lecture 5 Flashcards
what are two functions glucose performs in cell/organism
-in polymerized form it helps with structure
-accumulated together for storage 9glycogen in animals)
-broken down for ATP
why can we only use starch for energy but not cellulose
because we dont have cellulose enzyme to break down cellulose (unlike microorganisms)
glycosidate
enzymes that can break down bond between monomer in polymer
unlike proteins, carbohydrates can use any of its carbons to make glycosidic bonds
True/flase
true
glycogen + starch =>
use alpha glucose in their polymer or glucose linked together with alpha glycosidic bonds
cellulose =>
use beta glucose in the polymer or glucose linked together with beta glycosidic bonds
what do carbohydrates iclude
sugar monomers and polymers of sugar
what are the simplest carbohydrates
monosaccharides or simple sugars
what is the macromolecule of carbohydrates
polysaccharides, polymers composed of many sugar building blocks
how many carbon hectoses do glucose and fructose have
six
how many carbon hectoses does ribose have
five
what does the suffix ose represent
sugars
are glucose, furctose, and ribose polar
yes because of OH
key function of monosaccharides in living organisms
simple sugars, especially glucose serve as major energy (fuel for cells)
what do simple sugars serve as for other biomoleqs
building blocks
glycosidic bonds
covalent bond that join monosaccharides together to form polymer
when are glycosidic bonds broken down
during hydrolysis to form monosachharides
what do enzymes catalyze the formation and breakage of
glycosidic bonds
what enzyme breaks down glycosidic bond
glycosidase enzyme that hydrolyze glycosidic bonds
glyco prefix signifies what
sugar
what id disacharide
1 monosaccharides together
dehydration rxn in synthesis of
maltose
dehadration rxn in synthesis of
sucrose
a few (oligo) or many (poly) monosachharides =
oligosacharide (10-50) and polysacharide (50+)
when monosaccharides join together, they can form different complex sugar structures (unlike amino acids) because…..
-can join together different carbons in glycosidic bonds
-orientation of glycosidic bonds matters too (alpha vs beta)
starch and cellulose are made in what types of cells
plants
starch has how many linages of alpha glucose monomers
1-4
cellulose has how many linkages of beta glucose monomers
cellulose
can the enzymes that hydrolyze starch and glycogen hydrolyze cellulose
no
what type of polysaccharides are starch and glycogen
storage
when does hydrolysis by glycosidase release glucose
when the demand for sugar increases
glucose is __________ to generate ATP
metabolized
storage carbohydrates are what
branched and form granules within cells
starch is
plant carbohydrate storage
glycogen is
animal carbohydrate storage
what does branching create
more free ends where glucose can be added and hydrolyzed off to meet organisms energy needs
cellulpse is what type of polysachharide
structural used to create strength
microfibrils are
adjacent long chains of cellulose held together by hydrogen bonds
OH group bind to adjacent cellulose groups to make _______
fibers
what do fibers create
strong plant cells
why is cellulose insoluble
because of how polar it is with all its hydroxyl groups. All the hydrogen bonding between strands means that there are very few OH groups that can bind to water (for something to be soluble, water has to be able to bind to it). Insoluble is not same as non polar
is cellulose a source of glucose for most organisms
no because it lacks the enzymes to digest those beta glycosidic bonds present in cellulose moleqs since we lack the enzyme we don’t break it down
what do some organisms make to break down cellulose
the organisms is microorganisms and they make cellulase
