
Q

Cuboid, equal in all dimensions.

A

Short Bones

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12
Q

Absorbs concussion, found in complex joints.

A

Short Bones

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13
Q

Cylindrical, longer in one dimension with shaft/body.

A

Long bones

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14
Q

Functions mainly as levers and in support locomotion and prehension.

A

Long bones

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15
Q

Thin and expanded in two
dimensions.

A

Flat Bones

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16
Q

For protection of vital organs.

A

Flat Bones

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17
Q

Unpaired bones on the median plane, features prominent processes

A

Irregular Bones

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18
Q

offer protection, support and
muscular attachment

A

Irregular Bones

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19
Q

Resembles sesame seed

A

Sesamoid Bones

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20
Q

Reduce friction, increase leverage or change direction of pull

A

Sesamoid Bones

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21
Q

Contains air spaces in sinuses that communicate with
the exterior

A

Pneumatic Bones

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22
Q

Usually found in the bones of birds

A

Pneumatic Bones

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23
Q

Hard layer covers most bones
and forms the entire shaft of
long bones.

A

Compact (dense/cortical) bone

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24
Q

Composed of spicules
arranged to form a porous
network

A

Cancellous (spongy) bone

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25
Q

PARTS OF A TYPICAL LONG BONE:

A
  • Medullary cavity
  • Epiphysis
  • Diaphysis
  • Metaphysis
  • Epiphysial cartilage/disk
  • Periosteum
  • Endosteum
  • Articular cartilage
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26
Q
  • Space surrounded by cortex of a long
    bone
    -mRed marrow-young
  • Yellow marrow-mature
A

Medullary cavity (marrow cavity)

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27
Q

Medullary cavity also known as?

A

marrow cavity

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28
Q

End of long bone

A

Epiphysis

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29
Q

Cylindrical shaft between two epiphyses

A

Diaphysis

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30
Q
  • Flared area adjacent to epiphysis.
  • Widest part.
A

Metaphysis

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31
Q
  • Layer of hyaline cartilage.
    -mSeparate the diaphysis and epiphysis.
  • Area where bone lengthens.
A

Epiphysial cartilage/disk (physis)

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32
Q
  • Fibrous membrane.
  • Covers surface of the bone except articular surface.
  • Osteoblast (bone producing cells) responsible for increase in diameter.
A

Periosteum

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33
Q
  • Lines the marrow cavity.
A

Endosteum

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34
Q

(bone destroying cells)
deteriorates the size of marrow
cavity

A

Osteoclast

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35
Q
  • Thin layer of hyaline cartilage.
  • Covers articular surface of bone.
A

Articular cartilage

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36
Q

is avascular?

A

Cartilage

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37
Q

ARTICULAR PROJECTIONS IN A BONE:

A
  • Head
  • Condyle
  • Trochlea
  • Facet
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38
Q

spherical projection (head of femur)

A

Head

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39
Q

more or less cylindrical mass (condyles of distal femur)

A

Condyle

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40
Q

pulley – like mass found at distal end of femur, where patella slides

A

Trochlea

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41
Q

flat surface found between adjacent carpal bones

A

Facet

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42
Q

NON- ARTICULAR PROJECTION IN A BONE:

A
  • Process
  • Tuberosity
  • Tubercle
  • Spine
  • Crest
  • Neck
  • Line
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43
Q

bony projection (spinous and transverse process of vertebra)

A

Process

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44
Q

large non-articular projection (lateral tuberosity of humerus)

A

Tuberosity

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45
Q

small projection

A

Tubercle

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46
Q

scapula

A

Spine

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47
Q

sharp ridge

A

Crest

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48
Q

cylindrical part where head is attache

A

Neck

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49
Q

small ridge or mark on a bone

A

Line

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50
Q

ARTICULAR DEPRESSIONS IN A BONE:

A
  • Glenoid cavity
  • Cotyloid cavity
  • Notch
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51
Q

shallow articular depressions or concavity (scapula)

A

Glenoid cavity

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52
Q

deep articular depression (acetabulum of the hip it.)

