organelles

Question 1

nucleus structure

Answer 1

surrounded by double membrane called nuclear envelope

Question 2

nucleus function

Answer 2

-contains most of cells DNA
-materials enter and exit the cell through nuclear pores in the envelope (like mRNA)

Question 3

what does mRNA instruct

Answer 3

protein synthesis

Question 4

why does rough endoplasmic reticulum structure appear rough

Answer 4

because of the ribosomes on the surface

Question 5

what does rough endoplasmic reticulum consists of

Answer 5

connected flat sacs called cisternae

Question 6

function of rough endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 6

-where some proteins are synthesized
-proteins made by ribosome and inserted into rough ER
-phospholipids (from new cell membranes) are also made

Question 7

smooth endoplasmic reticulum structure

Answer 7

-no ribosomes so smooth surface and no protein synthesis
-connected mostly by tubes

Question 8

smooth endoplasmic reticulum function

Answer 8

lipids are made and broken (triglycerides and cholesterol)
-steroid hormones (estrogen and testosterone) are made

Question 9

what does smooth ER detoxify

Answer 9

-detoxify organic (carbon-based) molecules like ethanol and some drugs and toxins

Question 10

what does smooth ER store

Answer 10

calcium

Question 11

where does golgi apparatus lie

Answer 11

between rough ER and cell surface

Question 12

what does golgi complex consist of

Answer 12

a stack of flattened sacs (or cisternae)
think a stack of pita

Question 13

functions of the golgi complex

Answer 13

receives, modifies, and ships material (proteins and lipids) to the final destination
-modifies proteins by adding sugars (oligosaccharides) and trimming those sugars
-small vesicles move proteins between organelles and sac of the golgi

Question 14

where does the golgi complex ship proteins and lipids to

Answer 14

can ship out of cell, to cell membrane, or lysosome back to ER

Question 15

lysosome structure

Answer 15

-not in the stomach of cell
-very few cells take in food and digest it, they take up building blocks

Question 16

lysosome function

Answer 16

-break down ingested materials and cellular waste products like old/damaged organelles in ANIMAL cells
-digestive enzyme perform hydrolysis rxns on ingested materials

Question 17

at what pH does hydrolysis in lysosome occur

Answer 17

about 4.5

Question 18

what organelles are a part of endomembrane system

Answer 18

-nucleus
-rough ER
-smooth ER
-golgi complex
-lysosome
-vacuole

Question 19

what is the general function of the endomembrane system

Answer 19

-synthesis of macromolecules
-sorting and shipping macromolecules
-storage
-breakdown of variety of larger substances

Question 20

peroxisome structure

Answer 20

single membrane-bound vesicles

Question 21

how does peroxisome break down molecule and why

Answer 21

with oxidation not hydrolysis

-removes electron from fatty acids, organic toxins, alcohol and drugs => makes soluble in water and non toxic

Question 22

what happens when peroxisome removes H atoms and transfers them to O2

Answer 22

-makes hydrogen peroxide -> toxic to cell
-uses it to detoxify other compounds like alcohol
-catalase converts hydrogen peroxide to water and O2

Question 23

what is vacuole structure

Answer 23

large version of vesciles

Question 24

vacuole main function is in

Answer 24

storage

Question 25

vacuole function in plant cells

Answer 25

perform lysome function and provides pressure to support plant stem and leaf (prevent wilting)

Question 26

vacuole function om protisst

Answer 26

assist with water balance (too much water will in it will explode) and may be involved in digesting food taken in by phagocytosis

Question 27

vacuole in animal cells

Answer 27

-used mostly for storage -assist in killing and destruction of ingested material by phagocytic cells of immune system called a phagosome

Question 28

vesicles structure

Answer 28

bud and fuse with other membranes

Question 29

what is the function of vesciles

Answer 29

-move materials (like newly made proteins) between organelles and cell surface -some store materials until directed to release them outside of the cell -are involved in the transfer of macromolecules and large substances in and out of cells

Question 30

mitochondria structure

Answer 30

inner and outer membrane -have own circular DNA

Question 31

mitochondria function

Answer 31

site of aerobic respiration -lots of ATP -energy comes from ingested food and glucose

Question 32

chloroplast structure

Answer 32

outer and inner membrane -have own circular DNA

Question 33

chlorplast function

Answer 33

-site of photosynthesis -make ATP and ADP -use energy from the sun then the ATP helps make glucose

Question 34

are ribosomes, cytoskeleton, and proteasomes found in eukaryotes or prokaryotes

Answer 34

both

Question 35

structure of ribosomes

Answer 35

composed of RNA and protein

Question 36

do eukaryotes and prokaryotes have the same ribosomes

Answer 36

-prokaryotes have different ribosomes than eukaryotes which is why humans can effectively take antibiotics

Question 37

function of ribosomes

Answer 37

-synthesize protein -use mRNA strand as template to make polypeptide chain -perform dehydration synthesis reactions to join amino acids together -function in the cytosol and on rough ER

Question 38

cytoskeleton structure

Answer 38

structure determines function and functions come from the different fibers that make up the cytoskeleton

Question 39

main functions of the cytoskeleton

Answer 39

-structural support (cells ability to stretch, if cant stretch then under stress it will rip) -movement and endocytosis -cell division -intracellular (vesicle) transport

Question 40

proteasome structure

Answer 40

peptidase enzymes in the core or middle area of the structure

Question 41

proteasomes function

Answer 41

-degrade/hydrolyze misfolded, damaged, old and unnecessary proteins into small peptides -hydrolysis reactions take place within proteasome to digest proteins