organelles Flashcards

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1
Q

nucleus structure

A

surrounded by double membrane called nuclear envelope

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2
Q

nucleus function

A

-contains most of cells DNA
-materials enter and exit the cell through nuclear pores in the envelope (like mRNA)

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3
Q

what does mRNA instruct

A

protein synthesis

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4
Q

why does rough endoplasmic reticulum structure appear rough

A

because of the ribosomes on the surface

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5
Q

what does rough endoplasmic reticulum consists of

A

connected flat sacs called cisternae

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6
Q

function of rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

-where some proteins are synthesized
-proteins made by ribosome and inserted into rough ER
-phospholipids (from new cell membranes) are also made

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7
Q

smooth endoplasmic reticulum structure

A

-no ribosomes so smooth surface and no protein synthesis
-connected mostly by tubes

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8
Q

smooth endoplasmic reticulum function

A

lipids are made and broken (triglycerides and cholesterol)
-steroid hormones (estrogen and testosterone) are made

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9
Q

what does smooth ER detoxify

A

-detoxify organic (carbon-based) molecules like ethanol and some drugs and toxins

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10
Q

what does smooth ER store

A

calcium

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11
Q

where does golgi apparatus lie

A

between rough ER and cell surface

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12
Q

what does golgi complex consist of

A

a stack of flattened sacs (or cisternae)
think a stack of pita

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13
Q

functions of the golgi complex

A

receives, modifies, and ships material (proteins and lipids) to the final destination
-modifies proteins by adding sugars (oligosaccharides) and trimming those sugars
-small vesicles move proteins between organelles and sac of the golgi

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14
Q

where does the golgi complex ship proteins and lipids to

A

can ship out of cell, to cell membrane, or lysosome back to ER

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15
Q

lysosome structure

A

-not in the stomach of cell
-very few cells take in food and digest it, they take up building blocks

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16
Q

lysosome function

A

-break down ingested materials and cellular waste products like old/damaged organelles in ANIMAL cells
-digestive enzyme perform hydrolysis rxns on ingested materials

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17
Q

at what pH does hydrolysis in lysosome occur

A

about 4.5

18
Q

what organelles are a part of endomembrane system

A

-nucleus
-rough ER
-smooth ER
-golgi complex
-lysosome
-vacuole

19
Q

what is the general function of the endomembrane system

A

-synthesis of macromolecules
-sorting and shipping macromolecules
-storage
-breakdown of variety of larger substances

20
Q

peroxisome structure

A

single membrane-bound vesicles

21
Q

how does peroxisome break down molecule and why

A

with oxidation not hydrolysis

-removes electron from fatty acids, organic toxins, alcohol and drugs => makes soluble in water and non toxic

22
Q

what happens when peroxisome removes H atoms and transfers them to O2

A

-makes hydrogen peroxide -> toxic to cell
-uses it to detoxify other compounds like alcohol
-catalase converts hydrogen peroxide to water and O2

23
Q

what is vacuole structure

A

large version of vesciles

24
Q

vacuole main function is in

A

storage

25
Q

vacuole function in plant cells

A

perform lysome function and provides pressure to support plant stem and leaf (prevent wilting)

26
Q

vacuole function om protisst

A

assist with water balance (too much water will in it will explode) and may be involved in digesting food taken in by phagocytosis

27
Q

vacuole in animal cells

A

-used mostly for storage
-assist in killing and destruction of ingested material by phagocytic cells of immune system called a phagosome

28
Q

vesicles structure

A

bud and fuse with other membranes

29
Q

what is the function of vesciles

A

-move materials (like newly made proteins) between organelles and cell surface
-some store materials until directed to release them outside of the cell
-are involved in the transfer of macromolecules and large substances in and out of cells

30
Q

mitochondria structure

A

inner and outer membrane
-have own circular DNA

31
Q

mitochondria function

A

site of aerobic respiration
-lots of ATP
-energy comes from ingested food and glucose

32
Q

chloroplast structure

A

outer and inner membrane
-have own circular DNA

33
Q

chlorplast function

A

-site of photosynthesis
-make ATP and ADP
-use energy from the sun then the ATP helps make glucose

34
Q

are ribosomes, cytoskeleton, and proteasomes found in eukaryotes or prokaryotes

A

both

35
Q

structure of ribosomes

A

composed of RNA and protein

36
Q

do eukaryotes and prokaryotes have the same ribosomes

A

-prokaryotes have different ribosomes than eukaryotes which is why humans can effectively take antibiotics

37
Q

function of ribosomes

A

-synthesize protein
-use mRNA strand as template to make polypeptide chain
-perform dehydration synthesis reactions to join amino acids together
-function in the cytosol and on rough ER

38
Q

cytoskeleton structure

A

structure determines function and functions come from the different fibers that make up the cytoskeleton

39
Q

main functions of the cytoskeleton

A

-structural support (cells ability to stretch, if cant stretch then under stress it will rip)
-movement and endocytosis
-cell division
-intracellular (vesicle) transport

40
Q

proteasome structure

A

peptidase enzymes in the core or middle area of the structure

41
Q

proteasomes function

A

-degrade/hydrolyze misfolded, damaged, old and unnecessary proteins into small peptides
-hydrolysis reactions take place within proteasome to digest proteins