A

Cotyloid cavity

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53
Q

articular indentation

A

Notch

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54
Q

NON – ARTICULAR DEPRESSIONS IN A BONE:

A
  • fossa
  • fovea
  • foramen
  • canal
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55
Q

large non-articular depression (infraspinous fossa of scapula)

A

Fossa

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56
Q

small non-articular depression (fovea capitis on head of femur)

A

Fovea

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57
Q

hole in bone (foramen magnum)

A

Foramen

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58
Q

tunnel through one or more bones (vertebral canal)

A

Canal

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59
Q

THE AXIAL SKELETON:

A
  • The Skull
  • The Vertebrae
  • The Ribs
  • The Sternum
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60
Q

Fxn: enclose the brain form
the caudal and dorsal
walls of the cranium

A

Cranial bones (cranium)

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61
Q
  • Fxn: support the sense
    organs
  • Form passage for the
    digestive and respiratory
    systems
A

Facial bones

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62
Q

Horns developed on the frontal bones

A

Occipital, parietal, interparietal, frontal bones

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63
Q
  • Forms the lateral and dorsal wall of the cranium.
  • Fxn: contains the middle and inner ear
A

Temporal bone

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64
Q
  • Forms the lateral and ventral walls of the cranium
  • Fxn: support the brain and pituitary gland
A

Sphenoid bone

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65
Q
  • Rostrally located, presence of opening for the passage of olfactory nerves- for the sense of smell
A

Ethmoid bones

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66
Q

CRANIAL BONES.
Paired bones:

A
  • Parietal
  • Frontal
  • Temporal
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67
Q

CRANIAL BONES.
Unpaired bones:

A
  • Occipital
  • Sphenoid
  • Ethmoid
  • Interparietal
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68
Q
  • Forms the bony socket
  • Fxn: protects the eye
A

Orbital Region

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69
Q

Form the dorsal border of orbit

A

Frontal bones

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70
Q

Form the rostral border of orbit

A

Lacrimal bones

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71
Q

Form the ventral border of orbit

A

Zygomatic bones

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72
Q

FACIAL BONES – ORBITAL REGION:

A
  • frontal bones
  • lacrimal bones
  • zygomatic bomes
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73
Q

FACIAL BONES – NASAL REGION:

A
  • nasal bones
  • maxilla and incisive bones
  • palatine bones
  • vomer bones
  • turbinate bines or conchae
  • hyoid bones
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74
Q

Forms the dorsal boundary of air passages

A

Nasal bones

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75
Q

Forms the lateral border of air passages

A

Maxilla and incisive bones

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76
Q

Forms the ventral border of air passages

A

Palatine bones

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77
Q

Separates the nasal passages longitudinally

A

Vomer bones

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78
Q
  • Scroll – like bones attached to lateral walls of nasal cavity and project into nasal passages
  • Fxn : support many blood vessels which warms the inspired air
A

Turbinate bines or conchae

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79
Q

Fxn: supports the tongue, larynx and directly the pharynx.

A

Hyoid bones or apparatus

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80
Q

FACIAL BONES – ORAL REGION:

A
  • Mandible
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81
Q

Bounded by maxilla (where upper teeth are attached) and palatine bones

A

Oral region

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82
Q
  • Fxn: contains all lower teeth
  • Attachment site of muscle for chewing and swallowing
A

Mandible

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83
Q

FACIAL BONES.
Paired bones:

A
  • Incisive
  • Lacrimal
  • Nasal
  • Pterygoid
  • Maxilla
  • Ventral concha
  • Zygomatic
  • Dorsal concha
  • Palatine
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84
Q

FACIAL BONES.
Unpaired bones:

A
  • Vomer
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85
Q

FACIAL BONES.
Bones of the inner ear:

A
  • Malleus
  • Incus
  • Stapes
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86
Q

FACIAL BONES.
Hyoid bones:

A
  • Stylohyoid
  • Ceratohyoid
  • Epihyoid
  • Thyrohoid
  • Basihyoid - unpaired
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87
Q

MORPHOLOGY OF THE SKULL:

A
  • Mesaticephalic head
  • Dolichocephalic head
  • Brachycephalic head
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88
Q

Head is relatively proportion; ex. Beagles, huskies, Alaskan malamutes

A

Mesaticephalic head

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89
Q
  • Longer, more narrow head; ex. Greyhounds,
    salukis, afghan hounds
  • brachygnathism
A

Dolichocephalic head

90
Q
  • Shorter and wider form of head; ex. English
    bulldogs, boston terriers, Pekingese,
    chihuahuas
  • prognathism
A

Brachycephalic head

91
Q
  • Composed of median unpaired irregular bones call vertebra
  • Considerable flexion and extension of late thoracic and all lumbar vertebra
  • Thoracolumbar region capable of marked lateral extension and
    flexion (can curl up into a ball when sleeping)
A

VERTEBRAL COLUMN

92
Q

Vertebral column central framework, approximately how many small separate bones?

