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OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY > OCTA 236 (Geriatrics Exam 2) > Flashcards

OCTA 236 (Geriatrics Exam 2) Flashcards

1
Q

level of detail with which a person can see objects

A

vision acuity

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2
Q

total area one sees in a single view

A

vision field

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3
Q

the capacity to distinguish between similar shades of light and dark and to distinguish similar colors

A

contrast sensitivity

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4
Q

capacity to regulate light, control glare, and adapt to changing light conditions (light to dark)

A

light modulation

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5
Q

correctly processing and interpreting info the brain receives from eyes

A

visual perception and interpretation

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6
Q

vision is impaired and every day tasks are difficult

A

low vision

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7
Q

visual acuity of 20/200 or worse in the better eye with corrective lenses

A

Legal blindness

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8
Q

decreased ability to see details

A

diminished acuity

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9
Q

decreased ability to tell background from foreground

A

figure ground

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10
Q

Changes noted with vision and aging:

A
  • Diminished acuity
  • Diminished ability to accommodate for changes that occur with light/dark
  • Decreased figure ground
  • Decreased ability to discriminate between colors
  • Visual field narrows
  • Decreased depth perception
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11
Q

Glaucoma:

A
  • Occurs when the aqueous (fluid behind the cornea) builds up within the eye
  • Result is low blood flow to the optic nerve and hence reduces vision
  • Person losses peripheral vision and visual fields
  • If not treated, one can go blind
  • Treated with drops/surgery
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12
Q

Muscular Degeneration:

A
  • Leading cause of blindness in people over 60 years old
  • The eye structure involved in the retina
  • A person’s central vision is affected
  • A person can not read standard print
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13
Q

Cataracts:

A
  • The eye structure affected is the lens
  • The lens become opaque and thickens
  • A person may complain of hazy/cloudy vision or blurred vision
  • A person may have to get reading glasses for near vision
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14
Q

Diabetic Retinopathy:

A
  • Leading cause of blindness of all ages
  • Usually occurs in an individual with poorly controlled diabetes
  • Blood vessels rupture in the eye causing blind spots in the central vision field
  • Can cause retinal detachment
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15
Q

Parkinson’s

A
  • may have difficulty with eye movement (up gaze and converging)
  • problems with convergence can cause double vision
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16
Q

Alzheimer’s

A

difficulty with color perception as well as depth perception

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17
Q

What needs to be considered when a person have low vision?

A
  • Lighting
  • Contrast (Dark/Light)
  • Uniformity (keep things in same place)
  • Magnification
  • Auditory helpers (talking clocks, watches, message machines)
  • Encourage elderly to keep all eye appointments
  • Remove unnecessary clutter for safety
  • Install auditory helper
  • Pre-program phones with frequently used numbers
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18
Q

Principles of treatment for low vision:

A
  • Magnification
  • Hand held/computer
  • Contrast
  • Lightening
  • Add an auditory component when possible
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19
Q

Technology for low vision:

A

Bioptic telescope system

  • many states (39) allow persons with low vision to wear the bioptic telescope on their glasses for driving
  • OT role is to train a client how to use them
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20
Q

What are the 3 categories of hearing loss?

A
  1. Conductive
  2. Presbycusis
  3. Mixed
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21
Q

results when the external ear can’t conducts sound waves to the inner ear (wax build up or fluid in middle ear)

A

Conductive

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22
Q

“old hearing” hearing loss which is the result of damage in the inner ear structures such as the cochlea or basil membrane

A

Presbycusis

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23
Q

combination of conductive and presbycusis

A

Mixed

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24
Q

Types of Presbycusis:

A
  1. sensory
  2. neural
  3. metabolic
  4. mechanical
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25
Q

type of hearing disorder that involves ringing, whistling, or buzzing in the ear

A

Tinnitus

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26
Q
  • inner ear disorder that causes attacks of dizziness
  • increase in fluid in the ear
  • hearing loss or ringing in the ear may result
A

Meniere disease

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27
Q

Psychosocial Issues:

A
  • isolation
  • loss of sense of security
  • interfere with day to day conversations
  • Lead to frustration, depression, and in senses causes paranoia
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28
Q

Behaviors Associated with decrease hearing:

A
  • Increase volume of TV/radio
  • Constantly asking the same question
  • Constantly asking someone to repeat self
  • Constantly reporting the person is talking too softly
  • Give an inappropriate response to question
  • May appear to have a short attention span
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29
Q

Treatment Intervention for Hearing Loss:

A
  • Five minute hearing test
  • Hearing aids
  • Hearing aid dog
  • Assistive listening devices and systems
  • Lip reading
  • Visual aids within the environment
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30
Q

Integrative Strategies for hearing loss:

A
  • make changes in the social and physical environment of the elder
  • go out to eat between the busy times of the day
  • add drapes, carpet, wall to ceiling coverings to reduce ambient sounds in the home
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31
Q

Mutation Theory:

A
  • genetic, nonprogrammed
  • accumulated errors of DNA/mtDNA
  • Baseline for cancer
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32
Q

DNA-RNA Theory:

A
  • disassociation of the RNA from the DNA

- Results in cell death and then organ failure

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33
Q

elders typically withdraw from previous activities in preparation for death

A

Disengagement Theory

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34
Q

Free Radical/Oxidative Stress Theory

A
  • nongenetic, nonprammed

- accumulation of damage from highly reactive agents

35
Q

Current US senators

A

Ben cardin and Chris Van Hollen

36
Q

Who can introduce a bill?

