Ophthalmic Pharmaceuticals : Anti-Infective Drugs Flashcards
What are the 4 Anti Infective Drugs?
Antibacterial Antivirals Antifungal Antiparasitic bvfp
What kills bacteria?
Bactericidal
What slows bacterial growth, kill but more slowly?
Bacteriostatic
What acts against wide range of disease causing bacteria?
gram + and gram -
Broad Spectrum Antibiotic
What acts against limited species of bacteria?
Narrow Spectrum Antibiotic
What is the Mechanism of Action of Antibacterials?
Inhibit :
- Folic Acid Synthesis
- DNA Synthesis
- Protein Synthesis
- Cell Wall Synthesis
What are the categories of Antibacterials?
- Sulphonamides
- Fluoroquinolones
- Fusidic Acid
- Aminoglycosides
- Macrolides
- Polypeptide Antibiotic
What is the Mechanism of Action of Sulphonamides?
Inhibit folic acid synthesis during bacterial nucleotide production
What is the competitive inhibitor of Sulphonamides?
Para Aminobenzoic Acid
What is the ophthalmic use for sulphonamides?
Bacterial Conjunctivitis
What are examples of Sulphonamides?
Bleph-10
- Sulphacetamide Sodium
What are Adverse Effects for Sulphonamides?
Allergic Reactions
Stevens Johnson Syndrome
Are Sulphonamides Bactericidal, Bacteriostatic or Both?
Bacteriostatic
Do Sulphonamides have a broad or narrow spectrum?
Broad
What is the Mechanism of Action of Fluoroquinolones?
Inhibits DNA synthesis
Do Fluoroquinolones have a broad or narrow spectrum?
Broad
Are Fluoroquinolones bactericidal, bacteriostatic or both?
Bactericidal
What are the characteristics of Fluoroquinolones?
Increasing bacterial resistance
New generations developed
What are the ophthalmic use for Fluoroquinolones?
Bacterial Conjunctivitis
Corneal Ulcers
What are examples of Fluoroquinolones?
puro x
Ciloxan (Ciprofloxacin)
Vigamox (Moxifloxacin)
Moxeza (Besifloxacin)
Zymaxid (Gatifloxacin)
What are the Adverse effects of Fluoroquinolones?
Foreign body sensation
Itching and burning
Conjunctival hyperemia
What is the Mechanism of Action of Fusidic Acid?
Inhibits protein synthesis
Are Fusidic Acids bactericidal, bacteriostatic or both?
Both
depends on the bacteria
What is the ophthalmic use for Fusidic Acid?
Bacterial Conjunctivitis
What are examples of Fusidic Acid?
Fusithalmic (Fusidic Acid)
What are Adverse Effects of Fusidic Acid?
Stinging and irritation
Localized allergic reactions
What is the Mechanism of Action of Aminoglycosides?
Inhibits protein synthesis
Are Aminoglycosides bactericidal, bacteriostatic or both?
Bactericidal
What is the ophthalmic use of Aminoglycosides?
Bacterial Conjunctivitis
Corneal Ulcer
What are examples of Aminoglycosides?
-mycin
Tobrex (Tobramycin)
Garamycin (Gentamycin)
Neomycin (Neomycin Sulfate)
What are the Adverse Effects for Aminoglycosides?
Type IV Delayed Hypersensitivity
Itching, Redness, Swelling
What is the Mechanism of Action of Macrolides?
Inhibits protein synthesis
Are Macrolides Bactericidal, Bacteriostatic or Both?
Bactericidal OR Bacteriostatic
What is the ophthalmic use for Macrolides?
Bacterial Conjunctivitis
What are examples of Macrolides?
father of Thor
Odan-Erythromycin (Erythromycin)
AzaSite (Azithromycin)
What are the adverse effects of Macrolides?
Blurred Vision
Allergic Reactions
What is the Mechanism of Action of Polypeptide Antibiotics?