A

50

93
Q

Vertebral column qualities:

A

firm yet flexible in cervical and tail regions, limited
mobility

94
Q

Vertebral column most flexible:

A

caudal area of neck region

95
Q

FUNCTIONS OF THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN:

A
  • Firm yet flexible central support for the entire body
  • Framework for attachment of ribs and sternum to central body
  • Framework for attachment of limbs to the body
  • Protection of spinal cord and spinal nerve roots.
96
Q

Parts of the Vertebra:

A
  • Corpus or body
  • Arch
  • foramen
97
Q

forms the ventral
part of vertebra

A

Corpus or body

98
Q

forms the dorsal part of vertebra

A

Arch

99
Q

holes ( vertebra )

A

Foramen

100
Q

hole formed by corpus and arch where spinal cord is
located

A

Vertebral foramen –

101
Q

formed laterally between vertebrae

A

Intervertebral foramen

102
Q

PARTS OF THE VERTEBRA – THE PROCESSESS:

A
  • Articular processes
  • Transverse process
  • Spinous process
  • Accessory process
  • Mamillary process
103
Q
  • Joints with adjacent vertebra
  • Cranial and caudal articular processes
A

Articular processes

104
Q

process which projects laterally from arch

A

Transverse process

105
Q

process which project dorsally

A

Spinous process

106
Q

mid T (T6/T7) to L3/L4

A

Accessory process

107
Q

From T2/T3 onwards

A

Mamillary process

108
Q
  • Neck region vertebrae
  • Presence of well developed articular processes
A

Cervical vertebrae

109
Q

How many cervical vertebrae does all domestic animals have?

A

7

110
Q

Which cervical vertebra does not have a transverse foramen?

A

7th cervical vertebrae

111
Q

first cervical vertebrae

A

Atlas

112
Q

Characterized by absence of spinous process, modified transverse process (wings), and modified articular surface.

A

Atlas

113
Q

second cervical vertebrae

A

Axis

114
Q

Short spinous process, dens (odontoid process)

A

Axis

115
Q
  • Chest region vertebrae
  • Characterized by well developed spinous process – T11 anticlinal vertebra
  • Articulates with a pair of ribs
A

Thoracic vertebrae

116
Q

What is the term used to describe the T11 vertebra?

A

Anticlinal vertebra

117
Q

area of loins

A

Lumbar vertebrae

118
Q

Characterized by large, flat transverse
processes which form long arm of T- bone steak

A

Lumbar vertebrae

119
Q

area of croup

A

Sacral vertebrae

120
Q
  • Fused forming a single wedge-
    shaped bone “sacrum”
  • Articulates with the pelvis
A

Sacral vertebrae

121
Q
  • Tail region
  • Forms the tail
A

Caudal or coccygeal vertebrae

122
Q

form the lateral walls of the bony thorax

A

RIBS

123
Q

attached to the thoracic vertebrae and sternum by costal cartilages

A

Sternal or True ribs

124
Q

1 - 9 ribs

A

Sternal or True ribs

125
Q

not attached to sternum, but
there is overlapping of costal cartilages of these ribs thus connecting the asternal ribs with the sternal ribs.

A

Asternal or False ribs

126
Q

10 - 12 ribs

A

Asternal or False ribs

127
Q

(13) not connected to the other ribs

A

Floating rib

128
Q

spaces in between ribs occupied by the intercostal muscles.

