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VANA 101 > CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM > Flashcards

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

What is the primary function of the cardiovascular system?

A

Pump, transport, and distribute required elements to cells and tissues.

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2
Q

What does the cardiovascular system permit between cells in different parts of the body?

A

Exchange of their particular products.

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3
Q

What does the circulatory system transport from the lungs to the tissues?

A

Oxygen

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4
Q

What waste product is transported from the tissues to the lungs for disposal?

A

Carbon dioxide

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5
Q

What substances are absorbed by the gut and transported in the blood to tissues or storage sites?

A

Glucose, amino acids, vitamins, minerals

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6
Q

Which system initially transports fats absorbed during digestion before they enter the circulatory system?

A

Lymphatic system

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7
Q

Where are metabolic waste products such as creatinine and urea transported for excretion?

A

Kidneys

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8
Q

What are some of the metabolites transported in the blood for cell functioning?

A

Cholesterol, phospholipids, vitamins

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9
Q

Which cells and proteins provide rapid immunological responses against pathogens?

A

Leucocytes (white blood cells) and plasma proteins (antibodies, complement)

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10
Q

What is transported in the blood to target tissues as hormonal messengers?

A

Hormones

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11
Q

What process involves controlling the amount of blood in surface tissues to manage heat loss?

A

Thermoregulation

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12
Q

What components in the blood are involved in stopping blood loss and forming a clot during injury?

A

Platelets and clotting proteins

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13
Q

COMPONENTS OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A
  1. Heart
  2. Vessels
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14
Q

What is the primary function of the heart?

A

Muscular pump of the cardiovascular system (CVS).

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15
Q

Describe the shape and structure of the heart.

A

Cone-shaped, hollow muscular organ.

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16
Q

Where is the heart located in the body?

A

Obliquely placed in the thorax.

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17
Q

Which direction does the base of the heart face?

A

Dorsocranially

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18
Q

Which direction does the apex of the heart face?

A

Ventrocaudally and to the left side.

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19
Q

Where is the apex of the heart located?

A

Entirely free within the pericardium.

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20
Q

To which structures is the heart attached dorsally?

A
  • Large arteries: aorta and pulmonary artery.
  • Veins: cranial vena cava and caudal vena cava.
  • Pericardial sac or pericardium.
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21
Q

Divisions of the Heart:

A
  • Atrium
  • Ventricle (R and L)
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22
Q

What is the function of the atrium in the heart?

A

Blood reservoir and assists in filling the ventricles.

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23
Q

Which ventricle pumps blood to the lungs?

A

Right ventricle

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24
Q

Which ventricle pumps oxygen-rich blood to the body?

A

Left ventricle

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25
Q

What is the main function of the ventricles in the heart?

A

To pump blood through either the lungs or the peripheral circulation.

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26
Q

How does the atrium receive blood?

A

From large veins.

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27
Q

THREE LAYERS OF THE HEART WALL (VISCERAL LAYER):

A
  • Epicardium
  • Myocardium
  • Endocardium
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28
Q

What is the outer covering of the heart called?

A

Epicardium

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29
Q

How is epicardium separated from the pericardium?

A

By the pericardial cavity

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30
Q

What type of covering is the epicardium?

A

Serous covering

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31
Q

What is the thickest part of the heart wall?

A

Myocardium

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32
Q

What does myocardium consist of?

A

Cardiac muscle cells, Purkinje fibers, blood vessels, and nerves

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33
Q

Which part of the heart wall is muscular?

A

Myocardium

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34
Q

What type of cells line the chambers of the heart?

A

Simple squamous endothelial cells

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35
Q

What does the endocardium cover?

A

Heart valves and its continuous with blood vessel linings

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36
Q

Which layer of the heart wall is directly inside the chambers?

A

Endocardium

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37
Q

The pericardium, also known as the?

A

heart sac

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38
Q

What is the fibroserous envelope surrounding the heart called?

A

pericardium

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39
Q

How is the pericardium divided structurally?

A

Into an outer fibrous layer and an inner serous layer.

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40
Q

Name the two layers of the serous pericardium.

A

Parietal layer and visceral layer (or epicardium).

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41
Q

Where is the pericardial cavity located?