Interferes with Cell Wall synthesis
What is Polypeptide Antibiotic bactericidal for?
Gram Positive Bacteria
Staphylococcus
What is Polypeptide Antibiotic ineffective against?
Gram Negative Bacteria
What are the Ophthalmic Use for Polypeptide Antibiotics?
3 ANSWERS
Bacterial Conjunctivitis
Blepharitis
Meibomitis
What is an example of Polypeptide Antibiotics?
train
AK-Tracin (Bacitracin)
What are adverse effects of Polypeptide Antibiotic?
Allergic reactions
What are examples of Combination Antibacterials?
Betty’s Cooper’s Sister
Polytrim (Trimethoprim and Polymyxin B)
Polysporin (Bactracin and Polymyxin B)
What is the Ophthalmic Use for Combination Antibacterials?
bb
Bacterial Conjunctivitis
Blepharitis
What are adverse effects of Combination Antibacterials?
Allergic reactions
What is the Mechanism of Action of Polymyxin B?
poly cooper breaks down
Breaks down cell membranes
What is the Mechanism of Action of Trimethoprim?
tim prevents —
Prevents DNA synthesis
What is the Mechanism of Action of Bacitracin?
Basti interferes —–
Interferes with cell wall synthesis
What is the indication of use for Antiviral Drugs?
Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) keratitis
Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV) keratitis
Used with oral antivirals
What antiviral is for cold sore virus?
Herpes Simplex Virus
HSV
What antiviral is latent in nerve after chicken pox and occurs with shingles?
Varicella Zoster Virus
VZV
What is the Mechanism of Action of Topical Antivirals?
Inhibits synthesis of viral DNA
What are examples of Topical Antivirals?
Viroptic (Trifluridine)
Zirgan (Ganciclovir)
What topical Antiviral is 9x/day dosing?
Viroptic
What Topical Antiviral is 5x/day dosing?
Zirgan
What are Adverse Effects of Topical Antivirals?
Eye irritation
Conjunctival redness
Blurred vision
Punctate keratitis
What are the categories of Antifungal Drugs?
Polyenes
Azoles
Antimetabolites
In what climate do fungal infections succeed?
hot and humid
What is Amphotericin B
An antifungal medication ; polyenes
Are Amphotericin B medically compounded?
Yes
What is Amphotericin B effective against?
Yeasts and Filamentary organisms
What is the Mechanism of Action of Amphotericin B?
amp forms
Forms pores in cell membrane
What is an example of Amphotericin B?
Natacyn (Natamycin)
What is Natacyn effective against?
Aspergillus and Fusarium
What is the mechanism of action of Natacyn?
Inhibits cell membrane function
Are polyenes poor or good ocular penetration?
Poor
What are Azoles?
Oral antifungals with good ocular penetration
What is the Mechanism of Action of Azoles?
Inhibit Cell Wall synthesis
What are examples of Azoles?
Ketoconazole
Fluconazole
Voriconazole
What is the Mechanism of Action of Flucytosine?
think of genetics
Inhibits DNA and RNA synthesis
What is Antimetabolites use in combination with?
Polyenes and Azoles
What is the General Antiparasitic Treatment like with Antiparasitic drug?
Treatment is lengthy and difficult
Where can Acanthamoeba be found?
Swimming pools, hot tubs or contact lens case
What is Acanthamoeba Keratitis?
Sight threatening disease caused by the infection of the protozoa Acanthamoeba
What are treatment options for Acanthamoeba Keratitis?
Topical Neomycin
Polyhexamethylene Biguanide (PHMB)
Chlorhexidine
What are mites in in eyelash follicles called?
Demodex Folliculorum
What are mites in meibomian glands called?
Demodex Brevis
What are treatments for Demodex Folliculorum and Demodex Brevis?
Cliradex (Tea Tree Oil)
What is the Mechanism of Action of Cliradex?
Alters Cell Membrane
What is Toxoplasma Gondii?
Protozoan Parasite