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VANA 101 > Chapter 3: Osteology The Skeletal System > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Osteology The Skeletal System Flashcards

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1
Q

• The study of bones

A

Osteology

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2
Q

The skeletal system includes the?

A

bones, and the cartilage, ligaments, and connective tissues that hold everything together

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3
Q

Functions of Bones:

A
  • Protection of vital organs
  • Giving rigidity and form to the body
  • Acting as levers
  • Storing minerals
  • Forming the cellular elements of blood
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4
Q

The hard layer that constitutes the exterior of most bones and forms almost the entire shaft of long bones

A

Compact (dense or cortical) bone

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5
Q

• Composed of spicules arranged to form a porous network

A

Cancellous (spongy) bone

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6
Q

The spaces of cancellous (spongy) bone are usually filled with?

A

marrow

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7
Q

• The space surrounded by the cortex of a long bone

A

Medullary cavity (marrow cavity)

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8
Q

Marrow that are found in young animals

A

Red marrow

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9
Q

replaces the red marrow as the animal ages

A

Yellow marrow

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10
Q

The end closest epiphysis to the body is the?

A

proximal epiphysis

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11
Q

The end farthest epiphysis from the body if the?

A

distal epiphysis

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12
Q

The cylindrical shaft of a long bone between the two epiphysis

A

Diaphysis

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13
Q

Is the flared area adjacent to the epiphysis of a mature bone

A

Metaphysis

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14
Q
  • A layer of hyaline cartilage within the metaphysis of an immature bone that separates the diaphysis from the epiphysis
  • This is the only area in which a bone can lengthen
A

Epiphyseal cartilage or disk (physis)

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15
Q

Thin layer of hyaline cartilage that covers the articular (joint)
surface of a bone

A

Articular cartilage

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16
Q

Fibrous membrane that covers the surface of a bone except where articular cartilage is located

A

Periosteum

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17
Q

Responsible for increases in the diameter of bones

A

Osteoblasts (bone producing cells)

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18
Q

Fibrous membrane that lines the marrow cavity and osteonal canals (osteons) of a bone

A

Endosteum

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19
Q

(bone-destroying cells)

A

Osteoclasts

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20
Q

form an integral part of the joint and covered with articular cartilage

A

Articular

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21
Q

exist outside of joints

A

Non articular

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22
Q

includes the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum

A

Axial skeleton

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23
Q

includes the bones of the limbs

A

Appendicular skeleton

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24
Q
  • Greater in one dimension than any other
  • Found in the limbs, where they provide an attachment site for limb muscles and levers for movement
  • They have identifiable structural regions
A

Long bones

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25
Q
  • Found only in the carpus and tarsus
  • Cuboid, or approximately equal in all dimensions
A

Short bones

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26
Q

Short bones has no single marrow cavity but the interior is composed of?

A

spongy bone filled with marrow spaces

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27
Q

Short bones exterior is formed by a?

A

thin layer of compact bone

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28
Q

Short bones absorb concussion, and they are found in complex joints such as the ? , where a variety of movements as well as absorption of shock occur.

A

carpus (the “knee” of the thoracic limb) and tarsus (hock)

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29
Q

Relatively thin and expanded in two dimensions

A

Flat (squamous) bones

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30
Q

Flat bones is mostly found in the regions of the?

A

skull and in the ribs

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31
Q

Flat bones consist of two plates of compact bone, the?

A

lamina externa and lamina interna

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32
Q

Flat bones consist of two plates of compact bone, the lamina externa and lamina interna, separated by a spongy material called?

A

diploë

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33
Q

Flat (squamous) bones generally serve a?

A

protective or reinforcing function

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34
Q
  • Resembles a sesame seed
  • Occur along the course of tendons to reduce friction, increase leverage, or change the direction of pull
A

Sesamoid bones

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35
Q

The shape of sesamoid bones of most domestic animals have decidedly?

A

un-seedlike shapes

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36
Q

is the largest sesamoid bone

A

patella

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37
Q
  • Unpaired bones on the median plane
  • These bones do not fit well into any other descriptive classification
A

Irregular bones

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38
Q

Contain air spaces or sinuses that communicate with the atmosphere

A

Pneumatic bones

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39
Q

bones of the skull are examples of pneumatic bones among mammals

A

frontal bones and maxillary

40
Q

• Comprises a relatively small part of the skeleton
• Also composed of cells surrounded by an intercellular matrix

A

Cartilage

41
Q

Cartilage is ?, thus cartilage responds poorly to injury and does not heal well

A

avascular

42
Q

• this cartilage lines the surface of synovial joints and is characterized by a matrix possessing abundant natural lubricants
• Also forms the cartilaginous portion of the ribs, comprises most of the laryngeal cartilages, and serves as the anlage for long bone development
• The most commonly found form of cartilage in the skeleton

A

Hyaline cartilage

43
Q

• Particularly durable and resilient, possessing a matrix comprised of extensive bundles of collagenous fibers
• Is more restricted in its distribution that hyaline cartilage
• Found in most symphyses (pelvic, intervertebral) and in the menisci of the stifle and temporomandibular joints

A

Fibrocartilage

44
Q

• this cartilage possesses a matrix containing large amounts of elastic fibers
• The resulting cartilage has a great deal of flexibility, but nonetheless considerable strength

