CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM Flashcards
What is the primary function of the cardiovascular system?
Pump, transport, and distribute required elements to cells and tissues.
What does the cardiovascular system permit between cells in different parts of the body?
Exchange of their particular products.
What does the circulatory system transport from the lungs to the tissues?
Oxygen
What waste product is transported from the tissues to the lungs for disposal?
Carbon dioxide
What substances are absorbed by the gut and transported in the blood to tissues or storage sites?
Glucose, amino acids, vitamins, minerals
Which system initially transports fats absorbed during digestion before they enter the circulatory system?
Lymphatic system
Where are metabolic waste products such as creatinine and urea transported for excretion?
Kidneys
What are some of the metabolites transported in the blood for cell functioning?
Cholesterol, phospholipids, vitamins
Which cells and proteins provide rapid immunological responses against pathogens?
Leucocytes (white blood cells) and plasma proteins (antibodies, complement)
What is transported in the blood to target tissues as hormonal messengers?
Hormones
What process involves controlling the amount of blood in surface tissues to manage heat loss?
Thermoregulation
What components in the blood are involved in stopping blood loss and forming a clot during injury?
Platelets and clotting proteins
COMPONENTS OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
- Heart
- Vessels
What is the primary function of the heart?
Muscular pump of the cardiovascular system (CVS).
Describe the shape and structure of the heart.
Cone-shaped, hollow muscular organ.
Where is the heart located in the body?
Obliquely placed in the thorax.
Which direction does the base of the heart face?
Dorsocranially
Which direction does the apex of the heart face?
Ventrocaudally and to the left side.
Where is the apex of the heart located?
Entirely free within the pericardium.
To which structures is the heart attached dorsally?
- Large arteries: aorta and pulmonary artery.
- Veins: cranial vena cava and caudal vena cava.
- Pericardial sac or pericardium.
Divisions of the Heart:
- Atrium
- Ventricle (R and L)
What is the function of the atrium in the heart?
Blood reservoir and assists in filling the ventricles.
Which ventricle pumps blood to the lungs?
Right ventricle
Which ventricle pumps oxygen-rich blood to the body?
Left ventricle
What is the main function of the ventricles in the heart?
To pump blood through either the lungs or the peripheral circulation.
How does the atrium receive blood?
From large veins.
THREE LAYERS OF THE HEART WALL (VISCERAL LAYER):
- Epicardium
- Myocardium
- Endocardium
What is the outer covering of the heart called?
Epicardium
How is epicardium separated from the pericardium?
By the pericardial cavity
What type of covering is the epicardium?
Serous covering
What is the thickest part of the heart wall?
Myocardium
What does myocardium consist of?
Cardiac muscle cells, Purkinje fibers, blood vessels, and nerves
Which part of the heart wall is muscular?
Myocardium
What type of cells line the chambers of the heart?
Simple squamous endothelial cells
What does the endocardium cover?
Heart valves and its continuous with blood vessel linings
Which layer of the heart wall is directly inside the chambers?
Endocardium
The pericardium, also known as the?
heart sac
What is the fibroserous envelope surrounding the heart called?
pericardium
How is the pericardium divided structurally?
Into an outer fibrous layer and an inner serous layer.
Name the two layers of the serous pericardium.
Parietal layer and visceral layer (or epicardium).
Where is the pericardial cavity located?
Between the parietal and visceral layers of the serous pericardium.
What fluid fills the pericardial cavity?
Liquor pericardii, which is a light yellow fluid.
What is the function of the pericardium?
It protects the heart and reduces friction during heart contractions by providing lubrication.
VALVES OF THE HEART
- Atrioventricular valve (AV)
- Aortic semilunar valve
- Pulmonary semilunar valve
What is the function of the atrioventricular valve?
Prevents backflow of blood from the ventricles to the atria.