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Bio 240 > lecture 17-thermoregulation > Flashcards

lecture 17-thermoregulation Flashcards

part 1

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1
Q

what is thermoregulation

A

process by whcih animals maintain an internal temp within normal range

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2
Q

by maintaining thermoregulation what is achieved

A

internal thermal homeostasis

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3
Q

what does thermoregulation depend on

A

orgnanisms ability to control the exchnage of heat w/ its environment

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4
Q

do organisms expend a lot of energy with thermoregulation

A

some do, some don’t

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5
Q

what type of temp system does life exist on

A

large (below 90C-hotter than 100C)

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6
Q

can most cells survive below OC

A

no

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7
Q

why can most cells not survive below OC

A

due to formation of damaging ice cyrstals (happens a lot during thawing)

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8
Q

what adaptation do some animals have that allows them to surivive in colder temps

A

have the antifreeze moleq (ie glucose at certain []) or other adaptations that allow them to surive in colder temos

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9
Q

can most cells surive above 45C, why?

A

no, due to denaturation of proteins

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10
Q

why can some bacteria and proteins live at higher temps

A

adaptation to membrane to prevent melting and jave enough covlaent and non covlaent bonds

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11
Q

what is the temp range most cellular functions are limited to

A

0-45C

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12
Q

endotherm

A

organisms body temp depends on heat prodution from metabolism

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13
Q

ectotherm

A

body temp depends on heat from its environment

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14
Q

heterotherm

A

body temp can be depedent on metabolism or its environment (animals that hibernate)

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15
Q

homeotherm

A

animal whose body temp is constant (necessarily due to endothermy)

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16
Q

poikilotherm

A

an animal whose body temo is variable and dependent on ambient temp

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17
Q

look at how animals are classified in terms of how they regulate body temp

A

ok

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18
Q

with poikilothermy, body temp (Tb) varies with what

A

environmental (ambient) temp (Ta)

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19
Q

why with the graph on the notes is there a netabolic rate drop

A

because dont need increase metabolic activity to warm ourselves in higher temps

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20
Q

homeotherms have ______ body temps

A

constant

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21
Q

homeothermic endotherms have _______ high temps over a wide range of _______ ______

A

constant; ambient temp

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22
Q

thermoneutral zone

A

can maintain normal body temp w/ot needing to use energy above and beyond normal basal metabolic rate

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23
Q

how much higher is metabolic rate of endotherm than similarly sized ecotherms at rest due to wat

A

5-10x higher due to maintaining its high body temp

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24
Q

humans live in what type of thermo environment

A

thermo-neutral micro environment

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25
Q

what is human Tb supported by

A

“waste” heat byproduct of metabolic processes

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26
Q

human thermal biology is more organized around what

A

around heat dissipation (elimination) rather than generation or conservation

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27
Q

stable thermal environment for enzymes always function how

A

the same

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28
Q

homeothermic endotherm can be active in

A

cold

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29
Q

cost of being endothermic homeotherm

A

expensive: energy taken in dedicated to thermoregulation in energy budget

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30
Q

homeothermic endotherms cant get too

A

small

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31
Q

poikilothermy benefits

A

-energy cheap

32
Q

with poikilothermy more energy is put towards

A

growth + reproduction since less is going to maintenance (thermoregulation)

33
Q

are there minimum size constrainst for poikilothermy

A

no

34
Q

are poikilotherms active or inactive in cold

A

inactive in cold - harder to get food, enzymatic rxn rate chnages

35
Q

do homeotherms or poikilotherms have more mitochondria

A

homeotherms

36
Q

do homeotherms or poikilotherms have more extsnive inner membrane

A

homeotherms

-ETC functions and more ATP synthesis

37
Q

do homeotherms or poikilotherms have leakier inner membranes

A

homeotherms

-(H+) so dont go through ATP synthase so give off more heat

38
Q

homeotherms have _________ body temp

A

constant

39
Q

poikilotherms have _________ body temp

A

variable

40
Q

are poikilotherms and ecotherms the same

A

no

41
Q

what with our body can bring up/down temp

A

-sweat when hot
-shiver when cold
-face gets red b/c of blood flow

42
Q

what is body temp regulated by

A

determined by balance between internal heat production and heat exchange with environment

