OCTA 206 Final Exam/Final Practicum Flashcards
What does the pelvic girdle consist of?
sacrum
coccyx
hip bones (two)
What is the pelvic girdle also referred to as?
pelvis
What are the 3 pelvic bones that make up the hip bones?
ilium
ischium
pubis
What are the primary functions of the hip joint?
weight bearing
locomotion (walking)
What are the bony landmarks of the ilium?
iliac crest iliac fossa iliac tuberosity posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS) anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) greater sciatic notch
The greater sciatic notch lets you know what?
that you are posterior
What are the bony landmarks of the ischium?
ischial spine body ischial tuberosity ramus lesser sciatic notch
What are the bony landmarks of the pubis?
superior pubic ramus
inferior pubic ramus
body
tubercle
What are the motions of the pelvic girdle?
Anterior tilt
Posterior tilt
Lateral tilt
tilt occurs when the pelvis tilts backward, moving the ASIS posterior to the pubis symphysis
Posterior tilt
tilt occurs when the two iliac crests are not leveled (walking)
Lateral tilt
the anterior superior iliac spine and pubis symphysis are in the same vertical plane
Neutral
What type of joint is the hip joint?
ball and socket joint
What plane does flexion, extension, and hyperextension occur in?
sagittal plane
What plane does abduction and adduction occur in?
frontal plane
What plane does medial (internal) and lateral (external) rotation occur in?
transverse plane
What are the bony landmarks of the hip bones?
acetabulum
obturator foramen
greater sciatic notch
the longest, strongest and most heaviest bone in the body
Femur
What are the bony landmarks of the femur?
head neck greater trochanter lesser trochanter trochanteric fossa intertrochanteric crest body medial condyle lateral condyle lateral epicondyle medial epicondyle adductor tubercle linea aspera pectineal line patellar surface
joint has 7 two joint muscles that have one action of the hip and another on the knee
Hip joint
The hip joint anterior muscles are known as
Flexors
What are the hip flexors?
Iliopsoas
Pectineus muscle
Rectus femoris
Sartorius
Iliopsoas consists of what 3 muscles?
iliacus
psoas major
psoas minor
O: inner surface of ilium
I: lesser trochanter of femur
A: hip flexion
N: femoral
iliopsoas muscle
O: AIIS
I: tibial tuberosity
A: hip flexion, knee extension
N: femoral nerve
rectus femoris muscle
O: AIIS
I: proximal medial aspect of tibia
A: hip flexion, abduction, lateral rotation, and knee flexion
N: femoral nerve
sartorius muscle
O: superior ramus of pubis
I: pectineal line of femur
A: hip flexion and adduction
N: femoral nerve
pectineus muscle
The hip joint posterior muscles are known as?
Extensors
What are the hip extensors?
gluteus maximum
hamstrings
external rotators (deep muscles)
What are the hamstring muscles?
biceps femoris
semitendinosus
semimembranosus
O: posterior sacrum and ilium
I: posterior femur distal to greater trochanter
A: hip extension, hyperextension, lateral rotation
N: inferior gluteal nerve
gluteus maximus
O: ischial tuberosity
I :posterior surface of medial condyle of tibia
A: hip extension and knee flexion
N: sciatic nerve
semimembranosus muscle
O: ischial tuberosity
I: anteromedial surface of proximal tibia
A: hip extension and knee flexion
N: sciatic nerve
semitendinosus muscle
O: long head- ishial tuberosity, short head- lateral lip of linea aspera
I: fibular head
A: long head- hip extension/knee flexion, short head- knee flexion
N: long head- sciatic nerve, short head- common fibular nerve
biceps femoris muscle
What are the 3 one-joint hip adductors?