A

Between the parietal and visceral layers of the serous pericardium.

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42
Q

What fluid fills the pericardial cavity?

A

Liquor pericardii, which is a light yellow fluid.

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43
Q

What is the function of the pericardium?

A

It protects the heart and reduces friction during heart contractions by providing lubrication.

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44
Q

VALVES OF THE HEART

A
  • Atrioventricular valve (AV)
  • Aortic semilunar valve
  • Pulmonary semilunar valve
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45
Q

What is the function of the atrioventricular valve?

A

Prevents backflow of blood from the ventricles to the atria.

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46
Q

Name the two types of atrioventricular valves and where they are located.

A

Left AV valve (bicuspid or mitral): Between the left atrium and left ventricle.
Right AV valve (tricuspid): Between the right atrium and right ventricle.

47
Q

How are atrioventricular valves stabilized?

A

By chordae tendineae (heart strings), which are like parachute strings attaching valve cusps to the ventricular walls.

48
Q

What prevents the AV valve from inverting into the atrium during ventricular contraction?

A

Chordae tendineae and papillary muscles.

49
Q

How does the atrioventricular valve close?

A

When the ventricles contract, blood is pushed up against the valve flaps, forcing them to close and preventing backflow into the atria.

50
Q

Where is the aortic semilunar valve located?

A

At the junction of the left ventricle and the aorta.

51
Q

What is aortic semilunar valve function?

A

Prevents blood from flowing back into the left ventricle when the ventricles relax.

52
Q

How many cusps does the aortic semilunar valve have?

A

Three cusps.

53
Q

Where is the pulmonary semilunar valve located?

A

At the junction of the pulmonary artery and the right ventricle.

54
Q

What is pulmonary semilunar valve function?

A

Prevents blood from flowing back into the right ventricle when the ventricles relax.

55
Q

How many cusps does the pulmonary semilunar valve have?

A

Three cusps.

56
Q

Which vessels carry blood away from the heart?

A

Arteries

57
Q

Where do exchanges of materials between blood and tissues occur?

A

Capillaries

58
Q

Which vessels return blood to the heart?

A

Veins

59
Q

HEART LARGE VESSELS.
1. Arteries:

A
  • Pulmonary arteries
  • Aorta
60
Q

HEART LARGE VESSELS.
2. Veins:

A
  • Pulmonary veins
  • Vena Cava (cranial and caudal)
61
Q

THE STRUCTURE ARTERY:

A
  • tunical media (smooth muscle)
  • tunica interna (endothelial cells)
  • tunica extera (elastin and collagen)
62
Q

THE STRUCTURE VEIN:

A
  • tunical media (smooth muscle)
  • tunica interna (endothelial cells)
  • tunica externa (elastin and collagen)
63
Q

THE STRUCTURE CAPILLARY:

A

endothelial cells

64
Q

Why are anastomoses important?

A

They provide alternate paths for blood if a main artery gets blocked.

65
Q

What does a vascular plexus consist of?

A

Numerous branches of arteries.

66
Q

What is a unique characteristic of terminal arteries?

A

They do not interconnect with neighboring arteries.

67
Q

Where is a rete mirabile typically located?

A

Along the path of an artery.

68
Q

What’s unique about venous sinuses?

A

They’re veins protected by strong membranes.

69
Q

What is the role of a vena comitans?

A

Accompanies an artery.

70
Q

Where does an emissarium lead?

A

Outside the skull, linking venous sinuses to other veins.

71
Q

What do arteries branch into before becoming capillaries?

A

Arterioles

72
Q

What do capillaries unite to form before becoming veins?

A

Venules

73
Q

What are the ultimate extensions of capillaries?

A

Veins

74
Q

What prevents the return of blood into the veins of the limbs and head?

A

Valves

75
Q

What do many main arteries have located alongside or near them with the same name?

A

Corresponding veins

76
Q

Which type of veins usually accompany the arteries?

A

Deep veins

77
Q

What process allows veins to provide collateral return of blood flow in cases of venous obstruction?

A

Anastomosis

78
Q

The three types of circulation in the body are:

A
  • Pulmonary Circulation
  • Systemic Circulation
  • Coronary Circulation
79
Q

The three types of circulation in the body are:

A
  • Pulmonary Circulation
  • Systemic Circulation
  • Coronary Circulation
80
Q

Where does blood go after it leaves the right atrium?