A

Intercostal spaces

129
Q

Bone composed of segments called sternebrae

A

STERNUM

130
Q

forms the floor of the thorax, where the costal cartilages of the sternal
ribs are attached

A

sternebrae

131
Q

Parts of the Sternum:

A
  • Manubrium
  • Body
  • Xiphoid process
132
Q

first segment, cranially located

A

Manubrium

133
Q

middle portion of sternum ( 2-6 )

A

Body

134
Q

last sternum or caudal segment

A

Xiphoid process

135
Q

REGIONS OF THE FORELIMB:

A
  • The pectoral girdle
  • The brachium (the arm)
  • The antebrachium (the forearm)
  • The manus
136
Q
  • Consists of the clavicle and scapula
  • Set of bones that attaches the thoracic limb to the trunk
  • In quadrupeds (including dogs) it is modified slightly because the clavicle does not articulate with the axial skeleton
A

THE PECTORAL GIRDLE

137
Q
  • In dogs, it is reduced to a clavicular remnant
  • Small bit of bone or tendinous thickening in the brachiocephalicus muscle
  • When ossified, it is positioned at the clavicular intersection, within the cleidobrachialis
    muscle cranial to the shoulder joint
A

Clavicle

138
Q

Clavicle major importance:

A

awareness of its presence for radiographs (misinterpretation as
bone fragment)

139
Q

shoulder blade

A

Scapula

140
Q

Flat, triangular – shaped, with spine
dividing the scapula into

A

Scapula

141
Q

Parts of scapula:

A
  • Supraspinous fossa (cranial)
  • Infraspinous fossa ( caudal)
  • Subscapular fossa
142
Q

depression located on ventral surface

A

Subscapular fossa

143
Q

The bone of the brachium is the?

A

humerus (arm bone)

144
Q

The bone of the antebrachium are?

A

radius and the ulna

145
Q

In normal standing position, the radius and ulna?

A

cross each other obliquely in the middle

146
Q

In articulated state, the radius does not meet with?

A

either the proximal or distal
extremity of the ulna

147
Q

Radius is shorter than the?

A

ulna

148
Q

Flattened craniocaudally, the width is broader than its depth throughout its length

A

Radius

149
Q

Proximal radius is positioned laterally at the?

A

elbow

150
Q

distal radius is positioned medially at the?

A

carpus

151
Q

Longest bone of the body, bears no
weight

A

Ulna

152
Q

Ulna articulation with the humerus provides hinge action at the elbow

A

elbow

153
Q

Ulna provides essential surface area for?

A

muscular attachment

154
Q

helps with the movement and stability of the forearm

A

interosseous space

155
Q

Carpus:

A
  • Proximal Row
  • Distal row
  • Metacarpus
  • Digits
  • Sesamoid elements of the manus
156
Q

The largest carpal bone, positioned medially

A

Intermedioradial (radial) carpal bone

157
Q

The largest carpal bone, positioned medially

A

Intermedioradial (radial) carpal bone

158
Q

Carpal bone that positioned laterally

A

Ulnar carpal bone

159
Q

Carpal bone that are positioned laterally and projects palmarly (caudally)

A

Accessory carpal bone

160
Q

Distal row: Composed of carpal bone?

A

I-IV

161
Q

Distal row: Composed of carpal bone I-IV, increases in size from?

A

medial to l

162
Q

Distal row: carpal bone I is the?

A

Smallest

163
Q

Distal row: carpal bone IV is the?

A

Largest

164
Q

Metacarpus: composed of metacarpal bones?

A

I-V

165
Q

Small, elongate, rod-shaped bones

A

Metacarpus

166
Q

What metacarpal bone is shorter and non-weight bearing than metacarpal bones II-V?

A

Metacarpal bone I

167
Q

Metacarpal bone I is shorter and non-weight bearing than?

A

metacarpal bones II-V

168
Q

permits the bones to splay slightly, to afford space for muscle attachment
and to better support the weight of the dog

A

Interosseous space

169
Q

“toes”, designated I-V, composed of?

A

phalanges

170
Q

“toes”, designated I-V, composed of phalanges which progressively shorten in length from?

A

proximal to distal

171
Q

Proximal and middle phalanges have?

A

base (proximally), body and head (distally)

172
Q

Proximal and middle phalanges have base (proximally), body and head (distally) like the?

A

metacarpal bone

173
Q

This phalanges has highly modified in shape

A

Distal phalanges

174
Q

A small nodular bone embedded in a tendon or joint capsule

A

Sesamoid

175
Q

The sesamoid bone is found within the tendon of the?