adductor longus
adductor brevis
adductor magnus
O: pubis
I: middle third of the linea aspera
A: hip adduction
N: obturator nerve
adductor longus muscle
O: pubis
I: pectineal line and proximal linea aspera
A: hip adduction
N: obturator nerve
adductor brevis muscle
O: ischium and pubis
I: entire linea aspera and adductor tubercle
A: hip adduction
N: sciatic and obturator nerve
adductor magnus muscle
What are the hip abductor muscles?
gluteus medius
gluteus minimus
tensor fasciae latae
external rotators
O: outer surface of the ilium
I: lateral surface of the greater trochanter
A: hip abduction
N: superior gluteal nerve
gluteus medius
O: lateral surface of ilium
I: anterior surface of the greater trochanter
A: hip abduction and medial rotation
N: superior gluteal nerve
gluteus minimus muscle
O: AIIS
I: lateral condyle of tibia
A: combined hip flexion and abduction
N: superior gluteal nerve
tensor fascia muscle
What is the only hip adductor muscle that is a two-joint muscle
gracilis
What are the 4 hip adductor muscles?
adductor longus
adductorbrevis
adductor magnus
gracilis
O: pubis
I: anteromedial surface of proximal end of tibia
A: hip adduction
N: obturator nerve
gracilis
nerve that innervates muscles on the anterior surface of the hip and thigh (hip flexors)
femoral nerve
- largest synovial joint in the body
- one of the most frequently injured joints
- supported/maintained by muscles and ligaments with no stability
Knee (tibiofemoral) Joint
What type of joint is the knee joint?
Hinge joint
What motions occur at the knee joint?
Flexion and extension
What are the bones of the knee joint?
Femur- enlarge femoral condyles
Tibia- medial/lateral tibia plateaus
Patellar- floating bones
The knee joint is also called?
Tibiofemoral joint
main function involve increasing the mechanical advantage of the quadriceps muscle and protecting the knee joint
Patellofemoral joint
cartilage that covers the end of the bones (surface between the tibia and femur)
articular cartilage
cartilage that provides cushions between the bones, enhance stability, and designed to absorb shock
Medial/lateral menisci
maintains medial alignment
medial tibial (collateral ligament)
maintains lateral alignment
lateral fibula (collateral ligament)
What are the two cruciate ligaments?
anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)
ligaments that provide stability in the sagittal plane and cross within the knee and between the tibia and fibula
Cruciate ligaments
this ligament is most frequently injured, injuries occur when running and making sharp directional change
ACL
this ligament is less prone to injury
PCL
What are the anterior muscles of the knee?
Rectus femoris
Vastus medialis
Vastus intermedialis
Vastus lateralis
the anterior muscles of the knee are referred to as
knee extensors
the anterior muscles of the knee are commonly known as
quadriceps
the anterior muscles are innervated by what nerve?
femoral nerve
What are the posterior muscles of the knee?
Biceps femoris
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
the posterior muscles of the knee are referred to as
knee flexors
the posterior muscles of the knee are commonly known as
hamstrings
a weak knee flexor muscle that is innervated by the obturator nerve
Gracilis
a muscle that helps provide lateral stability of the knee
Tensor Fascia Latae
What is the primary function of the ankle and foot?
support and propulsion
What are the bones of the ankle and foot?
Tibia
Fibula
Tarsal bones (5)
Metatarsals
What are the five tarsal bones?
Navicular Cuboid Cuneiforms (Medial, Intermediate, Lateral) Calcaneus Talus
true weight bearing bone of the leg
Tibia
What are the joints of the ankle and foot?