A

To the lungs.

81
Q

What happens in the lungs during pulmonary circulation?

A

Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.

82
Q

Where does blood return to after it leaves the lungs in pulmonary circulation?

A

To the left atrium.

83
Q

What type of blood is circulated in systemic circulation?

A

Oxygenated blood.

84
Q

Where does oxygenated blood go in systemic circulation?

A

To other parts of the body.

85
Q

What type of blood returns to the heart in systemic circulation?

A

Unoxygenated blood.

86
Q

What organ acts as a pump in both pulmonary and systemic circulation?

A

The heart.

87
Q

What are specialised channels that connect one capillary bed to another but do not depend on a central pump called?

A

Portal System

88
Q

List the types of portal systems.

A
  • Hepatic portal system
  • Hypophyseal portal system
  • Renal portal system
89
Q

Name the portal system that connects the intestines to the liver.

A

Hepatic portal system

90
Q

Identify the portal system that connects the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary gland.

A

Hypophyseal portal system

91
Q

Which portal system is found in birds, reptiles, and amphibians and connects the kidneys to the lower body?

A

Renal portal system

92
Q

TWO TYPES OF CAPILLARIES:

A
  • Continuous
  • Fenestrated
93
Q

What type of capillary is characterized by the absence of interruptions in the endothelial cells?

A

Continuous capillaries

94
Q

Continuous Capillaries Locations:

A
  • Muscles
  • Lungs
  • Nervous system
95
Q

What type of capillary has pores in the endothelial linings?

A

Fenestrated capillaries

96
Q

Fenestrated Capillaries Locations:

A
  • Endocrine glands
  • Intestines
  • Kidneys
97
Q

It’s the circulation of blood in the blood vessels that supply the heart muscle (myocardium) with oxygen and nutrients.

A

coronary circulation

98
Q

Question: Where does systemic circulation carry blood from and to?

A

From the heart’s left ventricle to the body’s capillary beds.

99
Q

What is the function of pulmonary circulation?

A

To oxygenate blood by sending it to the lungs.

100
Q

Describe the complete cycle of adult circulation.

A

Left atrium → left ventricle → systemic arteries → capillary beds → systemic veins → right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary arteries → lung capillaries → pulmonary veins → left atrium.

101
Q

What is the role of the umbilical arteries in fetal circulation?

A

To carry deoxygenated blood from the fetus to the placenta.

102
Q

What is the role of the umbilical vein in fetal circulation?

A

To carry oxygenated blood from the placenta to the fetus.

103
Q

Question: What is the anatomical structure that allows blood to pass directly from the right atrium to the left atrium in fetal circulation?

A

Foramen ovale

104
Q

Which fetal vascular connection diverts blood from the pulmonary artery to the aorta?

A

Ductus arteriosus

105
Q

What is the name of the fetal liver shunt that directs oxygenated blood from the umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava?

A

Ductus venosus

106
Q

What is the pathway of oxygen-rich blood from the placenta to the fetal brain?

A

Umbilical vein → ductus venosus → caudal vena cava → right atrium → foramen ovale → left atrium

107
Q

How does deoxygenated blood from the fetal heart get to the placenta for oxygenation?

A

Cranial vena cava → right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary trunk → ductus arteriosus → aorta → umbilical arteries

108
Q

What is an opening between the right and left atria of the heart that fails to close after birth?

A

Patent Foramen Ovale (PFO)

109
Q

What is a common sign of a patent foramen ovale in puppies?

A

Inadequate oxygenation of the blood (cyanosis)

110
Q

What is the name of the blood vessel that connects the pulmonary artery to the aorta and fails to close after birth?

A

Persistent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)

111
Q

What symptom is associated with persistent ductus arteriosus in puppies?

A

Difficulty breathing and heart murmur

112
Q

What is the abnormal blood vessel that allows blood to bypass the liver called?

A

Portacaval Shunt (Persistence of Ductus Venosus)

113
Q

What are the signs indicating a portacaval shunt in a puppy?

A

Vomiting, lethargy, and neurological signs

VANA 101 (20 decks)

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