A

abductor pollicis longus muscle

176
Q
  • extends between hip and knee
  • highly muscular
A

Thigh

177
Q

extending between knees and tarsus (ankle)

A

Crus (leg)

178
Q

extends between distal crus and the ground

A

Pes (hindpaw, “foot”)

179
Q

formed from fusion of ossa coxarum (“hip bones”, singular os coxae)

A

Pelvic Girdle

180
Q

formed from fusion of ossa coxarum (“hip bones”, singular os coxae)

A

Pelvic Girdle

181
Q

composed of 4 bones recognizable in puppies but fused in adults

A

Pelvic Girdle

182
Q

largest pelvic bone

A

Ilium

183
Q
  • resembles a wide letter “U”
  • most of caudolateral and caudomedial part
A

Ischium

184
Q

craniomedial part, roughly L-shaped

A

Pubis

185
Q
  • smallest, forms most of acetabulum
  • fuses early and first to lose its identity
A

Acetabular bone

186
Q

What is the largest and strongest bone in the body?

A

Femur

187
Q

Sesamoid elements?

A

3 bones associated with femur

188
Q
  • largest sesamoid bone in the body, incorporated into the tendon
    of quadriceps femoris muscle
  • Acorn-shaped
A

patella

189
Q
  • sesamoid bones of gastrocnemius muscle
  • 2 small roughly rounded bones embedded in the
    medial and lateral heads of the muscle
A

Fabella

190
Q
  • main weight bearing bone of crus
  • stouter than fibula
A

Tibia

191
Q

lies lateral to tibia bears little (if any) weight but provides essential attachment sites for many crural muscles

A

Fibula

192
Q

lies within the tendon of origin of the popliteus muscle.

A

small sesamoid bone

193
Q

How many tarsal bones arranged in two irregular rows?

A

7

194
Q

What are the two groups of bones in the tarsus?

A

proximal and distal

195
Q

Talus (most medial) also called?

A

Tibial tarsal bone

196
Q

Calcaneus (most lateral) also called?

A

Fibular tarsal bone

197
Q

proximal half of calcaneus referred to
as “heel bone” in human foot, similar to olecranon process, of ulna in form and function

A

calcaneal tuber

198
Q

calcaneal tuber proximal half of calcaneus referred to as “ ? ” in human foot, similar to olecranon process of ulna in form and function

A

heel bone

199
Q

Tarsus bone that are positioned medially and distally

A

central tarsal bone

200
Q

distal group: numbered from?

A

medial to lateral I-IV

201
Q

in some animals tarsal bone I is a?

A

separate bone

202
Q

in some animals tarsal bone I is a separate bone, in others fused to?

A

1st metatarsal bone

203
Q

Metatarsus contains?

A

4 or 5 metatarsal bones

204
Q
  • corresponding to arch of human foot
  • designated I-V from medial to lateral
A

Metatarsus

205
Q

Metatarsal bone I may be:

A
  • Fused with 2nd metatarsal bone
  • Divided into 2 portions
206
Q

How many digits are in hands or toes?

A

4 - 5 digits

207
Q

Digits: designated I – V (or II – V), most breed possess only?

A

4 toes in the hindpaw

208
Q

Digits: designated I – V (or II – V), most breed possess only 4 toes in the?

A

hindpaw

209
Q

composed of phalanges

A

Digits

210
Q

Digit I is called?

A

Dewclaw

211
Q

digit I (the dewclaw) when present consists of?

A

2 phalanges

212
Q

Digits II – V consists of?

A

3 phalanges

213
Q

a sesamoid bone that is small and round lies embedded in each digital extensor tendon at metatarsophalangeal joint

A

1 dorsal sesamoid bone

214
Q

1 dorsal sesamoid bone small and round lies embedded in each digital extensor tendon at?

A

metatarsophalangeal joint

215
Q

lie plantarly at metatarsophalangeal joint within the substance of the
tendons of the interosseous muscles

A

paired proximal sesamoid bones

216
Q

paired proximal sesamoid bones lie plantarly at what joint? within the substance of the tendons of the interosseous muscles

A

metatarsophalangeal joint

217
Q

paired proximal sesamoid bones lie plantarly at metatarsophalangeal joint within the substance of the tendons of what muscles?

A

interosseous muscles

218
Q

BONES OF THE PELVIC REGION:

A
  • Ilium
  • Ischiu
  • Pubis
  • Acetabular bone
219
Q

BONES OF THE THIGH:

A
  • femur
  • patella
  • fabella
220
Q

BONES OF THE CRUS:

A
  • Tibia
  • Fibula
  • Sesamoid Bone
221
Q

BONES OF THE PES:

A
  • Tarsus
  • Metatarsus
  • Sesamoid Bones

VANA 101 (23 decks)

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