Ankle joint (Talocrural) Subtalar joint Transverse tarsal joint Metatarsalphalangeal joint (MTP) Interphalangeal joint
- articulation of the distal tibia and talus
- hinge joint
- flexion and extension
Ankle joint
- articulation of the talus and calcaneus
* ankle inversion (adduction)
Subtalar joint
- articulation between the navicular and talus bones
* ankle eversion (abduction)
Transverse tarsal joint
*articulation of metatarsals and proximal phalanges
Metatarsalphalangeal joint (MTP)
PIP and DIP of the toes
Interphalangeal joints
point of contact with the ground
- absorb a great deal of shock
- adjust to changes in terrain
- propel the body forward
Foot
- maintained by the shape of the bones, plantar ligaments, and muscles
- helps maintain the shape of the foot
Arches
- arch that makes up the medial border of the foot
* talus is the keystone of this arch because it receives the weight of the body
Medial longitudinal arch
arch that normally rests on the ground during weight-bearing
Lateral longitudinal arch
arch that runs side to side through the 3 cuneiform’s to the cuboid
Transverse arch
What are the movements of the foot?
Dorsiflexion Plantarflexion Eversion Inversion Toe flexion Toe extension
top of ankles moves toward the anterior tibia
Dorsiflexion
ankle and foot move away from tibia
Plantarflexion
ankle abduction, weight is on the medial edge of the foot raising lateral border of foot
Eversion
ankle adduction, weight is on the later edge of the foot raising the medial border of foot
Inversion
toes move toward plantar surface of foot
Toe flexion
toes move away from plantar surface of foot
Toe extension
What are the 4 compartments that the muscles of the lower leg (ankle and foot) are divided into?
Anterior compartment
Superficial posterior compartment
Deep posterior compartment
Lateral compartment
What are the muscles of the anterior compartment?
Tibialis anterior
Extensor hallucis longus
Extensor digitorum longus
The anterior compartment performs what motions?
Dorsiflexion and Toe extension
What are the muscles of the superficial posterior compartment ?
Gastrocnemius (2 heads)
Soleus (1 head)
Plantaris
What nerve innervates the superficial posterior compartment?
Tibial nerve
What motions occur in the superficial posterior compartment?
Plantarflexion
What are the muscles of the deep posterior compartment?
Flexor digitorumnlongus
Flexor hallucis longus
Tibialis posterior
What motions occur in the deep posterior compartment?
Plantarflexion and Toe flexion
What are the muscles of the lateral compartment?
Peroneus Longus/Brevis
Peroneus tertius
What nerves innervates the lateral compartment?
- Peroneus longus/brevis - Superficial peroneal nerve
* Peroneus tertius - Deep peroneal nerve
What motions occur in the lateral compartment?
Eversion
synergists to create inversion
Tibialis anterior and Tibialis posterior
what is PAMS?
Physical Agent Modalities
what is thermotherapy?
heat
what is cryotherapy?
cold
what is ultrasound used for?
increase blood flow
what is electrical stimulation?
elicit muscle movement
& block pain signals
Orthotics Goals
restore function, protect healing, prevent deformity, correct deformity, prevent/reduce pain, reduce inflammation.
Two types of Orthotics
commercial and custom
Anatomical Considerations
must accommodate for bony prominences, maintain natural contours, avoid compression of superficial nerves and soft tissue
most movable part
insertion
agonist
a muscle or group of muscles that cause movement(primemovers).
Antagonist
performs the opposite motion of the agonist
closed kinetic chain
Both feet are planted on the floor to give maximum stability
open kinetic chain
Foot is not on the floor to increase stability. Non weight bearing.
What is the ankle joint official name?
talocrural joint
muscles that flex the hip and extend the knee
anterior muscles
muscles that extend the hip and flex the knee
posterior muscles
If a muscle crosses over a joint it has the potential to do what
act on that joint
the median nerve is responsible for
precision grasp
the ulnar nerve is responsible for
power grasp
MOTA and AOTA are what kinds of organizations?
membership
NBCOT is responsible for what
certification
Which two muscles works synergistically and what motion is the result of this?
Tibialis anterior/Tibialis posterior
inversion
Amputee equals
key initial goals - skin inspection
Lateral muscles are (ex. tensor fascia latae)
hip abductors
Medial muscles are (ex. gracilis)
hip adductors
Eversion occurs at what joint?
transverse tarsal joint
Inversion occurs at what joint?
subtalar joint