43
Q

what are four mechanisms organaisms use to exchange heat with environment

A

-radiation
-evaporation
-conduction
-convection

44
Q

heat always transfers energy from _____->____ temp

A

high->low

45
Q

how is heat loss and gain balanced

A

-reduce heat exchange overall
-performheat exchnage in a particular direction (ie gain and not lose heat)

46
Q

-insulation
-cooling by evaporating heat loss
-circulatory adaptations
-adjusting metabolic heat production

all help with wjay

A

balanceing heat loss and gain

47
Q

insulation is in what type of organisms

A

mammals and birds

-skin, feathers, fur, blubber, reduce heat flow between animal and its environments

48
Q

why is insulation most important in marine animals

A

because conduction is faster in water than air (water heats up faster)

49
Q

how do many animals lose heat

A

through evaporation of water from skin (even some ecotherms)

50
Q

sweating or bathing moistens skin and helps with

A

animal cool down

51
Q

panting increases what

A

cooling effect to in birds and many mammals

52
Q

regulation of blood flow near body surface significantly affects what

A

thermoregulation

53
Q

what can many endotherms and ecotherms do with blood flow

A

can alter amount of blood flow between body core and the skin

54
Q

vasodliation

A

blood flow in skin increases, faiclitaing heat loss (increase diamter in blood vessels) -> lose heat by convection

55
Q

vasoconstriction

A

blood flow in skin decreases, lowering heat loss

56
Q

countercurrent exchnage helps with

A

redcing heat loss for animals in cold temps

57
Q

in what types of organisms does countercrruent exchnage occur in

A

marine aniamsl and birds

58
Q

countercurrent exchnage is due to

A

arrangemnet of blood vessels usually in externalities/limbs

59
Q

countercurrent heat exchange trasnfers heat between what? how?

A

fluids flowing in opposite directions

-traps heat in core of the body
-reduce heat loss

60
Q

in what type of fish does countercurrent exchange occur

A

-in some large, powerful swimmers (ie great white sharks)
-keeps major swimming muscles warm
-reduce heat loss

61
Q

countercurrent exchanges in insects

A

bublebees and some moths have countercurrent heat exchnagers that help maintain a high temo un the thorax (important for flight in winter)

-to help maintain homeostasis in the hive (not individual)

62
Q

thermogensis

A

the process of heat production in organisms

63
Q

mechanisms that initate thermogensis

A

-increased by muscle activity such as moving or shivering
-low amplitude muscle contractions
-common in mammals
-birds some nonavian reptiles and some insects can also rasie body temp through shiverring

64
Q

what organisms conduct non shivering homeogenesis

A

infnats of many mammals
-in adult mammals that hibernate

65
Q

non shivering thermogeneis mammals have what

A

a tissue called brown fat that is specialized for rapid heat production

66
Q

what type of fats do human adults have besides infnats

A

brown adipose tissue (BAT)

67
Q

do fat or skinny people have more brown fat

A

skinny people have more brown fat b/c they have less insulation

68
Q

what does BAT vary with

A

amount of BAT in human adults has been dound to vary depending on temp of urrounding environment

69
Q

beige fat has characteristics of what

A

white and brown fat

-cells are embedded in WAT and can cause browning of the tissue (produces heat)

70
Q

BAT is heavily

A

vascularized

71
Q

BAT has lots of

A

mitochondria

72
Q

what protein is expressed in BAT

A

uncoupling protein 1

73
Q

what does amount of brown fat vary with

A

varies depending on temp of surrouding environment

74
Q

norepenephrine stimulates what in BAT

A

stimulates large increase in metabolicly produced heat

75
Q

where does BAT express UCP1

A

in inner membrane of mitochondria

76
Q

what does uncoupling e- flow from ATP production allow (two things)

A

-lipid oxidation at rates for above normal levels for aerobic resp
2) immeditaley release of heat from oxidation of lipids rather than storage fo that energy in ATP

Bio 240 (39 decks)

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