A

Congress

37
Q

Jimmo vs. Sibelius 2013

A
  • Lifted the improvement standard

- Therapy can be used to maintain

38
Q

what presbycusis is loss of high frequency sounds which is a result of degeneration of the basal end of the organ neurons

A

sensory presbycusis

39
Q

what presbycusis is progressive degeneration of the auditory neurons in the auditory pathway of the cochlea

A

neural presbycusis

40
Q

what presbycusis is stiffening of the basilar membrane. interferes with vibration mechanism with the cochlea duct. can lead to a loss of hearing of all frequencies

A

mechanical presbycusis

41
Q

what presbycusis is a result of atrophy of the blood vessels in the cochlea’s wall. reduction in pure tone sensitivity of all frequencies is accompanied by rapid increase in loudness as the sound intensifies.

A

metabolic presbycusis

42
Q

what are some examples of how hearing loss can affect function

A
  • unable to hear whistling of the tea kettle
  • unable to hear fire alarm *
  • unable to hear the approach of a car
43
Q

a specific tool or instrument used during an evaluation

A

assessment

44
Q

obtaining/reviewing data relevant to potential client to determine further evaluation

A

screening

45
Q

the process of obtaining and interpreting data necessary for intervention

A

evaluation

46
Q

ones ability to navigate the community using public/private transportation

A

community mobility

47
Q

Medical-Fitness-To-Drive

A

older people are at greater risk of health conditions that can comprise safe driving

48
Q

an in-depth evaluation of driving performance skills and client factors related to driving

A

Comprehensive driving evaluation

49
Q

an individual who meets the educational and experimental requirements and successfully complete certification provided by the associate

A

Certified driver rehabilitation specialist (CDRS)

50
Q

a person who specializes in teaching driving education/traffic safety (classroom setting)

A

Driving educator

51
Q

a person who completes training and is licensed as driving instructor by MVA

A

Driving instructor

52
Q

What are some age factors that have negative impact on driving?

A
  • decreased visual acuity
  • decreased color discrimination
  • decreased peripheral vision
  • increased sensitivity to glare
  • decreased reaction time
  • medicine
  • decreased decision making
53
Q

What are some driving issues with old age

A
  • merging
  • yielding
  • intersection
  • back up
  • reading signs
54
Q

What are some pedestrian issues with driving?

A
  • difficult step down (curves)
  • difficult crossing street with time limit
  • quick maneuvers
  • difficulty managing WC and walker around
55
Q

What is OT role in community mobility?

A
  • resources
  • mobility screening
  • driving pre-screen assessment
  • driving training (done by CDRS)
  • carfit
  • advocate
56
Q

Cybernetic Theory:

A
  • neuro-endo theory
  • CNA= pacemaker of body
  • changes in both endocrine and hypothalamus result in end organ changes
57
Q

Non Genetic Theory:

A
  • “wear and tear theory”

- cumulative damage to vital parts of the body lead to death of cell, tissue, organs, and eventually organisms

58
Q

What are the 4 theories of aging?

A
  • disengagement theory
  • activity theory
  • continuity theory
  • life span theory
59
Q

Activity Theory:

A
  • believe disengagement is unnatural
  • importance of an ongoing interaction.
  • prefer high activity level
60
Q

Continuity theory

A
  • Adapt to change
61
Q

Life Span Theory

A
  • expected experiences
62
Q

the pursuit of influencing outcomes-including public policy and resource allocation decisions with in political, economic and social systems and institution that directly affect peoples lives

A

Advocacy

63
Q

What are the 5 types of advocacy?

A
  • ideological advocacy
  • mass advocacy
  • interest
  • legislative advocacy
  • media advocacy
64
Q

group fights to advance their ideas in the decision making circles

A

Ideological advocacy

65
Q

any type of action taken by a large group (petitions, demonstrations)

A

Mass advocacy

66
Q

lobbying is the main tool used in this type of advocacy

A

Interest-group-advocacy

67
Q

reliance on the state/federal legislative process

A

Legislative advocacy

68
Q

strategic use of mass media to influence policy and policymakers

A

Media advocacy

69
Q

What happens if there is the same bill twice?

A

conference commitee

70
Q

What are the steps for a bill?

A
  1. congress introduce bill
  2. committee role-consider bill in detail approves or denies
  3. sub committee- more study decide if should recommend to full committee. full committee vote on bill
  4. floor action-floor debate both house and senate have to approve bill
  5. final action-sent to president
71
Q

Telomere Shortening

A

a sequence of DNA at the end of a linear chromosomes that protect the DNA from mutation and ID strand for replication.
- Reduce replication which eventually can lead to cell death.

72
Q

a type of incontinence that is sudden and is usually caused by an illness or condition

A

Acute Incontinence

73
Q

involuntary loss of urine due to intr-abdominal pressure (ex. coughing, laughing, exercise)

A

Stress Incontinence

74
Q

bladder muscles are overactive- creating a sense of urgency

A

Urge Incontinence

75
Q

e bladder is always full. The elderly person can never fully empty it. Constant dribbling of urine and/or voiding only small amounts noted.

A

Overflow Incontinence

76
Q

Stress ( intra-abdominal ) and Urge (urgency/void low volumn)

A

Mixed Incontinence

77
Q

lose all awareness of the need to void ( SCI)

A

Reflex Incontinence

78
Q

loss of urine due to cognitive ( dementia - Alzheimer’s) or

•Mobility reasons ( walk slow, walker , etc) Will see the elderly rush to the bathroom .

A

Functional Incontinence

79
Q

increases production of urine and hence the bladder fills more rapidly

A

Diuretics

80
Q

relax muscles and decrease awareness for the need to void

A

Sleeping Pills

81
Q

tighten the pelvic floor muscles. This makes it difficult to void

A

Decongestants

82
Q

relax the bladder and prevent it from contracting properly

A

Antidepressants

83
Q

What approach is used by OT’s for incontinence?

A

Behavioral Approach

OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY (36 decks)

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