A

Elastic cartilage

45
Q

Elastic cartilage forms the skeleton of the

A

pinna, the external nose and the epiglottis

46
Q
  • this joint are capable of minimal to no movement
  • Main goal of synarthrosis is to hold the bones together
A

Fibrous joints

47
Q

This immovable joint such as those found among the flat bones of the cranium

A

Sutures

48
Q

considerable amount of connective tissue intervenes between the two bones in question (e.g. the tibiofibular joint, the attachment of hyoid apparatus to the skull)

A

Syndesmoses

49
Q

the specialized joints that hold the teeth in their alveoli

A

Gomphoses

50
Q

• this joint permit only limited motion
• Mainly stretching or compression

A

Cartilaginous joints

51
Q

This joint are mainly characteristic of growing bone and are lost as the animal matures

A

Hyaline cartilage joints

52
Q

• This joint features of the mature skeleton
• They are found in the pelvic symphysis, mandibular symphysis, and between the sternebrae and vertebral bodies
• These joints occasionally ossify with advanced age

A

Fibrocartilaginous joints

53
Q

• Permit only relatively wide range of motion
• The range of motion at a joint may be in a single plane (eg. elbow), or in multiple directions (e.g. hip)
Motions that can take place at joints, depending on the form of the joint, include flexion, extension, hyperextension, abduction, adduction, rotation and circumduction

A

Synovial joints

54
Q

the ends of which are covered by hyaline cartilage

A

Two bones

55
Q

lies between the two apposing bones

A

joint cavity

56
Q

that entirely surrounds the joint cavity, extending both proximal and distal

A

joint capsule

57
Q

This fibrous layer is a protective, strengthening structure

A

outer, fibrous layer

58
Q

This synovial layer secretes the viscous and slick synovial fluid, which provides lubrication for the joint’s movement

A

inner, synovial layer

59
Q

Synovial joints types - can be classified according to the amount of mobility afforded by the joint:

A
  • Ball-and-socket
  • Ginglymus (hinge)
60
Q

a tunnel through one or more bones

A

Canal

61
Q

a large articular prominence

A

Condyle

62
Q

a deep articular depression

A

Cotyloid cavity

63
Q

a prominent border or ridge

A

Crest

64
Q

prominence just proximal to a condyle

A

Epicondyle

65
Q

a smooth, flat surface

A

Facet

66
Q

a narrow, cleft-like opening between adjacent bones

A

Fissure

67
Q

an opening through a bone

A

Foramen

68
Q

a small hollow

A

Fossa

69
Q

a shallow, nonarticular depression

A

Fovea

70
Q

a long, narrow furrow accommodating a vessel, nerve or tendon

A

Groove

71
Q

a rounded articular process

A

Head

72
Q

a ridge less prominent than a crest

A

Line

73
Q

a tube-like canal through a bone

A

Meatus

74
Q

a depression at the edge of a bone

A

Notch

75
Q

any prominent, roughened projection from a bone

A

Process

76
Q

a sharp, slender process

A

Spine

77
Q

a large, blunt process found only on the femur

A

Trochanter

78
Q

a pulley shaped structure

A

Trochlea

79
Q

a small, rounded process

A

Tubercle

80
Q

a large, usually roughened process

A

Tuberosity or tuber

81
Q
  • refers to a head shape that is closest to the original, natural form of the head found in ancestors.
  • proportion of the head are in concert with each other
A

mesaticephalic

82
Q

This regions of mesaticephalic are usually nearly the same length and width

A

facial and cranial regions

83
Q

This part of mesaticephalic is wide and usually roughly square-shaped

A

cranium

84
Q

The junction of the facial and cranial regions is characterized by a notable elevation from the level of the face to the higher level of the cranium. This point is called the?

A

stop

85
Q

• The eyes are moderately widely spaced, and fit well within their orbits
• The upper and lower jaws are of the same length, and the dental arcades meet evenly along their full extent

A

Mesaticephalic

86
Q

• Form departs from the mesaticephalic form by being longer and more
narrow
• The facial and cranial regions are usually of nearly the same length and width

A

Dolichocephalic

87
Q

Dolichocephalic cranium is?

A

narrow and low

88
Q

Because the cranial region for Dolichocephalic is not as high as in mesaticephalic breeds, the?

A

stop is less pronounced

89
Q

The lower jaw is sometimes notably shorter than the upper jaw of dolichocephalic, a condition referred to as?

A

brachygnathism

90
Q

Departs from the generalized mesaticephalic form in that it is shorter and wider

A

Brachycephalic

91
Q

Brachycephalic facial region is considerably ? than the cranial region.

A

shorter

92
Q

The lower jaw is usually longer than the upper jaw, a condition referred to as?

A

prognathism

93
Q

Refers to either end of a long bone

A

Epiphysis

94
Q

Where the growth of bone takes place

A

Epiphyseal cartilage

95
Q

Classification of bones base on location:

A
  • axial skeleton
  • appendicular skeleton
96
Q

Classification of bones base of shape:

A
  • long bones
  • short bones
  • flat bones
  • sesamoid bones
  • pneumatic bones
  • irregular bones
97
Q

Bones on or attached to the midline of the body

A

Axial skeleton

VANA 101 (34 decks)

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